PROBLEM 5.

82
KNOWN: Temperature requirements for cooling the spherical material of Example 5.6 in air and in a water bath. FIND: (a) For step 1, the time required for the center temperature to reach T(0,t) = 335C while 2 cooling in air at 20C with h = 10 W/m K; find the Biot number; do you expect radial gradients to be appreciable?; compare results with hand calculations in Example 5.6; (b) For step 2, time required for the center temperature to reach T(0,t) = 50C while cooling in water bath at 20C with h = 6000 2 W/m K; and (c) For step 2, calculate and plot the temperature history, T(x,t) vs. t, for the center and surface of the sphere; explain features; when do you expect the temperature gradients in the sphere to the largest? Use the IHT Models | Transient Conduction | Sphere model as your solution tool. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction in the radial direction, (2) Constant properties. ANALYSIS: The IHT model represents the series solution for the sphere providing the temperatures evaluated at (r,t). A selected portion of the IHT code used to obtain results is shown in the Comments. (a) Using the IHT model with step 1 conditions, the time required for T(0,ta) = T_xt = 335C with r = 0 and the Biot number are:

t a = 94.2 s

Bi = 0.0025

<

Radial temperature gradients will not be appreciable since Bi = 0.0025 << 0.1. The sphere behaves as space-wise isothermal object for the air-cooling process. The result is identical to the lumpedcapacitance analysis result of the Text example. (b) Using the IHT model with step 2 conditions, the time required for T(0,tw) = T_xt = 50C with r = 0 and Ti = 335C is

t w = 3.0 s

<

Radial temperature gradients will be appreciable, since Bi = 1.5 >> 0.1. The sphere does not behave as a space-wise isothermal object for the water-cooling process. (c) For the step 2 cooling process, the temperature histories for the center and surface of the sphere are calculated using the IHT model. Continued

PROBLEM 5.82 (Cont.)

400 Temperature, T(r,t) (C) Tem perature-tim e history, Step 2

300

200

100

0 0 1 2 3 Tim e, t (s ) Surface, r = ro Center, r = 0 4 5 6

At early times, the difference between the center and surface temperature is appreciable. It is in this time region that thermal stresses will be a maximum, and if large enough, can cause fracture. Within 6 seconds, the sphere has a uniform temperature equal to that of the water bath.
COMMENTS: Selected portions of the IHT sphere model codes for steps 1 and 2 are shown below.
/* Results, for part (a), step 1, air cooling; clearly negligible gradient Bi Fo t T_xt Ti r ro 0.0025 25.13 94.22 335 400 0 0.005 */ // Models | Transient Conduction | Sphere - Step 1, Air cooling // The temperature distribution T(r,t) is T_xt = T_xt_trans("Sphere",rstar,Fo,Bi,Ti,Tinf) // T_xt = 335 // Surface temperature

/* Results, for part (b), step 2, water cooling; Ti = 335 C Bi Fo t T_xt Ti r ro 1.5 0.7936 2.976 50 335 0 0.005 */ // Models | Transient Conduction | Sphere - Step 2, Water cooling // The temperature distribution T(r,t) is T_xt = T_xt_trans("Sphere",rstar,Fo,Bi,Ti,Tinf) // //T_xt = 335 // Surface temperature from Step 1; initial temperature for Step 2 T_xt = 50 // Center temperature, end of Step 2