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Bringing Light from Virtual Jets to Virtual Detectors

Petar Mimica
www.uv.es/mimica Petar.Mimica@uv.es @mimichanin

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Valencia

Outline
1. Introduction and motivation: relativistic jets 2. Numerical simulations of jet dynamics and emission

Relativistic (magneto)hydrodynamics Non-thermal transport & emission Components in parsec-scale jets Gamma-ray burst afterglows

3. Examples

4. Conclusions

Numerical simulations
MRGENESIS
(Aloy+ 99, Leismann+ 05, Mimica+ 07, 09)

hydrodynamic simulation of a rel. jet

1. specify the astrophysical scenario (initial & boundary conditions) 2.evolve the relativistic plasma (conservation laws) 3.periodically store grid snapshots 4.inject Lagrangian particles (nonthermal electrons) 5.transport (spatial) and evolve (temporal) non-thermal electrons 6.store spacetime trajectories and energy distribution 7.compute non-thermal emission 8.apply relativistic effects 9.solve radiation transfer equation
synthetic observations

experiment

SPEV (Mimica+ 09) non-thermal transport & evolution

postprocessing

emission & radiation transfer

Relativistic hydrodynamics
@D + r (Dv) = 0 @t
mass conservation

@S + r (S v + pI) = 0 @t
momentum conservation

@ + r (S @t

Dv) = 0

energy conservation

equations of RHD
s 2 5 P 9 P h= + +1 2 2 2 c 4 c
rest-mass density TM approximation to Synge equation of state
Mignone et al. Astrophys. J. Supplement 160 (2005) 199 de Berredo-Peixoto et al. Modern Phys. Lett. A 20 (2005) 2723

P
pressure

v
flow velocity

primitive variables

W := p 1

1 v2 /c2

Lorentz factor specific enthalpy


p W c2

" p h := 1 + 2 + 2 c c

D := W
relativistic rest-mass density

S := hW 2 v
relativistic momentum density

:= hW 2 c2

relativistic energy density

conserved variables

primitive variables must be obtained (recovered) from the conserved ones no analytic solution in general, numerical procedure must be used (and it can fail!)

MRGENESIS:
a common framework for R(M)HD
MRGENESIS is a multidimensional (1D, 2D or 3D) code which allows one to compute problems where RHD or RMHD are relevant. Employs: Finite volume approach.
SPEED%UP%MPI%vs%MPI.OPENMP% NO%HDF%
MPI# 100,00# 80,00#
SPEED%UP%

C. Aloy

120,00#

MPI0OMP#

Method of lines: separate semi-discretization


of space and time.

Time advance: TVD Runge Kutta methods of


2nd and 3rd order.

60,00# 40,00# 20,00# 0,00# 64# 128# 256# 512# 1024# 1920# 3600# 7200# CORES%

High-resolution Shock Capturing scheme. Inter-cell reconstruction: up to 3rd order using


PPM algorithm.

In RMHD: constraint transport to conserve B. Several orthogonal coordinate systems


(Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical).

MPI + OpenMP: scales up to 10K cores HDF5 library for parallel I/O

Radiative processes in rel. jets


synchrotron emission:

relativistic particles gyrate in the presence of a B-field 8 local process computation: double integral @ each point (a = 0, 1, 2, 3), is formed by coordinate basis. The comoving tetrad e(a)

inverse-Compton scattering:

where ab is the Minkowski in general non-local process metric (00 = 1). We explicitly point out t of incoming radiation for to the coordinate requires: tensor quantities with respecteach point and tetrad basis are an and Latin indices, respectively. The transformation between the basis e external Compton: e and its inverse matrix ea,point by the matrix double integral @ each a synchrotron self-Compton: quadruple integral @ each a

which (e(0) ) is the four velocity of the matter and the following orthon fullled e(a) e(b) = ab ,

point

e(a) = ea e() , e() = e e(a)

In terms of the comoving basis, the Boltzmann equation is p


b

e b

f a c f bc p x pa

.
coll

relativistic beaming

The symbols a are the connection coecients in the tetrad frame, for bc relations hold a a a = e e e = e e e + e , bc c; c, c b b

evolution of

non-thermal particles

Radiation transfer
t1
motion (v~c) towards observer

t2

t3
emitting volume virtual detector (observer)

s0 s

T3

T2 T1

for a fixed observer time T, need to process the whole spacetime evolution to compute a single virtual image tightly coupled, highly non-local problem 5D problem: virtual detector image (x, y) observation time T observation frequency contributions along the line of sight s
synchrotron, inverse-Compton synchrotron self-absorption

radiation transfer equation:

I : intensity

dI = j + I ds s = c(t T ) + s0

j : emission, absorption T : observer time t : jet evolution time s : path towards the detector

for a fixed T, equation gives an isochrone (s, t) along each line of sight

SPectral EVolution code

SPEV (Mimica et al., Astrophysical J. 696 (2009) 1142) : non-thermal electron transport and evolution equations time- and frequency-dependent radiative transfer in a dynamically changing background parallelization: MPI (over detector pixels), OpenMP (over particles)

S.Tabik et al. Computer Physics Communications 183 (2012) 1937

Parsec scale jet


(in collaboration with: M. A. Aloy, J. M. Mart, I. Agudo, J. L. Gmez, J. A. Miralles)

Hydrodynamic model: initially over-pressured jet atmosphere with a decreasing density profile

radio map at 10o viewing angle

SPEV

adiabatic

Injection of a component

component: velocity perturbation at jet nozzle component interacts with recollimation shocks simulation: MRGENESIS, 2D cylindrical, 1600 x 80 zones, 5 x 104 snapshots

Injection of a component

component: velocity perturbation at jet nozzle component interacts with recollimation shocks simulation: MRGENESIS, 2D cylindrical, 1600 x 80 zones, 5 x 104 snapshots

Time-dependent radio emission


Mimica et al., Astrophysical J. 696 (2009) 1142

simulation: SPEV, 128 frames, 270 x 18 pixels, 3 frequencies, 100 Kh / model 0.5 Tb hydro data, 2x105 Lagrangian particles, 2x106 line-of-sight segments

Time-dependent radio emission


Mimica et al., Astrophysical J. 696 (2009) 1142

simulation: SPEV, 128 frames, 270 x 18 pixels, 3 frequencies, 100 Kh / model 0.5 Tb hydro data, 2x105 Lagrangian particles, 2x106 line-of-sight segments

Components in pc-scale jets


Jet of radio galaxy 3C120

Gomez+ Astrophys. J. 561 (2001) L161

Simulated components
main component trailing components

main component trailing components

Simulated components

unconvolved data

Simulated components

convolved data

Gamma-ray burst afterglows


(in collaboration with: D. Giannios, M. A. Aloy)

afterglow: a long lasting emission starting at the end of the GRB early afterglow emission (seconds - minutes): probes the jet question: are GRB jets magnetized at the onset of the afterglow? late afterglow emission (hours - days): probes the environment question: can we tell if GRB occured in a massive stellar cluster? method: perform high-resolution RMHD simulations (MRGENESIS) compute optical and X-ray light curves (SPEV)

1D simulations: 106 zones, 108 iterations 50 - 100 Kh / run 104 snapshots / run

Effect of the magnetic eld


:= B2 4 c2

optical flash dissapears for magnetized jets

Application to observations
990123
0 0

090102
0 0 3

= 640

next

= 0.01 = 10 cm

99.99987% c

next

= 0.1 = 1 cm
7

99.99994% c

940

e B

= 0.02 = 4 10

990123

GRBs with no RS peak observed 090102

optical flash (RS peak) almost never observed: almost all GRB jets magnetized?
references: Giannios+ Astron. Astrophys. 478 (2008) 747 Mimica+ Astron. Astrophys. 494 (2009) 879 Mimica+ Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407 (2010) 2501

RHD simulations
blast wave probes ext. medium O star blast wave propagation WR (progenitor)
Mimica & Giannios Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 (2011) 583

WR

density prole encountered by the blast wave

physical set-up: O star located at 0.7 pc from the progenitor progenitor wind prole: 5x1011 g cm-1 R-2 1D RHD simulations of ejecta decelerating in a complex density prole blast wave: EISO = 1054 erg, 0 = 27 at the start of the simulation synchrotron + IC emission (O star emits 1039.5 erg s-1, h0 = 10eV)

High energy emission


4 MeV - 4 TeV light curve

Mimica & Giannios Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 (2011) 583

GRB 940217 18 GeV @ 4500 s


Giannios Astron. Astrophys. 418 (2008) L55

flares at tens of GeV observable up to redshift 0.5 flares possible at TeV (from dust mid-to-NIR
photons scattering)? what is the optimal observational strategy?

Conclusions

current issues in relativistic jet research and the greater availability of observational data require computationally intensive simulations and the calculation of emission in broad spectral bands use of supercomputers is unavoidable and the collaboration with computer scientists is valuable numerical R(M)HD simulations are an essential tool for understanding the nature of the relativistic jet dynamics computation of emission from numerical simulations enables direct comparisons with observations MRGENESIS + SPEV is a versatile framework and has been successfully applied to AGN, GRB and TDE jets future: resistive relativistic MHD, improved inverseCompton, polarization

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