Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 4

Chapter 27 Computer-based data processing I.

Data Processing: Transferring data into meaningful information 1) Data processing system: operation or combination of operation to reassembling facts into meaningful information. 2) Data and Information Distinguished - Data Raw facts Unorganized facts - Information Processed data Meaningful organized data Base Elements of a Data Processing System 1) Input - Act of acquiring data which will be transformed into meaningful system - Recording, classifying, batching, verification and scanning 2) Processing - Operations required to transform data into information required by users - Storage: retaining input, partial results and finished output - Arithmetic-logic unit: manipulates data in mathematical and logical ways - Control subsystem: manage the transformation process - Sorting, calculating, comparing, transcribing, summarizing and screening out holding data for future retrieval 3) Output: - Delivery or communication of information to users - Reporting, issuance of documents, retrieval and analysis Basic Data Processing Operations 1) Originating: gathering of data within and outside the entity as transactions take place. 2) Recording: capturing or entering of data into a formal form used in the processing routine. 3) Classifying: identification of data having common features and grouping them to determine the appropriate treatment. 4) Sorting: arrangement of data before they are processed. 5) Calculating: application of mathematical process to data. 6) Summarizing: compression of a body of data into a more concise form. 7) Communicating and reporting: transmitting of data from the point of acquisition to a processing location. 8) Storing: filing of data. Method of Data Processing 1) Manual: manually performed or by hand utilizing pencil or pen, with or without the use of minor physical or mechanical devices (calculators, type writer) 2) Electro-mechanical data processing 3) Electronic data processing - With the use of electronic device or computer - Data are converted into magnetic and electronic impulses in or on electronic device - Used most efficiently in processing operations that have the following characteristics: Large volume of data or input Demand for greater speed and accuracy in processing Repetition of projects or tasks Complex calculation involving large numbers of interacting variables Overview of Computer-Based Data Processing 1) Advantages: - Extremely fast - Extremely accurate - Greater processing control - Large data volume handled with small external storage requirement - Reduced cost 2) Disadvantages:

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Relatively high cost of equipment High cost of system design and programming Channeling of works Conversion to an electronic system

Components of The Computerized System 1) Hardware: the configuration of physical equipment comprising the input, processing and output phases of an EDP system. a) Central processing unit (CPU): is responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's hardware and software. - Control units: part of digital computer or processor which determines the execution and interpretation of instruction and in proper sequence. - Arithmetic-logic unit: Arithmetic operation: refers to the basic mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation: refers to the comparison of two items to determine if one item is less than, greater than or equal to others. - Storage or memory: device in which data can be stored and from which they can be obtained. 2 closely CPU-related storage: Internal primary storage: Random-access memory (RAM): to store large quantities of data. Register memory: to store small amounts of data. Can be read from and written on Read-only memory (ROM) Permanent storage used to hold the basic low-level programs and data. ROM can be read from but not written to b) Peripheral Equipment: - Encompasses auxiliary machines that may be placed under the control of the CPU (online or offline). - Consists of input, storage and output devise. Input: provides a means of transferring data into CPU storage. Output: devices that produce readable data for users or inputable data for further processing. Storage devices: store data that can be subsequently used by the CPU. 2) Software: all computer programs, procedures, rules and related documentation which direct and control the computer hardware in data processing. a) System software - Supervise the operations of the CPU - Control the input/output functions of the computer system - Translate programming languages - Provide various other support services Operating system: control and schedule hardware use DBMS: perform multipurpose data handling functions (creating, accessing and maintaining a database). Software monitor Antivirus software Library management software b) Application (user) programs - Written to perform specialized functions on data processing requirements in business, science, medicine, education and law enforcement. - Vendor-produced software and own-built software. 3) Personnel: a) Information systems EDP manager: has overall responsibility for supervising and controlling all activities performed in data processing department. b) Systems development personnel: - System analyst: researches problems, plans solutions, recommends software and systems, and coordinates development to meet business or other requirements. - System programmer: a programmer who works mainly on producing code to work for the computer hardware and processes, as opposed to one who produces code for an end user.

Application programmer: someone who works in many different programming languages to create the source code, which is responsible for creating small or large parts of a piece of software in concert with others. - Database administrator: is a person responsible for the installation, configuration, upgrade, administration monitoring and maintenance of databases in an organization. c) Operations personnel - Computer operator: is the one who oversees the running of computer systems, ensuring that the machines are running and physically secured and free of any bugs. - Data Entry Operator: Converts manual input to machine-readable - Librarian: Maintain custody and control over magnetic tapes, computer, documentation, and other computer-related software - Control Clerk: is the one who acts as liaison between users and the processing center, monitors computer input, maintains error logs and ensures compliance with control totals. 4) Procedures: refers to the process for obtaining and preparing data, operating the computer, distributing the input from computer processing and controlling processing steps. 5) Data: Raw facts to be gathered processed to generate information which in turn is presented to the user as basis for decision making. - Data Organization File: An organized collection of related records. Block: A group of records (or words) held or processed as a unit. Record: A group of related items or fields of data handled as a unit. Field, item, word: A group of related characters that also is a subdivision of a record. Byte, character: A group of bits that represent a character of one column in a field that contain some representation of a character. Bit: a binary digit for representing characters. Flow Charts: symbolic diagram of a specific part of an internal accounting control system indicating the sequential flow of data and/or authority. Hierarchy of Computer Processes Supercomputers: these are the largest type of computer which can process billions of instructions per second. Mainframe: refers to the processing unit in a large computer system. It tends to process very large capacities and are capable of extremely high speeds in carrying out all functions. Minicomputers: a system that provides computing power and peripheral device access to a number of users and do not require a special environment for operation Microcomputers: contains the processor, internal storage and limited number of chips. Personal Computers: serves the needs of individual users. Modes of Computer Operations A. Based on the timing of transaction processing 1) Batch Mode Data are collected into groups before processing. The data are then processed at regular intervals to update existing information Most often used in customer billing system and a payroll system which is either un or performed weekly, twice a month or monthly. 2) On-line Mode Data are processed immediately after a transaction is made to update current information. Known as real-time processing VII. Computer Information Systems 1) Small Computers (Microcomputers, personal computers) - Powerful, affordable and provide a cost-effective information processing alternative for entities that has constrains in manual processing.

2) Computer or IT Network - Local Area Network (LAN): is a network of computers and peripheral devices within a limited area. - Wide Area Networks: are networks that span a large geographical area such as regional, national, or even global areas. 3) Telecommunications - Telecommunications are used to transmit, numeric, alphanumeric, voice, video, facsimile and other data by wire, fiber optics, microwave stations, satellites or laser. 4) Electronic Commerce - Involves individuals and organizations engaging in a variety of electronic transactions with computers and telecommunication networks. - The network may be publicly or privately available to individuals or organizations. 5) Electronic Data Interchange - Electronic exchange of business transactions in a standard format, from one entitys computer to another entitys computer through an electronic communications network. - Commonly used for purchasing, processing, accounts payable, invoicing and financial applications. - Advantages: reduction of clerical errors, speed, elimination of repetitive clerical tasks elimination of document preparation, processing, and mailing costs. - Disadvantages: security of information, potential loss of data and less standardized and more costly. 6) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) - A service provided by financial institutions worldwide that is based on electronic data interchange technology. 7) Business-to-business Commerce (B2B) - Not limited to EDI and other direct links between businesses but also involves activities within the broader electronic market. - Involves working with vendors, distributors, and other businesses over the Internet. 8) Database Management Systems - Integrated collection of files stored on-line - Avoids unnecessary redundancy in data files by storing relevant data in a single record, which authorized end users can then access with software. 9) End User Computing - User is responsible for the development and execution of the computer application. - End users are empowered to develop task-specific application software. 10) Computer Service Bureau - Record and process data for companies which may have limited internal computer capabilities. 11) Internet, Intranet, Extranet - Internet: is a set of linked networks throughout the world that facilitates inexpensive communication and information transfer among computers, with gateways allowing mainframe computers to interface with personal computers. - Intranets: are internal company networks that use the same software as the Internet. - Extranets: enable selected outside uses to access their Intranets. 12) Virtual Private Networks (VPN) - is a network technology that creates a secure network connection over a public network such as the Internet or a private network owned by a service provider.

Вам также может понравиться