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Petar Mimica
www.uv.es/mimica Petar.Mimica@uv.es @mimichanin
Outline
1. Introduction and motivation: relativistic jets 2. Numerical simulations of jet dynamics and emission
Relativistic (magneto)hydrodynamics Non-thermal transport & emission Components in parsec-scale jets Gamma-ray burst afterglows
3. Examples
4. Conclusions
Numerical simulations
MRGENESIS
(Aloy+ 99, Leismann+ 05, Mimica+ 07, 09)
1. specify the astrophysical scenario (initial & boundary conditions) 2.evolve the relativistic plasma (conservation laws) 3.periodically store grid snapshots 4.inject Lagrangian particles (nonthermal electrons) 5.transport (spatial) and evolve (temporal) non-thermal electrons 6.store spacetime trajectories and energy distribution 7.compute non-thermal emission 8.apply relativistic effects 9.solve radiation transfer equation
synthetic observations
experiment
postprocessing
Relativistic hydrodynamics
@D + r (Dv) = 0 @t
mass conservation
@S + r (S v + pI) = 0 @t
momentum conservation
@ + r (S @t
Dv) = 0
energy conservation
equations of RHD
s 2 5 P 9 P h= + +1 2 2 2 c 4 c
rest-mass density TM approximation to Synge equation of state
Mignone et al. Astrophys. J. Supplement 160 (2005) 199 de Berredo-Peixoto et al. Modern Phys. Lett. A 20 (2005) 2723
P
pressure
v
flow velocity
primitive variables
W := p 1
1 v2 /c2
" p h := 1 + 2 + 2 c c
D := W
relativistic rest-mass density
S := hW 2 v
relativistic momentum density
:= hW 2 c2
conserved variables
primitive variables must be obtained (recovered) from the conserved ones no analytic solution in general, numerical procedure must be used (and it can fail!)
MRGENESIS:
a common framework for R(M)HD
MRGENESIS is a multidimensional (1D, 2D or 3D) code which allows one to compute problems where RHD or RMHD are relevant. Employs: Finite volume approach.
SPEED%UP%MPI%vs%MPI.OPENMP% NO%HDF%
MPI# 100,00# 80,00#
SPEED%UP%
C. Aloy
120,00#
MPI0OMP#
60,00# 40,00# 20,00# 0,00# 64# 128# 256# 512# 1024# 1920# 3600# 7200# CORES%
MPI + OpenMP: scales up to 10K cores HDF5 library for parallel I/O
relativistic particles gyrate in the presence of a B-field 8 local process computation: double integral @ each point (a = 0, 1, 2, 3), is formed by coordinate basis. The comoving tetrad e(a)
inverse-Compton scattering:
where ab is the Minkowski in general non-local process metric (00 = 1). We explicitly point out t of incoming radiation for to the coordinate requires: tensor quantities with respecteach point and tetrad basis are an and Latin indices, respectively. The transformation between the basis e external Compton: e and its inverse matrix ea,point by the matrix double integral @ each a synchrotron self-Compton: quadruple integral @ each a
which (e(0) ) is the four velocity of the matter and the following orthon fullled e(a) e(b) = ab ,
point
e b
f a c f bc p x pa
.
coll
relativistic beaming
The symbols a are the connection coecients in the tetrad frame, for bc relations hold a a a = e e e = e e e + e , bc c; c, c b b
evolution of
non-thermal particles
Radiation transfer
t1
motion (v~c) towards observer
t2
t3
emitting volume virtual detector (observer)
s0 s
T3
T2 T1
for a fixed observer time T, need to process the whole spacetime evolution to compute a single virtual image tightly coupled, highly non-local problem 5D problem: virtual detector image (x, y) observation time T observation frequency contributions along the line of sight s
synchrotron, inverse-Compton synchrotron self-absorption
I : intensity
dI = j + I ds s = c(t T ) + s0
j : emission, absorption T : observer time t : jet evolution time s : path towards the detector
for a fixed T, equation gives an isochrone (s, t) along each line of sight
SPEV (Mimica et al., Astrophysical J. 696 (2009) 1142) : non-thermal electron transport and evolution equations time- and frequency-dependent radiative transfer in a dynamically changing background parallelization: MPI (over detector pixels), OpenMP (over particles)
Hydrodynamic model: initially over-pressured jet atmosphere with a decreasing density profile
SPEV
adiabatic
Injection of a component
component: velocity perturbation at jet nozzle component interacts with recollimation shocks simulation: MRGENESIS, 2D cylindrical, 1600 x 80 zones, 5 x 104 snapshots
Injection of a component
component: velocity perturbation at jet nozzle component interacts with recollimation shocks simulation: MRGENESIS, 2D cylindrical, 1600 x 80 zones, 5 x 104 snapshots
simulation: SPEV, 128 frames, 270 x 18 pixels, 3 frequencies, 100 Kh / model 0.5 Tb hydro data, 2x105 Lagrangian particles, 2x106 line-of-sight segments
simulation: SPEV, 128 frames, 270 x 18 pixels, 3 frequencies, 100 Kh / model 0.5 Tb hydro data, 2x105 Lagrangian particles, 2x106 line-of-sight segments
Simulated components
main component trailing components
Simulated components
unconvolved data
Simulated components
convolved data
afterglow: a long lasting emission starting at the end of the GRB early afterglow emission (seconds - minutes): probes the jet question: are GRB jets magnetized at the onset of the afterglow? late afterglow emission (hours - days): probes the environment question: can we tell if GRB occured in a massive stellar cluster? method: perform high-resolution RMHD simulations (MRGENESIS) compute optical and X-ray light curves (SPEV)
1D simulations: 106 zones, 108 iterations 50 - 100 Kh / run 104 snapshots / run
Application to observations
990123
0 0
090102
0 0 3
= 640
next
= 0.01 = 10 cm
99.99987% c
next
= 0.1 = 1 cm
7
99.99994% c
940
e B
= 0.02 = 4 10
990123
optical flash (RS peak) almost never observed: almost all GRB jets magnetized?
references: Giannios+ Astron. Astrophys. 478 (2008) 747 Mimica+ Astron. Astrophys. 494 (2009) 879 Mimica+ Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407 (2010) 2501
RHD simulations
blast wave probes ext. medium O star blast wave propagation WR (progenitor)
Mimica & Giannios Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 (2011) 583
WR
physical set-up: O star located at 0.7 pc from the progenitor progenitor wind prole: 5x1011 g cm-1 R-2 1D RHD simulations of ejecta decelerating in a complex density prole blast wave: EISO = 1054 erg, 0 = 27 at the start of the simulation synchrotron + IC emission (O star emits 1039.5 erg s-1, h0 = 10eV)
Mimica & Giannios Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 (2011) 583
flares at tens of GeV observable up to redshift 0.5 flares possible at TeV (from dust mid-to-NIR
photons scattering)? what is the optimal observational strategy?
Conclusions
current issues in relativistic jet research and the greater availability of observational data require computationally intensive simulations and the calculation of emission in broad spectral bands use of supercomputers is unavoidable and the collaboration with computer scientists is valuable numerical R(M)HD simulations are an essential tool for understanding the nature of the relativistic jet dynamics computation of emission from numerical simulations enables direct comparisons with observations MRGENESIS + SPEV is a versatile framework and has been successfully applied to AGN, GRB and TDE jets future: resistive relativistic MHD, improved inverseCompton, polarization