2010 JICA Training (Fire Tactics) Fire Prevention (Forest Fires) Training Lecture: Kitakyushu Fire Authority, Kokura

Minami Fire Department, Santani Branch. Fire Commander: Umeda Koji Practical Tutorial: Kitakyushu Fire Authority, Kokura Minami Fire Department, Santani Branch. Assistant Fire Commander: Taguchi Tomoaki Implementation Date: 2010/09/07 (Tue) -- 9:30 to 15:30. Location: Fukuoka Prefecture, Hiraodai. Nature Observation Center

Statistics on Forest Fires in Japan (Nationwide) and Kitakyushu City 1. Japan (nationwide)

The 2008 forest fire situation in Japan was as follows. General Situation of Forest Fires in Japan Cases of Forest Fires 1,899 Burnt Areas (in units of are) 84,325 Fatalities (persons) 13 Injured (persons) 119

The major causes of fires are bonfires, the burning of dead grass, and arson which in total account for about 50% of the total number of fires. 2. Kitakyushu City

This city includes mountain areas that are divided into five main areas covered in forest, occupying a total area of 19,000 hectares. All these mountain areas are located near the center of the city and their proximity - 1 -

enables many people such as forest workers and holidaymakers to regularly visit them. Accordingly, the inhabitants are faced with a high risk of the occurrence of fires due to carelessness. In particular, the Hiraodai Plateau, which forms part of Mount Nuki in the Kokura-minami District, is one of major Karst plateaus 1 of Japan and occupies a total area of 1,200 hectares. * The geography which is formed with that the ground consisting of rocks soluble in water such as
limestone is solved by rainwater or others

This plateau is a famous tourist destination that is also popular among many citizens of Kitakyushu City and has often received more than 20,000 visitors a day during the holiday season. In early spring, dead grass is burnt in the fields to prevent fires from spreading (fire prevention), for insect control and for landscape maintenance. In autumn every year, firebreaks are established to prevent the spread of fires unexpected at burning dead grass. On a fine day at the end of February when fields of grass such as silver grass are dry and withered, the parts between firebreaks and roads are completely burnt. During the period November through April, extensive areas of grass and bamboo become withered and silver-colored. Many fires occur after a successive period of fine days in March and April when the air becomes drier and less humid. In 2008, the forest fires occurred in Kitakyushu City are as follows: General Situation of Forest Fires in Kitakyushu City Fires in Kitakyushu City 3 Table 2 Burnt Area (Unit: Ares) 54a Burnt Area in Fires in Hiraodai 3 Hiraodai (Unit: Ares) 50 a

General Situation of Forest Fires in Kitakyushu City in 2008 - 2 -

Like this, forest fires in Hiraodai area accounted for most of the total burnt area in Kitakyushu City. Forest Fire Outbreaks for Hiraodai in 2009 Date Damage Area (a) 3/18 3/27 3/27 6,000 a 4,300 a 50 a Fine Cloudy Cloudy Weather Conditions Wind Speed (m/s) 5.2 5.7 4.8 49 38 40 20 12 10 Humidity (%) Temp. (co )

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Characteristics of a Forest Fire

Chapter 1: Characteristic according to fire classification: 1. Surface Fire (1) Surface fires are usually caused by weeds, scrub or dry leaves covering the surface. This is the most common type of forest fire. (2) Crown fires (tree leaves), tree fires (trunks or branches) are prone to forest fires. (3) The speed a surface fire spreads is easily influenced by factors such as the type of terrain, wind speed, and humidity. Fires can spread at a rate of 4 to 7 km/h. (4) The power of the fire is influenced by the number of days since the last rainfall, the amount of recent rainfall, and the amount of burnable material on t he surface. If there is much dry, burnable material on the surface, there is a possibility that canopy and tree fires may occur. 2. Underground Fire (1) Underground fires involving peat beds, brown coal and lignite layers, and other organic layers that exist underground are not easily extinguished. (2) Underground fires can spread at a rate of 4 to 5 km/h 3. Canopy Fire (1) The burning of tree leaves usually due to a surface fire. (2) The likelihood of a canopy fire outbreak occurring is dependent on the species of tree, and the intensity of the flames from a canopy fire outbreak is difficult to extinguish. Furthermore, the risks from flying sparks exist from 100 to 1,000 meters away. (3) The risks of a canopy fire increase if there is a surface fire or a second stage surface fire exists (surface fire occurs after a crown fire). 4. Tree Fire (1) These fires usually occur at the trunk of the tree after a surface fire has occurred. Usually old trees such as a Conifer are often subject to tree fires. (2) Trees that have fallen in the wind or hollow trees are often subject to tree fires. The size is usually very small, but the fires may last for hours. (3) It is usually very difficult to extinguish a forest fire. If no water is available, - 4 -

use moss and try to seal the opening of the hollow in the log. (4) Fires can often reignite even if thought to be extinguished depending on the climate and weather. Chapter 2: Characteristics according to the type of terrain. (1) (2) (3) (4) As the steepness of the terrain increases, the heat flow also increases. The fire can spread at remarkable speeds in this situation. Winds blow from valleys to peaks, providing a major source of oxygen to assist any fire outbreak. Drafts increase the speed of the wind in the valley to serve as a boost to the spread of the fire. As the steepness of the terrain increases, the air current becomes more rough causing a variety of wild winds. Furthermore, as the wind gusts become stronger, the wind becomes wilder. (5) Since hot air flows towards the summit of the slope, trees located there rapidly dry and therefore oily leaves begin to spread that can cause the fire to spread at remarkable speed. (6) (7) (8) (9) Burning leaves and branches may fall off the trees from a high slope and tumble to lower areas further spreading the fire. A line of tress on a steep slope or cliff lines do not prevent the spread of fire. A forest fire can easily overcome these barriers. The lower trunk can transmit the fire to lower branches thus spreading the fire up the tree. Do not perform firefighting operations on a steep slope if only relyin g on foot speed to follow the fire. There are risks from rocks and falling debris making it virtually impossible to achieve effective operations. (10) Slopes facing the south are very steep and there is great risk of fire spreading at high speeds. Chapter 3: Characteristics of a Spreading Fire. (1) (2) Influences on the spreading fire include the prevailing wind, local winds, thermal convection, wind gusts, type of terrain and the direction. When the prevailing wind is consistent with the ridges, the fire can easily spread to the opposite side of the ridge and start expanding into areas either side of the ridge at the same time. Furthermore, the fire may spread down bo th sides of the ridge slope. - 5 -

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

There is high risk that the fire will spread due to flying sparks and the fire will be characterized by a long firewall. The area that is in risk from the fire is generally 100 to 500 meters away from the edge of the fire. If the humidity falls from 15 to 17%, this may induce flames and flying sparks. The prevailing flow of the fire will be swift when crossing a ridge. Flying sparks will pose the greatest risk. The fire will burn fiercely near the ridge creating a lot of flames and flying sparks. Local winds (wind gusts) will induce many flames and flying sparks. Temperature, humidity, winds, and changes in climate will not all uniformly be the same.

(10) The fire may spread down the slope due to falling rocks and debris from the tops of slopes or mountains.

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Firefighting Operations
Chapter 1: Firefighting Operations With Water. 1. For forest fires, irrigation is the most effective method of firefighting. Follow these guidelines to ensure water is used most efficiently during operations. (1) Form a pincer movement at both sides of the spreading fire, and then control the width of the dwindling fire. (2) Surround the flames to restrict the fire. (3) Use water around the areas that you will position yourself in. (4) Give due consideration to lining the nozzles of each hose in a horizontal line. (5) If the flames are extremely fierce, suppress the flames with water from a reserve water supply and then continue to extinguish the fire. 2. It is difficult to change the extension of the hose once it has been extended due to the speed of the spreading fire and terrain, so make sure you are prudent enough to extent the hose to leave extra length if necessary. Also, keep the hose close to the water supply to prevent damage to the hose due to the fire. 3. When extending the hose, give due consideration to the utilization of available equipment such as automatic hose reels. Chapter 2: Firefighting Operations Without Water. 1. If water cannot be supplied at the initial stages of the fire, there are other measures that can be taken until the hoses can be extended and water supplied. 2. The types of firefighting operations that can be performed without water are as follows: (1) Smothering a. Try to put out or restrict the flames and prevent sparks with hardwood branches with leaves attached. b. Prevent flying sparks and flames from spreading to unburned areas. c. One person controls 2 to 3 meters. All members form a single line to perform operations. d. Performing firefighting operations with a water supply is most effective if done in parallel. (2) Covering (using dirt) a. This is effective against small-scale fires and surface fires. Use a shovel to cover the fire with dirt to prevent the spreading of flames or flying sparks. b. Perform to weaken the power of the spreading fire along ridges. - 7 -

c. This method is very effective in combination with the smothering of the fire and using a backpack style pump. (3) Creating a fire defense line a. When creating a fire defense line, consider the terrain, wind direction, and rate of the spreading fire. Create a position with enough time to be able to react to the fire. b. The fire defense line has a general width of over 10 meters, twice the height of the treetops, and 10 times the height of the plants. The corps shall consider the situation of the fire and the Commander shall make the decisions.

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Basic Tactics
Chapter 1: Command Principles 1. Corps must perform a wide range of operations to combat forest fires. In accordance with this, the Commander must have a good understanding of various factors and should ensure the safety of the corps. 2. The Commander must gain an understanding the situation of the fire as soon as possible, and determine an action policy. 3. The Commander must assign members to various fields and establish a unified command system. 4. The Commander must establish an effective communication system for all the mobilized corps to utilize. 5. The Commander shall monitor the fatigue levels of the members and replace active members to ensure the safety of the corps. 6. The Commander must estimate the extent of the fire and call for backup if required. 7. The Commander must maintain close cooperation with the Air Corps, and understand the situation of the fire corresponding to the different operational situations for each mobilized corps. 8. Each level of Commander shall continuously monitor the situation of the fire and consider rapid retreat measures in case of a change in the situation of the fire.

Chapter 2: Firefighting Operation Principles 1. Firefighting operations shall be determined in regard to the situation of the fire and the strength of the fire and operations designed to either completely extinguish the fire or stop the fire from spreading. 2. Firefighting operations should be prioritized in order to stop the spread of fire to buildings. 3. Equipment shall be used in firefighting operations against forest fires. 4. Firefighters must ensure their own escape routes when performing firefighting operations. 5. Firefighting operations shall start from the direction where the fire can be extinguished. 6. Select the most appropriate firefighting operation according to the location of the - 9 -

fire or the way the fire is spreading. 7. When creating a fire defense line, consider the mountain ridges, the frontline of the fire, and road systems. Select and use effective terrains. (You can use wooded areas parallel to the prevailing wind direction) 8. When deciding the use a fire defense line, consider the value of the forest as an asset and the effectiveness of being able to prevent the spread of fire as a priority when deciding where to implement a fire defense line. 9. If there are no specific instructions from the Commander in regards to the firefighting operations, suspend operations until sunset, and then retreat to a safe location. 10. In the situation of forest fires, the wind is low and the fire burns slowly in the morning in accordance with a gradual increase in humidity. This is the best time to perform firefighting operations. Act in a timely manner. In general, winds from the mountains increase from noon and then start to decline in the evening. These winds tend to become headwinds. 11. Firefighting activities are done systematically. Each level of commander falls under the command of the Chief Co mmander or those appointed above them. These will work in close cooperation with other corps as well as determining the type of firefighting operations for their own corps. 12. Each member shall act to minimize the depletion of their strength and leave enough power to be able to retreat if required when performing each of their duties. 13. The level of risk increases if you are downwind of the fire or situated on a high slope. Only corps should enter these areas. 14. There are risks if you are situated downhill of a slop as there is danger from falling debris such as rocks. Only corps are allowed to enter these areas.

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Management by the Headquarters No.1 1. Establishment of the Headquarters The location of the Headquarters (1) (2) (3) Easily accessible for vehicles to enter and move around the area In the open highlands windward of, or parallel to, the prevailing winds Safe for telecommunications and convenient for liaison with the community 2. Considerations regarding site selection (1) Ridgelines at the top of steep slopes with many trees are especially dangerous and should be avoided. (2) On a peak that is isolated, the flames easily spread to either left or right and involve the risk of sparks flying back towards the firefighters. Considerable care should therefore be taken to ensure evacuation routes for the firefighters. (3) (4) Any downward slope facing the flames should be avoided. The firefighting operational headquarters should not be set up on a platform or forest road halfway up the slope. (5) The firefighting operational headquarters should not be set up near the summit or ridgeline, especially where two ridges share the same narrow valley. (6) The firefighting operational headquarters should not be set up in a dense forest. (7) An area in which the geographic undulations are complicated should be - 11 -

avoided since the wind direction is unpredictable. No.2 1. Knowledge of Actual Conditions The high command will inform a member of the firefighting force that is knowledgeable concerning forest conditions to survey the area by helicopter in order to aerially assess the actual state of the fire, including the configuration of the fire in relation to the ridges, valleys and slopes, the extent, direction and speed of the spread of the fire, the wind direction, extent of flying sparks, and the position and activities of firefighting teams. The Director will determine the firefighting procedures by taking these actual conditions into consideration. 2. In an effort to assess the actual state of the fire from the air, the high command will regularly request the helicopter crews and the ground brigades to report on the present state of the fire and firefighting activities. using images taken from the helicopter will be made. 3. The high command will place patrolmen and guards on the opposite ridge to provide a clear view of the site of the fire and require them to report on the conditions (Use binoculars). 4. Items to be checked (1) (2) The extent and direction of the spread of the fire and the flying sparks The location, direction and distance of the object that should be protected against fire, including the settlements, buildings, tourist facilities and valuable forests (3) The state of lands, forest conditions and access routes (roads that are passable by car and forest roads) (4) The direction of the main winds and the site winds and the relationship between these winds (5) The location and quantity of available water and the routes that allow hoses - 12 Whenever required,

to reach the fire (6) (7) The division of labor between the ground brigades and the helicopter crews The situation of visitors/climbers in the mountain area (their number and location) (8) The ongoing activities of the fire brigade and the advantageous placement of units (nozzles) (9) No.3 1. The location of fire lines

Determination of the policy for taking action The main purpose of firefighting is to prevent the fire from spreading to important structures and buildings in downtown areas as well as to private houses. (1) When the fire is still small, offensive firefighting measures should be taken. (2) If the fire extends to other area, defensive firefighting measures should normally be taken considering the extent of the fire and the overall capacity and means for firefighting. (3) In the event of a full-scale (large-scale) forest fire, it is impossible and inappropriate to directly try to extinguish it. should be taken instead. Defensive control measures

2.

Rescue Search and Evacuation Guidelines (1) In the holiday season, there are many visitors in the mountains. stages of any fire hazard. (2) The fire brigade should inform of a fire through fire sirens, loud speakers - 13 The fire

brigade should immediately start guiding them to a safe place in the early

and helicopters to guide them to safe routes for evacuation. (3) The fire brigade should make good use of helicopters to evacuate and search in the mountains for visitors (Rescue teams will be organized as required). 3. Determination of Fire Lines (1) Fire lines shall be established by expanding the firebreak space from the base points, including forest boundaries and breaks, ridgelines and streams. (2) The progress of any fire is according to the predictions regarding the weather, topography, forest conditions, and the direction and spread of the fire. The personnel (including replacements) required for managing the The fire lines shall be established according to the materials and equipment shall be secured to match the extent of the fire lines (width x length). appropriate length and area. (3) When firebreaks and fire lines are established, the water should be sprayed as a preliminarily test measure over the front and back sides of the fire lines.

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Case Study of 1977 Hiraodai Wildland Fire 1. Fire Outline Date and time of outbreak March 25, 1977, around 11:30 Detection 11:40
The fire brigade which had been dispatched for watching out for burning dead grass in Hiraodai started firefighting operations simultaneously.

Commencement of water application 11:40 Control of fire 16:25 Extinguishment 17:04 Area of fire origin Mt. Nuki, Kokura Minami Ward, Kitakyushu City 711 high, North part of Hiraodai Weather conditions Weather Wind direction Wind speed Air temperature Humidity Effective humidity 2. Profile of Mt. Nuki Mt. Nuki is a 711m-tall mountain located relatively close to a built-up area, and is dotted with precipitous cliffs and steep slopes. Because of such a rugged terrain and dense stands of Japanese nutmeg trees, miscellaneous small trees and other plants, it presents particular challenges to fire operations. 3. Responding Units Responding apparatus Fire Department Pumpers Tankers Transport vehicles Ambulances Other Volunteer Fire Corps - 15 -

clear West-South-West 9 m/s 10 C 42% 66.4%

4 8 6 3 36

Pumpers Mini pumpers Mobile command Ground Self-Defense Force Vehicles Helicopters

2 7 1 16 2

Mobilized personnel Fire Department 302 Volunteer Fire Corps 150 Ground Self-Defense Force110 4. Damage Burned area Scrub and grassland Forest Casualties Deaths Injuries 166.5 ha 8.5 ha 5 (fire personnel killed in the line of duty) 1

5. Circumstances of deaths and injuries Victims were fire personnel, believed to have been caught by a flare-up on a steep slope while engaging in fire operations. 6. What Is A Flare-up? A flare-up is a sudden increase in the rate of spread of a wildland fire upon reaching a steep slope, whereby a fire moves several times faster on a slope with an inclination of more than 40 than on a slope with an inclination of less than 30. When this phenomenon occurs, the rate of spread is believed to exceed 10 m/s, occasionally reaching as high as 20 m/s. 7. Contributing Factors to Flare-up (1) Landform A flare-up is more likely to occur on a southerly slope, particularly a south or southeast-facing steep slope in a valley setting. (2) Forest cover type A typical forest cover type prone to a flare-up is a dense growth of shrubs, withered grass and other combustible plants found at the foot of a slope which itself is low in fuel density. (3) Time - 16 -

A flare-up often occurs between 14:00 and 16:00. (4) Effects of valley winds If a mountain slope covered with withered grass, fallen branches and other combustible materials is ignited on a dry day, a long flow of flames is generated, and this, in turn, draws strong drafts by providing an energy source. If the slope is south-facing and forms part of a valley, daytime valley winds add to those strong drafts, and, driven by their combined force, an intensive flame flow sweeps up the hill. A flare-up is a product of such multiple contributing factors. 8. Avoiding Being Caught by Flare-up (1) When engaging in a fire watch duty on a slope, do so from a safe space such as a firebreak, and focus mainly on the monitoring of spot fires. (2) The basic rule of thumb when engaging in a firefighting operation is approach the fire from the burned area, attack it from behind and converge on the head. (3) In the event of a small-scale flare-up, evacuate in a lateral (i.e. perpendicular to the flame flow) direction.

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Safety Management
l. Basic Rules of Fire Operations According to past wildland fire experiences, it is necessary to give priority to (1) safety of life, and (2) protection of private houses, when making decisions and taking actions. The following are the two basic principles of fire operations: 1) A steady and sure, rather than quick but error-prone, approach 2) In principle, daytime only actions.

2. Rules to Be Followed by Commanders The following three points are particularly important for the command of wildland fire suppression: 1) Have the firefighters work to minimize fire damage through safe action. 2) Give top priority to the prevention of injury under any circumstances. 3) Do not deploy units in a downwind area or an area toward which the fire is heading, unless the safety of the firefighters is secured. (1) High-level commander Carefully choose the location of the command post by keeping in mind the typical characteristics of wildland fire fighting as listed below, while exercising comprehensive and integrated command by maintaining close communication with the deploy units. 1) Units tend to be dispersed over a wide area. 2) Visibility tends to be limited due to topographical and forest cover conditions. 3) Radio communications often encounter difficulties. (2) Intermediate or low-level commander 1) Always be aware of what your firefighters are doing and ensure that your company acts as a unit. 2) Compare the intensity of the fire and available resources, and act defensively if the former exceeds the latter. 3) Avoid wasting resources. 4) Monitor the weather conditions and fire intensity and remain flexible in your tactical stance. Switch from defense to offense as soon as the right moment arrives. - 18 -

3. Rules to Be Followed by Firefighters (1) Principle of group action 1) Do not act alone under any circumstances. 2) Always act in pairs or larger groups to prevent accidents. (2) Prevention of excessive fatigue 1) Be aware that you will be exhausted due to unfamiliar terrain and prolonged activities. 2) Know the limits of your health and fitness and avoid working beyond those limits. 3) Monitor and manage your own body.

4. Approach to Fire and Fire Operations (1) Commander 1) In principle, avoid all nighttime operations. 2) When nighttime operations are unavoidable, use lighting equipment and deploy fire-watch personnel. 3) Observe the fire intensity, topography and other factors before ordering an action. 4) Accurately determine the rate and direction of spread from weather conditions, particularly wind direction and speed. 5) Select an approach route which will allow for a sufficient distance margin for escape even if the fire unexpectedly intensifies. 6) Provide appropriate instructions on suppression methods, ways to ensure safety and other necessary matters. (2) Fire companies and firefighters 1) Fire companies approaching the fire must take care not to be driven into a dangerous situation, such as isolation, by maintaining close communica tion with the command unit. 2) When approaching a fire carrying various equipment and materials, hold them securely, and avoid injury due to tripping or falling. 3) When entering a mountain forest with no obvious tracks or trails, be sure to secure a retreat path by leaving signs such as hacked branches and pieces of cloth. 4) Do not enter a field covered by ferns, wild grass, etc. or a mountain forest in - 19 -

which trimmed lower branches are dumped on the ground due to a risk of rapid fire spread. If it is unavoidable to do so, be sure to secure a retreat path. 5) If the fire spreads in two directions, do not enter the area between the paths due to a high risk of being driven into a dangerous situation. 6) When making an approach, use a route through the burned area or along a ridge line as far as possible, and avoid entering a valley. 7) Slopes are hazardous due to falling rocks, falling burning objects and sparks, so take good care when approaching a burning site from a directly downhill position. 8) To prevent excessive fatigue due to hostile terrain, obstacles, etc., avoid moving too quickly. 9) Be careful about tripping, slipping, falling, stepping on a sharp object, etc. due to the presence of numerous obstacles such as branches and stumps. 10) When climbing down a steep slope, use a rope secured onto a tree, etc. as a lifeline to prevent a fall. (3) Actions on slope 1) On a slope, pay attention to the danger of being hit by a f alling rock or falling down. 2) Pay particular attention to falling rocks and other hazards when there is a burned area up the slope. 3) When engaging in an operation at an uphill location, be careful not to drop an object in consideration of other firefighters working down the slope. 4) As soon as causing or noticing a rockfall or spotting a hazardous condition which may result in a rockfall, call out loud to firefighters at downhill locations to let them know of the danger. 5) On a slope, pay attention to the risk of spot fires occurring at downhill locations due to sparks scattered by burning objects, smoldering rocks, etc. as they fall. 6) In the case of a fire traveling down a slope, be careful about the possibility of a sudden change in direction due to the generation of an updraft as a result of an intensification of the fire. (4) Firefighting 1) In principle, approach the fire from the burned area, rather than from an unburned area. 2) Avoid engaging in an operation at locations uphill or downwind from a fire, be it the main fire or a spot fire. 3) On a steep slope, conclude that you are in a danger zone if you see a flame - 20 -

200-300m down the slope, and never move in front of the fire head. 4) Pay attention to fire spread conditions and changes in wind direction, and act accordingly. 5) Extremely low humidity, say below 15-17%, induces spot fires. 6) If a spot fire occurs to your side or behind you, evacuate immediately because of an increased risk. 7) Be aware that the length of flames is difficult to determine on a clear day. 8) Act cautiously when fighting a nighttime fire due to the great danger. 9) Avoid acting alone, and be sure that your direct commander knows what you are doing. 10) Burned mountain slopes are prone to collapse. (5) Evacuation 1) The commander should swiftly account for all firefighters, and ensure an orderly evacuation. 2 )Carefully determine the timing and direction of evacuation by assessing the fire intensity and direction of the smoke. When the fire is moving towards you up a slope or across a mountain side, keep in mind the danger of evacuating upward. 3) Look for a direction in which the fire intensity is low or an area which has been burned out. 4) Firefighters should help each other and stay calm while evacuating. 5) Only carry equipment and materials that are essential for your own protection. Leave burdensome equipment and materials at locations where they would not pose any obstacle to other firefighters. ) When being engulfed by smoke, evacuate calmly in the direction from which cool fresh air is blowing. (6) Actions to be taken when surrounded by fire 1) Avoid inhaling hot air at all costs. 2) If a wall of fire closes in on you, lie down in a dug hole or natural depression in the ground and cover your body with soil. 3) Avoid inhaling hot air by placing your face into a gap between rocks or any hollow space. 4) When breaking through the fire perimeter, you must hold your breath. Before - 21 -

making a dash, wet a towel or coat using whatever water you have, and hold it against your face or put it over your head. 5) Keep your shovel, hatchet and backpack pump till the last. 6) In an emergency, run straight through the fire perimeter (i.e. perpendicularly) and take refuge in the burned area or an area with scant plant cover,

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Equipment for Forest Fires

Water Jacket (WJ-18K) Model Name Specifications Dimensions Jacket Approx. 580 x 430 mm Nylon Oxford Cloth Approx. 1.8 Kg 18 Liters Approx 2 to 8 cm Water Jacket WJ-18K Pump Length: 490 mm Outer Diameter: 22 mm Brass Approx. 0.9 Kg Approx. 70 ml per stroke Approx. 10 m Hose Length 620 mm Outer Diameter: 156 mm Outer: Stainless Inner: PVC Approx. 0.1 Kg -

Material Weight Capacity Thickness Distance

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