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Hydrocarbons
From point of view of chemistry Hydrocarbons are compounds formed by two elements only, hydrogen and carbon. Because of their different molecular structures, they have different chemical and physical properties. One of the main characteristic of hydrocarbons consists in their ability to oxidize quickly releasing a large quantity of thermal energy. For petroleum engineers
Petroleum and natural gas are themselves often referred to as "hydrocarbons. However they often contain substantial amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, trace metals, and other elements.
Hydrocarbon reservoir
A subsurface body of rock having sufficient permeability to store and transmit fluids.
porosity
and
Sedimentary rocks are the most common reservoir rocks because they have more porosity than most igneous and metamorphic rocks and form under temperature conditions at which hydrocarbons can be preserved.
Reserves
Hydrocarbon reserves are the estimated quantities of hydrocarbons that are claimed to be recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions
OHIP: Original Hydrocarbon In Place. Is an estimation of the hydrocarbon volume in a known reservoir prior to any production activity.
sandstone normally has high porosity in which oil and gas can be trapped. That is why sandstone is one of the common reservoir rocks. However, more than 5% of the worlds major hydrocarbon reserves are found within carbonates, limestone and dolostones.
sealing rock - (trap rock): unlike a reservoir rock, which acts like a
sponge, trap rocks act like walls and ceilings, and will not allows fluids to move through. The most common trap rock is shale, which, when compared to many sandstones, has very low permeability. Salt is also a good seal.
STEP 2
STEP 3
What happened died and slowly sank to the bottom forming thick layers of organic material. This in turn became covered in layers of mud that trapped the organic material
C O M P A C T I O N
Geothermal gradient ~3 C/100 m
T E M P E R A T U R E
ORGANIC MATTER
D E P -1000 m T H
DIAGENESIS Transformation of sediments into rock and of the organic matter in kerogen
50 C
150 C
Secondary migration movement of hydrocarbons along a "carrier bed" from the source area to the trap. Migration mostly takes place as one or more separate hydrocarbons phases (gas or liquid depending on pressure and temperature conditions).
difference between water and the hydrocarbon so it is stronger for gas than heavier oil
migration, the effect is usually minor except in over pressured zones (primary migration)
Resisting forces
Capillary pressure: opposes movement of fluid from coarse-grain
to fine-grain rock, also the capillary pressure of the water in the reservoir resists the movement of oil
Spill point: lowest point at which hydrocarbons may be contained in the trap. The corresponding horizontal contour is named the spill lane
Closure: vertical distance crest to spill plane Oil-water contact (OWC): deepest level of producible oil. Gas-oil contact (GOC): deepest level of producible gas.
Stratigraphic trap the reservoir pinches out against some other impermeable formation, thus trapping the oil from migration higher. The pinchout occur when the reservoir thickness, porosity, or permeability are reduced to zero. For a trap to exist, however, the structural contours of the reservoir must close onto the pinchout