RYERSON UNIVERSITY

Department of Aerospace Engineering

AER ermodynamics
Dr. J. V. Lassaline
Assignment
Due: Sept. rd,
Completed assignments can be le in the drop box opposite ENG .
QUis1io 1 If Jo Aeionaught has a mass of 200lbm, deteimine the following:
1.a) Jos mass in kg,
A Mass is mass, regardless of the units used. Thus this is a simple conversion of units.
200lbm
1 kg
2.2 lbm
= 90.9kg (1)
1.b) Jos weight in N on Eaiths moon,
A Weight is the force experienced by a mass in a gravitational eld. The Earths moon produces
an acceleration due to gravity that is approximately
1
6
that of Earth, with a common published value of
g = 1.6
m
/s
2
.
W = mg = 90.9kg 1.6
m
/s
2
= 145.5 N (i)
1.c) Jos weight in lbf on Mais, and
A The Earths moon produces an acceleration due to gravity that is approximately 38% that
of Earth, with a common published value of g = 3.75
m
/s
2
= 12.3
f
/s
2
. (A value of g = 3.7 3.8
m
/s
2
is
acceptable.)
W = mg = 200lbm 12.3
f
/s
2

1 lbf
32.2
lbmf
/s
2
= 76.4lbf ()
or using the fact that on Earth a mass of 200lbmhas a weight of 200lbf
W = 0.38W
Earth
= 200lbf 0.38 = 76lbf ()
1.d) Jos weight in lbf as measuied using a beam balance scale in an elevatoi accelaiating
downwaids at 0.2 g on Eaith.
A Weight (and mass) can be measured using a beam balance to compare one mass to a refer-
ence mass. As both Jo and the beam balance reference mass experience the same acceleration, Jos weight
will still be indicated as 200lbf . Weight can also be measured using the deection of a spring such as in a
standard bathroom scale. Had a spring scale been used then the scale would indicate a smaller weight.
W = (1 0.2)W
Earth
= 200lbf 0.8 = 160lbf (,)
1
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
QUis1io i A gas is contained in a veitical, fiictionless piston-cylindei assembly. Te piston
has a mass of 4kg and a cioss-sectional aiea of 35 cm
2
. A compiessed spiing above the piston exeits
a foice of 60N on the piston. If the atmospheiic piessuie is 95 kPa, deteimine the piessuie of the gas
inside the cylindei.
A Applying a free body diagram to the piston, the forces acting on the piston include:
the force due to atmospheric pressure acting on the top surface 95 10
3
Pa 35 cm
2

1 m
2
100
2
cm
2
=
332.5 N, acting down,
the spring force acting on the piston 60N, acting down as described,
the weight of the piston 4kg 9.81
m
/s
2
= 39.24N, acting down, and
the force due to the interior gas pressure acting on the bottomsurface of the piston is 0.0035 m
2
p,
acting up.
The sum of the forces in the vertical direction must add to zero for a static problem. Hence,
0.0035 m
2
p = (332.5 + 60 + 39.24) N (o)
p = 123.4kPa (,)
QUis1io Both a Bouidon gauge and a manometei aie attached to a gas tank to measuie its
piessuie. If the Bouidon gauge indicates a ieading of 80kPa, deteimine the distance between the
uid levels of the manometei if the uid is (a) meicuiy with
Hg
= 13.6 10
3
kg
/m
3
, oi (b) watei with

H
2
O
= 1000
kg
/m
3
.
A The pressure measured by both the Bourdon gauge and manometer is the gas tank pressure
relative to the atmospheric pressure. For either uid, the height dierence h of the uid levels within the
manometer obeys the hydrostatic relation
p = gh (8)
h =
p
g
()
where p = 80kPa, and the acceleration due to gravity is assumed to be 9.81
m
/s
2
.
For (a) mercury, the resulting height would be
h =
80kPa
13.6
kg
/m
3
9.81
m
/s
2
= 0.600m = 60.0cm (1o)
while for (b) water, the resulting height would be
h =
80 10
3
Pa
1000
kg
/m
3
9.81
m
/s
2
= 8.15 m (11)
hence the historical preference for mercury instead of water.
QUis1io An object whose mass is 1 lbm has a velocity of 100
f
/s.
ioo i of
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
.a) Deteimine the nal velocity, in
f
/s, if the kinetic eneigy of the object decieases by 100f lbf .
A Watch your units! Based upon the change in kinetic energy
KE
1,2
=
1
2
m(V
2
2
V
2
1
) (1i)
V
2
=

V
2
1
+
2
m
KE
1,2
(1)
V
2
=

100
2 f
2
/s
2
+
2
1 lbm
(100f lbf )
32.2
lbmf
/s
2
1 lbf
(1)
V
2
= 59.7
f
/s (1,)
.b) Deteimine the change in elevation, in f, associated with a 100f lbf inciease in potential
eneigy. Let g = 32.0
f
/s
2
.
A Based upon the change in potential energy
PE
1,2
= mgz
1,2
(1o)
z
1,2
=
PE
1,2
mg
(1,)
z
1,2
=
100f lbf 32.2
lbmf
/s
2
1 lbm 32.0
f
/s
2
(18)
z
1,2
= 100.6f (1)
which corresponds to an increase in elevation.
QUis1io , Caibon monoxide CO gas contained within a piston-cylindei assembly undeigoes
thiee piocesses in seiies:
Process 1 2: Expansion fiom p
1
= 5 bar, V
1
= 0.2 m
3
to V
2
= 1 m
3
, duiing which the piessuie-
volume ielationship is pV = constant.
Process 2 3: Constant-volume heating fiom state 2 to state 3, wheie p
3
= 5 bar.
Process 3 1: Constant-piessuie compiession to the initial state.
Sketch the piocesses on a pV diagiam and evaluate the woik foi each piocess, in kJ.
A The pV diagram is illustrated below. Note that the diagram does not need to be drawn to
scale, but shouldindicate the relative positionof the states, the directionof the processes andgeneral shape
of the curves.
ioo of
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
p
bar
V
m
3
5
0.1 0.2
1
2
3
The gas within the piston-cylinder assembly is considered to be the system. Process 12 is a polytropic
process with n = 1, hence the work is
W
1,2
= p
1
V
1
ln
V
2
V
1
= 500kPa 0.2 m
3
ln
1
0.2
= 160.94kJ (io)
which being positive is consistent with the process involving an expansion of the gas.
Process 23 is a constant volume process, hence W
2,3
= 0. Process 31 is a constant pressure process,
hence
W
3,1
= p
3,1
(V
1
V
3
) = 500kPa (0.2 m
3
1 m
3
) = 400kJ (i1)
which being negative is consistent with the process involving a compression of the gas.
ioo of