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Experiment 4: Sedimentation

Group No.: 6 Ananth Govind Rajan, 2009ch10060 Rahul Kumar, 2009ch10090 Mukul Sajnani, 2009ch10081 Date: 6th September 2011

Aim: To study settling phenomena of slurries Equipment Required: 1. Three graduated glass measuring cylinders 2. Stopwatch / Timer Material Used: 1. Calcium Carbonate powder 2. Water Theory: Sedimentation, or clarification, is the process of letting suspended material settle by gravity. Suspended material may be particles, such as clay or silts, originally present in the source water. More commonly, suspended material is created from material in the water and the chemical used in coagulation or in other treatment processes, such as lime softening. Sedimentation is accomplished by decreasing the velocity of the water being treated to a point below which the particles will no longer remain in suspension. When the velocity no longer supports the transport of the particles, gravity will remove them from the flow.

Several factors affect the separation of settleable solids from water. Some of the more common types of factors to consider are: PARTICLE SIZE The shape of the particle also affects its settling characteristics. A round particle, for example, will settle much more readily than a particle that has ragged or irregular edges. All particles tend to have a slight electrical charge. Particles with the same charge tend to repel each other. This repelling action keeps the particles from congregating into flocs and settling. WATER TEMPERATURE Another factor to consider in the operation of a sedimentation basin is the temperature of the water being treated. When the temperature decreases, the rate of settling becomes slower. The result is that as the water cools, the detention time in the sedimentation tanks must increase. As the temperature decreases, the operator must make changes to the coagulant dosage to compensate for the decreased settling rate. In most cases temperature does not have a significant effect on treatment. A water treatment plant has the highest flow demand in the summer when the temperatures are the highest and the settling rates the best. When the water is colder, the flow in the plant is at its lowest and, in most cases, the detention time in the plant is increased so the floc has time to settle out in the sedimentation basins.

CURRENTS Several types of water currents may occur in the sedimentation basin: Density currents caused by the weight of the solids in the tank, the concentration of solids and temperature of the water in the tank.

Formulae Used: !! !! = !" !! ! ! = ! ! !! ! = !! Here, C is the concentration at time t, and H is the height at t, Co and Ho denote the same at initially, i.e. at t=0. U is the velocity of descent of the interface and ! is the porosity of the suspension. Procedure: 1. Prepare suspension of three different concentrations in water and pour in to the measuring cylinders. 2. Shake the 3 cylinders upside down closing the top with hand to obtain a uniform concentration of the slurry. 3. Let the solids settle undisturbed. Note down the time required for the solidliquid interface to move down the cylinder until no further level fall is noticed. 4. During experiment carefully observe in the settled bed for a small crack or small bubble being released. This indicates that the cake is getting consolidated. 5. Take data until liquid solid interface remains steady.

OBSERVARTION TABLES: 1. First observation Mass of CaCO3 (g) Volume of water (mL) Diameter (mm) 5.07 Ho (cm) 100 Co (g/mL) CoHo 27.9 (g/cm2) 16.3652233 0.0507 0.82971682

Table 1: Volume (mL) 101 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 18 17 16 15 10 Time (s) 0 15 28 43.3 55.5 70 85 98 114 122 134 142 152 541 H (cm) C (g/mL) U 16.5 0.05 14.7 0.06 13.1 0.06 11.5 0.07 9.8 0.08 8.2 0.10 6.5 0.13 4.9 0.17 3.3 0.25 2.9 0.28 2.8 0.30 2.6 0.32 2.5 0.34 1.6 0.51 E 0 0.109 0.117 0.113 0.118 0.117 0.116 0.117 0.115 0.110 0.101 0.097 0.092 0.027 0 0.11 0.25 0.43 0.67 1.00 1.50 2.33 4.00 4.56 4.88 5.25 5.67 9.00

Graph of H v/s t:

Plot of H v/s t (for table 1)


18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 100 200 300 t(sec) 400 500 600

H(cm)

Series1

Graph 1

Graph of u v/s E:

Plot of u v/s E (for table 1)


0.140 0.120 u(cm/s) 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.040 0.020 0.000 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 Series1


Graph 2

Plot of lnU v/s lnE (for table 1)


-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.000 0.00 -0.500 -1.000 lnU(cm/s) -1.500 -2.000 -2.500 -3.000 -3.500 -4.000 1.00 2.00 3.00

lnE

Graph 3

2. Second observation Mass of CaCO3 (g) Volume of water (mL) Diameter (mm) Table 2: Volume (mL) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 33 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 Time (s) 5 19 30 41 56 68 80 94 110 122 136 154 178 217 263 303 342 370 392 419 444 473 539 598 670 780 849 1004 H (cm) C (g/mL) U 16.4 0.10 15.5 0.11 14.7 0.11 13.9 0.12 13.1 0.13 12.3 0.14 11.5 0.15 10.6 0.16 9.8 0.17 9.0 0.19 8.2 0.21 7.4 0.23 6.5 0.26 5.7 0.29 5.4 0.31 4.9 0.34 4.7 0.35 4.6 0.37 4.4 0.38 4.3 0.39 4.1 0.41 3.9 0.43 3.8 0.45 3.6 0.47 3.4 0.49 3.3 0.51 3.1 0.54 2.9 0.57 E 0 0.043 0.055 0.060 0.058 0.060 0.061 0.061 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.058 0.055 0.049 0.042 0.038 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.028 0.026 0.023 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.013 0 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.43 0.54 0.67 0.82 1.00 1.22 1.50 1.86 2.03 2.33 2.45 2.57 2.70 2.85 3.00 3.17 3.35 3.55 3.76 4.00 4.26 4.56 10.252 Ho (cm) 100 Co (g/mL) CoHo 27.9 (g/cm2) 16.3652233 0.10252 1.6777627

Graph of H v/s t:

Plot of H v/s t (for table 2)


18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 200 400 600 t(sec) 800 1000 1200

H(cm)

Series1

Graph 4

Graph of u v/s E:

Plot of u v/s E (for table 2)


0.070 0.060 u(cm/s) 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00


Graph 5

Plot of lnU v/s lnE (for table 2)


-4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.000 0.00 -1.000 lnU(cm/s) -2.000 -3.000 -4.000 -5.000 1.00 2.00

lnE

Graph 6

3. Third solution: Mass of CaCO3 (g) Volume of water (mL) Diameter (mm) 15.172 100 27.9 Ho (cm) Co (g/mL) CoHo (g/cm2) 16.3652233 0.15172 2.48293169

Table 3: Volume (mL) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 46 45 44 40 39 36 35 34 32 31 Time (s) H (cm) C (g/mL) U 20.2 16.4 0.15 49 15.5 0.16 75 14.7 0.17 103 13.9 0.18 129 13.1 0.19 162 12.3 0.20 193 11.5 0.22 229 10.6 0.23 273 9.8 0.25 330 9.0 0.28 399 8.2 0.30 492 7.5 0.33 508 7.4 0.34 518 7.2 0.34 624 6.5 0.38 663 6.4 0.39 732 5.9 0.42 813 5.7 0.43 841 5.6 0.45 965 5.2 0.47 1014 5.1 0.49 E 0 0.017 0.022 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.021 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.43 0.54 0.67 0.82 1.00 1.17 1.22 1.27 1.50 1.56 1.78 1.86 1.94 2.13 2.23

Graph of H v/s t:

Plot of H v/s t (for table 3)


18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 H(cm) 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 200 400 600 t(sec) 800 1000 1200 Series1

Graph 7 Graph of u v/s E:

Plot of u v/s E (for table 3)


0.030 0.025 0.020 u(cm/s) 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50


Graph 8

Plot of lnU v/s lnE (for table 3)


0.000 -3.500 -3.000 -2.500 -2.000 -1.500 -1.000 -0.500 0.000 0.500 1.000 -1.000 lnU(cm/s) -2.000 -3.000 -4.000 -5.000

lnE

Graph 9

Sources of errors: 1) There may be Parallax error. 2) There may be some error due to reflex action in noting down the time. 3) Sedimentation may not be undisturbed, as there may be vibrations. 4) There may be some error in noting down the initial height reading as interface was not clearly visible. 5) Error due to vibrations occurring during the experiment .

Result & Discussion: Particle are settling down due to sedimentation as net force acting on the particles is in downward direction and the sediment layer reaches steady state. From the graph 1,4 and 7 we can observe 5 gm solution take least time to reach steady state while 15 gm sample takes the most. From graph 2,5 and 8 we can observe during the settling process porosity is increasing resulting velocity decrement. From variation of porosity and formulae its proportional to concentration so as porosity for the settled reagion(upper liquid) increases , the settling process concentration of sediment reason increases causing more resistance to settling process which explains decrement in velocity.

Graph 3,6 and 9 is plotted to extend and linearize the plot and gives better picture of variation of porosity with velocity. For least concentration sample the sediment layer is not clearly visible during settling process as particles more dispersed so having random motion . While for higher concentration sample particles are more dense and so flow in net force direction is downward . Porosity is maximum for 5 gm and least for 15 gm number of particles being least in 5 gm proper dense sedimentation doesnt take place and more voids remain leading to higher porosity.

Industrial uses 1. Wastewater Clarification, or sedimentation, is a common and essential process in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. a) Sludge and Bio-solids Processing b) Neutralization/Precipitation Systems 2. 3. 4. Sedimentation analysis is used to study effect of medium on disaggregation of copper powders Sedimentation is very often used in the food industry for separating dirt and debris from incoming raw material, crystals from their mother liquor and dust or product particles from air streams. Sedimentation is used in preferential setting of ores in mining industries

Session Report 1. We started the experiment on time 2. We then arranged for Beakers. 3. We had an interesting moment of confusion When the professor pointed dual interface which upon resolution we confirmed it to be an illusion of human eye . 4. We then saw that there was some dirt inside the beaker ..when we washed the beaker the dirt was removed successfully and the interface became single again .Thus we were able to resolve the confusion 5. The experiment was easy and was completed in time which gave immense satisfaction

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