UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY (CHE485) NAME STUDENT NO.

GROUP EXPERIMENT : NUR AIN NABILA BINTI NADZRI : 2011677534 : EH2202A : DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR : 26TH MARCH 2012 :2 : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING / EH220 : PUAN NOORSUHANA BT MOHD YUSOF Allocated Marks (%) 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 20 10 5 5 5 100 Marks

DATE PERFORMED SEMESTER PROGRAMME / CODE SUBMIT TO No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Title Abstract/Summary Introduction Aims Theory Apparatus Methodology/Procedure Results Calculations Discussion Conclusion Recommendations Reference Appendix TOTAL MARKS

Remarks: Checked by : --------------------------Date :

Table of Content

Contents Abstract Introduction Objectives Theory Procedures Apparatus Result Calculations Discussions Conclusions Recommendations References

Pages 3 4 5 6-7 8 9 10-13 12-18 19 20 21 22

Abstract

A titration is a process in which small increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is achieved. In this experiment, the standardized NaOH solution is titrated with the KHP solution in the first part and in the second one is titrated with the vinegar. By performing titration, both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar solution can be determined as well as the aims of the experiment. Firstly, to determine the molarity and percent by mass, we must know the concentration of standardized NaOH. The equivalence points also can be determined as the purpose of titration. In this experiment, the sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the equivalence point. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals the moles of base added in the titration. At the equivalence point of titration, the volume of base required to completely neutralized the acid is determined. The graph of pH versus NaOH is plotted. The method used to determine the volume of NaOH required to neutralize is by referring to the graph and making some interpolations methods so that we will obtain the exact amount of NaOH.

Introduction

Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of solvent. Dilute solutions contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent. There are 2 specifics term to express concentration, which is molarity and percent by mass.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

( )

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acitic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar solution can be determine by performing a titration. A titration is a process in which small increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is attained. Knowing the quantity of the known solution required to complete the titration, calcualation of the unknown solution can be done. The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalance point is reach when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with another reactant.

Objectives To : (a) Determine the morality of a solution and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

Theory

This experiment is to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. The method to be used is the neutralization reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH solution) by titration process. In this method, the NaOH solution of known molarity is filled in the burette while the acetic acid solution is placed in a beaker. The experiment starts with taking the pH value of the acetic acid and NaOH solution is then added by titration to the acidic solution. The NaOH solution is continuously added until it reaches pH value of 12 which the mixture solution is a base. The sudden change in the solution pH shows that the titration has reached the equivalence point. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals the moles of base added in the titration. CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + CH3COONa (aq)

According to the above reaction, the stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of strong base (NaOH solution) is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of weak acid (acetic acid solution). The pH of an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. In symbols, the hydrogen ion concentration is written as [H3O+] and H is defined as negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH = -log [H3O+] pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Therefore, the pH of an aqueous solution is in the range of 0 to 14, where a solution that has a pH < 7 is acidic while pH > 7 is basic. A pH electrode is used in this experiment. The titration is initiated by inserting a pH electrode into a beaker containing the acid solution. As the NaOH solution is being added to the acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will increase gradually. When sufficient amount of base is added, there will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH. The volume of base required to completely neutralize the acid is determined at the equivalence point of titration. In this

experiment, vinegar is titrated with a standardized NaOH solution, where first a primary standard solution is prepared. Generally, the primary standard solution

is prepared by dissolving a weighed quantity of a pure acid or base in a known volume of solution, where for this experiment, a base; potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP is used. In standardizing, NaOH solution is titrated with KHP, the primary standard. KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) vinegar. CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + CH3COONa (aq) KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H20 (l)

Once the NaOH solution has been standardized, it will then be used to titrate 10.00 ml aliquots of

By knowing the standardized NaOH solution concentration, we can determine the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.

Procedure A - Standardization of sodium hydroxyde solution 1. 250 mL of approximately 0.6 M sodium hydroxide was prepared from NaOH solid in a beaker and the calculation was checked with the laboratory instructor to prepare the solution. The calculation was recorded. 2. A 250 mL of beaker was weighed and the mass was recorded to the nearest 0.001g. 1.5 grams of KHP was added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and KHP were recorded to the nearest 0.001 g. The mass of KHP was calculated by difference and the data was recorded. 30 mL of distilled water was added to the beaker. The solution was stirred until the KHP was dissolved completely. 3. This solution was titrated with NaOH and the pH was recorded with 1 mL additions of NaOH solution. 4. Steps 1 to 3 were repeated to perform a second trial to standardize the NaOH solution. 5. Steps 6-8 were completed after the laboratory period was concluded ( outside the lab ). Proceed for determination of acetic acid concentration in vinegar. 6. The graph of pH versus NaOH was plotted. The volume of NaOH required neutralizing the KHP solution in each titration was determined from the plots. 7. The molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2 were calculated. 8. The average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 were calculated. 9. The resulting sodium hydroxide concentration was used in part B of the experiment.

B - Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar 1. 10 mL of vinegar was transferred to a clean, dry 250 mL beaker using a 10mL volumetric pipette. Sufficient water, 75 to 100 mL was added to cover the pH electrode tip during the titration. 2. 1mL of NaOH was titrated to the vinegar solution. The pH was recorded. 3. The above steps were repeated one more to perform a second titration of the vinegar with the standardize NaOH. 4. The graph of pH vs volume NaOH added was plotted. The volume of NaOH required to neutralized vinegar in each titration was determined from the plots. The data were recorded. 5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 were calculated. 6. The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration was calculated. 7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 were calculated. 8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.

Apparatus and Materials

1. 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH solution) 2. 1.5 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) 3. vinegar 4. 250mL beaker 5. Analytical balance 6. pH electrode 7. burette 8. retort stand with clamp 9. magnetic stirrer and stir bar 10. scapula 11. 10mL volumetric pipette 12. glass rod

Results A. Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution Titration 1 Mass of beaker (g) Mass of beaker + KHP (g) Mass of KHP (g) Volume of NaOH to neutralize the KHP solution (mL) Titration 1: Volume of NaOH (mL) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 pH 4.41 4.62 4.82 5.03 5.16 5.22 5.35 5.48 5.60 5.74 5.92 6.19 6.73 12.07 12.52 12.67 Titration 2: Volume of NaOH (mL) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 pH 4.56 4.72 4.91 5.06 5.20 5.33 5.44 5.58 5.72 5.88 6.06 6.39 7.15 12.29 12.59 12.71 100.460 101.960 1.500 12.50 Titration 2 101.369 102.869 1.500 12.50

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Experiment 1 : Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution Titration 1 :

Graph of pH versus NaOH

14 12 10 8 pH 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Volume of NaOH (mL)

Graph 1.1 Titration 2 :

Graph of pH versus NaOH

14 12 10 8 pH 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Volume of NaOH (mL)

Graph 1.2

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B. Molarity of acetic acid Titration 1 Volume of NaOH required to neutralize vinegar (mL) 28.50 Titration 2 28.50

Titration 1: Volume of NaOH (mL) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 pH 2.95 3.40 3.75 3.93 4.09 4.23 4.32 4.42 4.50 4.58 4.67 4.73 4.79 4.86 4.93 4.99 5.06 5.12 5.19 5.26 5.33 5.41 5.49 5.59 5.70 5.83 6.01 6.25 6.83 11.22 11.77 12.00

Titration 2: Volume of NaOH (mL) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 pH 3.09 3.53 3.82 3.96 4.03 4.18 4.30 4.48 4.56 4.63 4.71 4.77 4.84 4.90 4.97 5.03 5.09 5.16 5.22 5.38 5.45 5.54 5.64 5.75 5.92 6.10 6.46 6.69 6.91 11.51 11.84 12.02

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Experiment 2 : Molarity of acetic acid and percentage of vinegar Titration 1 :

Graph of pH versus NaOH added

14 12 10 8 pH 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Volume of NaOH added (mL)

Graph 2.1 Titration 2 :

Graph of pH versus NaOH added

14 12 10 8 pH 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Volume of NaOH added (mL)

Graph 2.2

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Calculations
A. Stardardization of sodium hydroxide solution B.

1. Calculations for preparing 150 mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). Moles of NaOH: ( Mass of NaOH: ( )( ) )( )( )

2. Calculations of molarity of sodium hydroxide soution (NaOH) for each titration 1 and 2. For titration 1: Equations for the reaction ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

Moles of KHP used in titration ( )( )

Moles of NaOH required to neutralize the moles of KHP ( )( )

Molarity of the NaOH solution ( )( )

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For titration 2: Equations for the reaction ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

Moles of KHP used in titration ( )( )

Moles of NaOH required to neutralize the moles of KHP ( )( )

Molarity of the NaOH solution ( )( )

3. Calculations of average molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 & 2. ( )

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B. Molarity of acetic acid 1. Calculations of the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 & 2. For titration 1: Equations of the reaction ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

Moles of NaOH that reacted ( ( )( )( ) )

Moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles NaOH ( )( )

Molarity of the CH3COOH solution ( )( )

For titration 2: Equations of the reaction ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

Moles of NaOH that reacted ( ( )( )( ) )

Moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles NaOH ( )( )

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Molarity of the CH3COOH solution ( )( )

2. Calculations of average molarity of CH3COOH solution for titration 1 & 2. ( )

3. Calculations of % by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 & 2.

For titration 1 : Mass of acetic acid in the solution ( ( )( Mass of the acetic acid solution Assume density of the vinegar solution : 1.00g/mL ( )( % by mass of acetic acid in the solution ( ( )( )( ) ) ) )( ) )( )

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For titration 2: Mass of acetic acid in the solution ( ( )( Mass of the acetic acid solution Assume density of the vinegar solution : 1.00g/mL ( )( % by mass of acetic acid in the solution ( ( )( )( ) ) ) )( ) )( )

4. Calculations of the average % by mass of acetic acid in vinegar ( )

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Discussions

The experiment is to determine the morality of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution. It was divided into two parts which are standardization of sodium hydroxide solution and molarity of acetic acid and percent by mass in vinegar. The method used in this experiment is a titration method. In part 1 of the experiment, the standardized NaOH solution was titrated with the KHP solution until the KHP solution was neutralized. The sudden changed in pH value of solution indicates that the titration has reached the equivalence point. The titration was repeated twice and the average molarity was calculated. In part 2 of the experiment, the titration method was used again but the KHP solution was replaced with the vinegar. The titration was also repeated twice. The average molarity and the average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar were calculated. From the experiment, the volume of NaOH required to neutralize the KHP solution for both titrations were exactly the same which were 12.50 mL, and the volume of NaOH required to neutralize the vinegar were 28.50 mL for both titrations. The method used to determine the volume of NaOH required to neutralize was by referring to the graph and making some interpolations methods so that we got the exact amount of NaOH.

The formula to calculate the molarity is

( )

and the percent by mass is

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Conclusions

From the findings of this experiment, it can be concluded that the experiment was not succeed as the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar 10.06%. The concentration of acetic acid in the commercial vinegar ranged from 4%- 8%. Therefore, we should do a lot of improvements in the future to avoid errors during conducting the experiment as well as to obtain more successful experiment.

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Recommendations

1. In standardising NaOH, the impurity of the sodium hydroxide can be affected with the present of the sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Sodium hydroxide is one of the unstable solutions that can easily absorb carbon dioxide from the air. The standardised NaOH solution should be use immediately after being standardised is the best way to overcome this.

2. Less Na2CO3 will be produced from time to time if distilled water added was heated because it will slow down the process of NaOH react with air.

3. The use for indicator is recommended. For example, we can use phenolphthalein which allow change in the pH of the solution to be observe physically. The phenolphthalein will change colour from colourless to pink as the solution turns more acidic. Therefore, the sensitivity of the titration process will increase.

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References

1. Determination of acetic acid in vinegar standardization of NaOH http://spot.pcc.edu/~gbackes/CH222/Labs222.W05/Exp.14.Standardizatio n.NaOH.htm http://www.vernier.com/experiments/chema/6/standardizing_a_solution_of_sodium_hydroxide/

2. The Titration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar http://schoolworkhelper.net/2011/01/titration-of-vinegar-lab-answers/

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