2.

005 Thermal Fluids Engineering I Problem Set 1 Solutions Problem 1 Which of the following are properties of the specified system? Which are not? 1) System: A dry cell battery a. Yes - the volume b. Yes - the mass c. Yes - the voltage d. No - the total Watt-hours used in the past e. No - the impact of the dry-cell battery on society f. Yes - the mass of each chemical compound or element in the battery 2) System: A human being on the earth a. Yes - internal temperature b. Yes - weight c. No - miles walked this evening d. Yes - mass of stomach contents e. Yes - number of shoes she/he is wearing (assuming the system includes the shoes!) f. No - work done lifting breakfast spoon to mouth g. Yes - pressure inside the eye h. Yes - total volume of blood i. No - total energy lost to the environment through heat transfer this morning

Fall 08

Problem 2 a) One possible way of solving the problem is to define the system as including both the water and the steel. This system is isolated (i.e., no heat, work, or mass is transferred in or out). There is no heat or work transfer to or from environment; therefore, the total energy of steel and water system is conserved. Modeling assumptions: o The steel part and water are pure thermal systems with only thermal energy storage (i.e., we dont have any elastic energy stored in the steel or water) o The specific heats of steel and water are constant over the temperatures were concerned with o Equilibrium is obtained when Tsteel = Twater = 90 C Another approach would be to treat the steel and the water as two separate, non-isolated systems which transfer heat between each other (but not between themselves and the environment); then, apply the first law to each of the two systems. However, its usually easier to choose a system where we have to deal with as few interactions as possible. b) What is the necessary amount of water? For the system including both the water and the steel,

E2 E1 = Q W = 0 so, E2 = E1

E = msteel*csteel*Tsteel + mwater*cwater*Twater (Since were only interested in changes in thermal energy, we can use either the Kelvin or the Celsius scale for temperature, since a change in temperature of 1 K is the same as a change of 1 C.) E1 = (10 kg)*(473 J/kg K)*(900 C) + mwater*(4187 J/kg K)*(21 C) E2 = (10 kg)*(473 J/kg K)*(90 C) + mwater*(4187 J/kg K)*(90 C) Setting E2 = E1, we can solve for mwater: mwater = [(10 kg)*(473 J/kg K)*(900 C 90 C)] / [(4187 J/kg K)*(90 C 21 C)] mwater = 13.26 kg c) There is no heat transfer for the steel-part-and-water system (thats what the term adiabatic means). (The only heat transfer is within the system, from the steel to the water.)

Problem 3 After the strike, the bullet is assumed to be instantaneously embedded in the target. The bullet and target move together at the same velocity vf. The system then behaves like a regular spring-mass system that keeps oscillating because there is no damping element. For the next two parts of the problem, we define the following states: State 1: The initial state State 2: When the bullet just gets embedded in the target State 3: When the spring is compressed to its minimum length The models for the three components in this problem are i. Kinetic energy (pure translational mass) + thermal energy (pure thermal system) for the bullet. ii. Kinetic energy (pure translational mass) + thermal energy (pure thermal system) for the target. iii. Elastic energy for the spring (no thermal energy, since an ideal spring is assumed to be massless). b) To find the minimum compressed length of the spring, we first need to find the velocity vf of the targetbullet mass (M+m). We do this by applying Conservation of Momentum from state 1 to state 2. State 1: Momentum = mv + 0 State 2: Momentum = (M+m)vf Equating the two, we get v f =

mv M +m

Now, to find the minimum compressed length, we apply the First Law to the system consisting of the bullet-target and the spring, from state 2 to state 3. At state 3, the velocity of the mass is zero. From state 2 to state 3, the system undergoes a process that involves no heat transfers or work transfers with the environment. Therefore, the First Law reduces to

E 3 E 2 = Q2 3 W 2 3 = 0 1 1 1 m 2v 2 2 2 The energy at state 2 is E 2 = ( M + m)cT2 + ( M + m)v f + k (0) = ( M + m)cT2 + 2 2 2 M +m

The energy at state 3 is

E 3 = ( M + m)cT2 +

1 1 1 ( M + m)(0) 2 + k ( x 0 x1 ) 2 = ( M + m)cT2 + k ( x 0 x1 ) 2 2 2 2
Solving this equation, x1 = x 0

Since E3 = E2,

1 1 m 2v 2 k ( x 0 x1 ) 2 = 2 2 M +m

mv k ( M + m)

c) There is an increase in temperature of the bullet and the target from state 1 to state 2, due to the (dissipative) collision. After the collision, there is no further change in temperature because there is no damping and no interaction between the bullet-target and the environment. To find the temperature of the target, we apply the First Law to the system consisting of the bullet and the target, from state 1 to state 2. Again, since there are no heat or work transfers with the environment, the E 2 E1 = Q12 W12 = 0 First Law reduces to

1 2 mv 2 1 1 m 2v 2 2 The energy at state 2 is E 2 = ( m + M )cT2 + ( m + M )v f = ( m + M )cT2 + 2 2 M +m

The energy at state 1 is E1 = mcT1 + McT1 + Since E2 = E1,

(m + M )cT1 +

1 2 1 m 2v 2 mv = (m + M )cT2 + 2 2 M +m

which yields

T2 = T1 +

1 Mmv 2 2 c ( M + m) 2

Problem 4 a) Acceleration is defined as a =

dv dt

We are told that the acceleration is constant. Therefore, we can integrate the equation to get v = at where v is the velocity of the dragster after t seconds. Velocity is defined as v =

dv = a dt
0 0

dx dt
dx = at dt

Substituting in the expression for velocity ( v = at ) into the above equation, we get Integrating this equation from x = 0 to x = xfinal and t = 0 to t = tfinal, we get

x final

dx =

t final

at

which leads to

x final = a

t2 final 2

Substituting xfinal = 402.3 m (a quarter mile is about 402.3 m) and t = 8.1 seconds, we get a = 12.264 m/s2 Therefore, the final velocity of the dragster is vfinal = atfinal = 99.34 m/s. This is about 222.2 mph. b) To find the power developed by the engine, we model the dragster as a pure translational system. The initial energy of this system is zero (since it is initially at rest).

1 2 mv final = 2.467 MJ 2 total energy 2.467 10 6 The average power developed by the engine is = = 304.58 kW 8.1 total time
The final energy of this system is c) Since the energy conversion efficiency of the engine is 80%, the amount of energy consumed to produce this power is (2.467 MJ)/0.8 = 3.084 MJ d) We can use the same set of equations for the top-fuel dragster. The acceleration is The final velocity is

a=

2 x final t
2 final

= 40.143 m / s 2

v final = at final = 179.72 m / s 1 2 1 1500 179.72 2 mv final 24.224 MJ The average power developed is 2 = 2 = = 5.41 MW t final 4.477 4.477 s

Since the energy conversion efficiency of this engine is only 25%, the amount of energy consumed by the top-fuel dragster is (24.224 MJ)/0.25 = 96.90 MJ This number is, of course, much higher than the electric dragster, since the electric dragster is a much slower and more efficient (in terms of energy conversion) machine. *** Note: To find the acceleration and final velocity, you can also directly use the constant-acceleration equations of motion v = u + at and s = ut +

1 2 at . All weve done above is re-derive these equations. 2

Problem 5 First of all, we need to define systems and interactions from state 1 to state 2:

The Environment
QEnv.A

QAEnv.

The Entire System

Subsystem A
QBA

WAC

WCA

Subsystem C

QAB

Subsystem B

Implicit interaction defined in the problem: EA = 3EB Explicit interactions defined in the problem: QEnv.A = 30kJ

WAC = 12kJ
1st Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system: Esys = Qsys - Wsys a) Find the heat transfer, work transfer, and the energy change for the process from state 1 to state 2 for the entire system:
The Environment
QEnv.A

QAEnv.

Control Volume

Subsystem A
QBA

WAC

WCA

Subsystem C

QAB

Subsystem B

1st Law for the entire system: Esys = Qsys - Wsys i. ii. iii. heat transfer : Qsys = QEnv.A = 30kJ work transfer : Wsys = 0 kJ ( since there is no work interactions crossing the system boundary.) energy change : Esys = Qsys = 30kJ

b) Find the heat transfer, work transfer, and the energy change for the process from state 1 to state 2 for the environment:

The Environment
QEnv.A

QAEnv. WAC

Control Volume

Subsystem A
QBA

WCA

Subsystem C

QAB

Subsystem B

1st Law for the environment: i. ii. iii.

Eenv. = Qenv. Wenv.

heat transfer : Qenv. = QAEnv. = QEnv.A = 30kJ work transfer : Wenv. = 0 kJ (Also, there is no work interactions crossing the system boundary.) energy change : Eenv. = Qenv. = 30kJ

c) Find the heat transfer, work transfer, and the energy change for the process from state 1 to state 2 for subsystem A :
The Environment C. V.
QEnv.A

QAEnv.

Subsystem A T Q
BA

WAC

WCA

Subsystem C

QAB

Subsystem B

i. heat transfer : QA = QEnv.A + QBA = 30kJ + QBA ii. work transfer : WA = WAC =12kJ iii. energy change : EA = QAWA = 18kJ + QBA From the implicit condition, EA = 3EB If we consider 1st Law for subsystem B, EB = QBWB = QAB= QBA Solving eqs. 5.1, 5.2 & 5.3 gives us QBA= 4.5kJ heat transfer QA= 25.5 kJ energy change EA = 13.5 kJ

(5.1) (5.2) (5.3)

d) Find the heat transfer, work transfer, and the energy change for the process from state 1 to state 2 for subsystem B :
The Environment
QEnv.A

QAEnv.

Subsystem A
QBA

WAC

WCA

Subsystem C

QAB

Subsystem B

C. V.

As we discussed in part c), subsystem B has only heat transfers across the system boundary. i. heat transfer : QB = QAB= QBA= 4.5kJ ii. work transfer : WB = 0 kJ iii. energy change : EB = QB = 4.5kJ e) Find the heat transfer, work transfer, and the energy change for the process from state 1 to state 2 for subsystem C:
The Environment
QEnv.A

QAEnv.

Subsystem A
QBA

WAC

WCA

Subsystem C C. V.

QAB

Subsystem B

i. ii. iii.

heat transfer : QC = 0 kJ (Since there are no heat transfers across the system boundary.) work transfer : WC = WCA = WAC = 12kJ energy change : EC = WC = 12kJ

f) Find the heat transfer, work transfer, and the energy change for the process from state 1 to state 2 for subsystem A+B:
The Environment
QEnv.A

QAEnv.

Subsystem A
QBA

WAC

WCA

Subsystem C

QAB

Subsystem B

C. V.

Subsystem A+B experiences a heat transfer (QEnv.A) from the environment and a work transfer(WAC) to subsystem C. i. heat transfer : QAB = QEnv.A = 30kJ ii. work transfer : WAB = WAC = 12kJ iii. energy change : EAB = QABWAB = 18kJ