Exercise Graph Questions Discussion Conclusion

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MODULE NO. 4

TITLE:

Discrete Time Signals

February 13, 2012 DATE PERFORMED February 14, 2012 DATE SUBMITTED

ECE DEPARTMENT COLLEGE

Module 4 Discrete Time Signals Prepared by Engr. AU Cabatit

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GRADE
GROUP NO. 5

MEMBERS: Bernal, Ruther Ivan T. 2. Revelo, Mark N 3. Reyes, Rodel D. 4. Salvatierra, Dyanne Mari V.
1.

TERMINAL NO. TERMINAL NO. TERMINAL NO. TERMINAL NO.

28 25 27 25

SIGNATURE _________________ SIGNATURE _________________ SIGNATURE _________________ SIGNATURE _________________

ENGR. ALEXANDER U CABATIT PROFESSOR

ESIGPLA Signal Spectra and Signal Processing Laboratory Experiment Title Module 4

Discrete Time Signals

Objectives:
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By the end of the session the students should be able to: Generate discrete time signals using Matlab. Perform discrete signal manipulations Combine signals Perform basic operations on discrete functions such as solving for the roots and getting the polynomial expression.

Introduction:
Digital or discrete signals are man-made. Note however that a signal although discrete in nature does not become digital until it has been converted to binary form. I.

Discrete-time signal

Is a signal specified only at specific time instants say x(n) where n are integers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ). The amplitude of the discrete-time signal between two time instants is not zero but is just not defined.

Creating and displaying analog waveforms. Representation of Signals

1. 2. 1. 2. Functional Table (Tabular) Graphical Sequence Form

Methods of manipulating Signals

1. 2. 3. Shifting y(n) = x(n k) Folding y(n) = x(-n) Scaling y(n) = x(kn)

Hierarchy for combination of folding and shifting and scaling.

1. 2. 3. Shift the signal first Then apply folding Then apply scaling

Note: To test or verify your final solutions, substitute values of n say n = 0, 1 ,2, -1 , -2, . Then check with the original signal if the answer computed is the same.

Singularity Functions
are used to represent more complicated signals. In real life applications, a discrete time signal may have as many as a thousand sampling instants and the sequence form is just not designed to handle that many samples. The unit impulse function delta function, is the basic singularity function and all singularity functions can be derived by repeated integration or differentiation of the delta function. The other common singularity functions are the unit step and the unit ramp functions.

1.

Unit Sample Sequence or Delta or Unit Impulse function (t) Is a signal that is zero everywhere except at n = 0 where its value is unity.
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2.

Unit Step Function u(n)

3.

Unit-ramp Function ur(n) - A ramp signals starts at t = 0 and increases linearly with time, t. in discrete time domain, the unit ramp signal is defined as

4.

Exponential Signal x(n) = an for all n

if the parameter a is real, then x(n) is a real signal. When the parameter a is complex valued, it can be expressed as: a rej where r and are now the parameters and x(n) is now expressed as x(n) = rnej and rn (cos n + jsin n) for 0 < a < 1, and a > 1, and -1 < a < 0and a < -1 There are other singularity functions. The main advantage of singularity function is that any arbitrary signal that is made up of straight line segment can be represented in terms of know singularity functions such as step and ramp functions.

Sample Exercise. Encode the following MATLAB SYNTAX

%figure 1 delta plot or impulse plot x = [ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0]; t=0: length (x)-1; %figure 2 unit step function k1 = -5; k2 = 10; k = k1:k2; x1 = (k>=0); %figure 3 unit ramp function k3=k; %figure 4 exponential decay function Xe = 0.8; a = 0.75; k4 = 0; k2 = 10; k5 = k4:k2; x4 = Xe*a.^k5; figure(); subplot(221);stem(t-4,x);title(delta impulse function);subplot(222); stem(k, x1); title(unit step function);subplot(223);stem(k,k3);title(unit ramp function); subplot(224);stem(k5, x4);title(exponential decay)
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II.

Matlab commands for signal Analysis

Polynomial expression To get the polynomial equation of the roots, poly command Roots To get the roots of a polynomial Residue - Partial fraction expansion note: you may use any variable to express the numerator and the denominator. [R,P,K] = residue(numf,denf) %gets the partial fraction expression of the function f.

Finds the residues, poles and direct term of a partial fraction expansion of the ratio of two polynomials B(s)/A(s). If there are no multiple roots,

Inverse of Partial Fraction [B,A] = RESIDUE(R,P,K) %gives the polynomial expression of the function in numerator/denominator polynomial form. Vectors B and A specify the coefficients of the numeratr and denominator polynomials in descending powers of s. The residues are returned in the column vector R, the pole locations in column vector P, and the direct terms in row vector K. The number of poles is n = length(A)-1 = length(R) = length(P). Convolution Sum (y = conv(x,h))- Is a mathematical way of combining 2 signals to form a third signal. Relates the input signal, the output signal and the impulse response. Mathematical Representation is by 2 methods to convolve a signal or

Convolution symbol * (Star) y(n) = x(n) * h(n) Deconvolution is the process of converting back the original signals after convolution process has taken place (y=deconv(C,B)) the inverse of convolution sum
Sample exercise. DIGITAL QUANTIZED SIGNAL
t = 0:30; x = 0.2+2*sin(0.245*t+0.15); d = 0.5; xq = d*round(x/d);
ECE DEPARTMENT COLLEGE Module 4 Discrete Time Signals Prepared by Engr. AU Cabatit page 5 of 11 Version 1.0 2009 FEU EAST ASIA

plot(t,x) hold on stem(t,xq,'r') hold off ylabel('x(t), x_q(kT)') xlabel('t') legend('analog signal',... 'digital (quantized)')

Exercises
Enter the following strings in the Matlab command window Given: Hint: To display the x(n)=0 at x=10 use the following in matlab x=[-2 2 5 8 10 -5 3 2 -7 1]; t=0: length (x)-1; stem(t-4,x) % magnitude of the signal %extracting the length of the signal % displays the signal in discrete with n=0

Discrete time signal manipulation Perform (Plot and give the syntax) for the following signal manipulations:
1. a.

x(n)

b. x(-n) Syntax: stem(-t+4,x)

Syntax: stem(t-4,x)

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a.

x(3 - n) stem(3-t+1 ,x)

d. 4x(4 + n) Syntax: stem(4+t-8, 4*x)

Syntax:

a.

5x(n/2 + 2) stem(t/2 + 2 -4, 5*x)

f. 5x(2n 2) Syntax: stem(2*t-2-6, 5*x)

Syntax:

2.

Signal analysis
a.

Get the polynomial equation of the roots, poly command. Given: (z-1+2)(z-1-6)(z-1+8)(z-1-4)

SYNTAX: A = poly([2 -6 -8 4]) ANSWER: A = 1

b.

0 -60 80 384

Get the roots of 5 + 7z-1 + 9z-2 3z-3 + 2z-4 SYNTAX: B = ([5 7 9 -3 2]) ANSWER: B = -0.8951 + 1.2351i -0.8951 - 1.2351i 0.1951 + 0.3659i 0.1951 - 0.3659i
c.

Determine the resulting equation using partial fraction expansion (residue) F(z) =
(7z2+9z+12) / [z(z+7)(z-5)]

SYNTAX: numf=[0 -7 5] denf= poly([ 12 9 7]) [R,P,K] = residue(numf,denf) ANSWER: numf = 0 -7 5

denf = 1 -28 255 -756 R= -5.2667 9.6667

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-4.4000 P= 12.0000 9.0000 7.0000 K = []

d.Using the command residue, convert the answer in 2.c back to its original form. SYNTAX: [numf,denf] = residue(R,P,K) ANSWER: numf = 0.0000 -7.0000 5.0000 denf = 1 -28 255 -756 Question: Is the answer of 2.c and 2.d the same? Explain?
3.

Convolution Sum Given:

note: matlab cannot indicate where n=0, this has to be done manually. In the final answer for g, h and I make sure of the location of n=0
a.

h(n)

Syntax: y = conv (x, y) plot(y)

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y=x*h Syntax:_______________________
b.

____________________________ __________________________

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deconvolve y and x Syntax:_______________________ ____________________________ _________________________

c.

Machine Problem: Plot the discrete time function x(n) = 2 (n+2) + 2(n) -2 (n-4), -5 n 5

Syntax
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_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

Discussion:
State what you have observed after performing each exercises. Discuss the commands used, errors that you encountered that are directly related to the module. Do this is bullet form and engineering format. Keep it as simple as possible.

Conclusion:
Based on the discussion, what are the principles and concepts that you can conclude from performing the module.

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Q.1 Explain why convolution sum is used when adding signals?

Q.2 Is the answer of 2.c and 2.d the same? Explain?

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