HI166 August 24, 2012

2nd long test coverage: from Filipinization to the Commonwealth Withdrawal and Resistance: The political significance of food, agriculture and how people lived during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines by Benedict Kerkvliet Histories - Political - Socio-economic o perspective How did they survive? - World-system - Core and periphery Philippines in the periphery Agriculture - Exports crops to the world market - World-market prices -> fluctuations in prices, jobs, etc - Filipinos were used to these fluctuations o Flexible livelihoods change jobs, change crops (grew food crops instead of export crops during Japanese occupation) Philippine society influenced by the world economy but it remained agricultural and retained livelihood not directly linked to national or international markets Prior experience of coping with market instability Patterns of Survival and Defiance - Resistance o Obvious o Subtle - Economic Withdrawal o Formal to informal sectors Barter Buy and sell networks Small-scale manufacturing Grew food in backyards - Geographic Withdrawal o Urban to rural areas o bakwet - Political Withdrawal o Occupied -> autonomous

Make-up Class
The Moro Province - October 1899 Military District of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan under the US Army - October 1902 Department of Mindanao under the US Army - 1903-1906 Military Governor-General Leonard Wood. Mailed Fist Policy - 1906-1909 Military governor-General Tasker Bliss, Velvet Goves Policy of Attraction - 1909-1913 Military Governor Gen. John Pershing. Agriculture and export

- 1914-1920 Civilian Governor Frank Carpenter. Filipinization initiated - 1920 Secretary of the Interior (Filipino). End of direct American rule in Moroland Settler Mindanao Settler to Davao Settlers were: - The dominant groups - Usually autonomous from colonial government - Grew 2 main cash crops (abaca & coconuts) 1. Non-Filipino Settlers a. Americans during the Moro Province b. Japanese during Filipinization 2. Filipino Settlers Americas Last Western Frontier - No support from colonial government - Lack of experience - Labor scarcity - Capital deficiency - Poor marketing network - Restrictive land law. 1, 024 hectares could not generate economies of scale Davao-kuo - State support - Credit availability - Steady labor supply - Economies of scale. Circumvented the land laws - Marketing network. Auction house Filipino Migrants - Most numerous among the settlers - Multiplier effect of the abaca and coconut plantations, especially in the 1930s - Plantation workers, professionals, and entrepreneurs. Japanese-Filipino Ties - Social: cordial until the eve of World War 2 - Economic cooperative - Political: close relations from local to national o Close relationships with local Davao officials, as well as, with national politicos such as Laurel and Quezon Growth - Top revenue payer in Mindanao surpassed older and more cosmopolitan Zamboanga - Population boom in Davao. Tamed the wilderness in 30 years.