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Gross Energy

Energy Flow

2001 NRC Energy System

Digest. Energy

Fecal Energy

Metabolizable Bill Weiss Dept of Animal Sciences OARDC/The Ohio State University

Urine/methane Energy Heat

Net Energy

WORK +RE (~30% of GE)

NEL is a function of the feedstuff, interactions among dietary ingredients, and interactions among intake and diet
Feedstuffs do not have NEL values ! Diets have NEL values.

Feed Differences Diet Differences

Feed was 60% of diet
1.7 1.6 NEL, Mcal/kg 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 Feed Expected Diet Diet

Iso

BMR

Tine et al., 2001

The 2001 NRC Energy System

Calculating NEL Supply

Inherent Diet Energy ( of feedstuffs)

DMI effects

Equations In vitro/enzymes Tables

Associative effects on digestion Nutrient effects on ME/NE efficiency Other effects

True Diet Energy

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Model Inputs: NEL Supply

-Nutrient composition -Gross physical characteristics -Diet composition -Intake

Feed composition inputs

In the perfect world-- NDF, lignin, CP, ash, fatty acids, ADIN, and NDIN In the world I live in All feeds: NDF, lignin, CP, ash High fat feeds: add fatty acids or EE Heat-damaged forages: add ADIN, NDIN High NDF and CP byprod: add ADIN, NDIN

Processing Effects
Equations use chemical composition: Whole corn = ground corn = SF corn
NFC = 98% digest X processing adjustment factor (PAF)

Processing adjustment factor 1.00 = standard

Feed Rolled dry corn Ground dry corn Ground HM corn Steam-flaked corn Normal corn silage Dry corn silage PAF 0.95 1.00 1.04 1.04 0.94 0.87

PAF: Possible user changes

If you dont know: use book value Dry processed CS: +0.05 to 0.075 PAF increases (corn):
as grind becomes finer (mean = ?) as moisture increases (mean = 75% DM) as density decreases (mean = 33 lbs/bu)

Feed Comp Screen

Reasonable range: 0.85 - 1.10

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NRC, 2001
Feed Comp

Feed Energy Scheme

TDN

Diet Formulation DMI

0.25

Digestibility Discount
3X 4X 5X

Discount

DE

Discount

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 60 65 70 75 80

ME

Italics = user inputs

NEL

TDN-maint, %

Energy Values of Diets

Alf Silage = 58% TDN, Conc = 86% TDN
78 74 70 TDN, % 66 62 58 54 50 Expected Actual

Energy Supply Output

80% Alf

60% Alf

40% Alf

DMI Effect on Digestibility

- Avg historic effect (US) ~ -0.6/kg DMI (i.e., 4%/increment of maintenance) - Avg more recent data (~-0.3/kg DMI) - Highly variable among diets Corn silage < alfalfa based Finely ground maize < coarse maize High starch > low starch
NEL, Mcal/kg

NRC System vs Reality

-3%
1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 Crack Ground HM roll HM Gr Actual NRC

-1%

-5% *

-12% *

Wilkerson et al., 1997

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Fine-tuning NRC Energy Values

Adjustments

Cracked corn (MPS > 1 mm): 0.975 X Ground corn (MPS < 1 mm): 1.025 X HM ground corn: SF corn (28 lb/bu) 1.10 X 1.035 X

Examples
Cracked corn NEL-3X = 1.94 Mcal/kg Adjusted NEL = 1.94 x 0.975 = 1.89 Steam-Flaked corn NEL-3X = 2.11 Mcal/kg Adjusted NEL = 2.11 x 1.035 = 2.19

Processed Corn Silage: Maturity

Adjustment Factors Immature corn silage: 0.925 X Normal corn silage: 1.00 X Processed mature corn silage: 1.075 X

NEL Supply = NEL Expenditure

NEL Expenditures: Maintenance

0.08 x BW0.75
10

Mcal/day

NEL intake/d = NEL used for maintenance + milk production + growth + reproduction +/- BCS change NEL intake > requirements: BCS NEL intake < requirements: BCS

9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 Jersey 400 kg Holstein 600 kg

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NEL Expenditures: Milk

Mcal/kg milk = 0.092 *%Fat + 0.055*%Prot + 0.040 *%Lact
Mcal/kg 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Jersey Normal Comp Holstein Normal Comp

NEL Expenditures: Gestation and growth

Gestation (190 d preg - 220 d) Holstein: ~2.7 Mcal/day Jersey: ~ 1.7 Mcal/day Growth (1st and 2nd lactation): 1.2 to 1.7 Mcal/day

How do I use this to feed cows?

I need NEL concentrations to formulate diets

I cant get the NEL until I formulate the diet

Energy information should be used to evaluate not formulate

NRC Summary Report

Energy Balance 630 kg BW 30 DIM, BCS = 3 45 kg milk Est. Milk @ Energy balance = 0
37.8 kg/day

Is NEL balance Acceptable?

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NRC Summary Report

Change in BCS and BW at constant NEL balance (-5.4)

37.8 kg/day 45 kg/day

Energy balance (per NRC)

DIM 30 60 60-120 1 BCS, days (-) 60-70 (-) 120-150 (-/+) 250 Mcal/d -5 to -6 -2 to -3 -1 to +1 +1 to +2

-1.1 kg/day

This will happen

120-300 (+)200-220