TheMuscularSystem

Threetypesofmuscle Skeletalmuscleattachestoandmovesbone
isstriated isvoluntary

Smoothmusclelocatedinthewallsof internalstructures
nonstriated Involuntary

Cardiacmuscle

FunctionsofMuscleTissue
Motion Movementofsubstanceswithinthebody Stabilizingbodypositionandregulating organvolume
maintainingposture maintainingfoodstorageinstomach

Heatproduction
musclecontractiongenerates85%ofthebodys heat

CharacteristicsofMuscleTissue
Excitabilityreceiveandrespondtostimuli Contractilityabilitytoshortenandthicken Extensibilityabilitytostretch Elasticityabilitytoreturntoitsoriginal shapeaftercontractionorextension

GeneralAnatomyofSkeletalMuscle
origin stationaryend ofmuscle attachement insertion mobileend ofattachment belly thickermiddle region

StructureofSkeletalMuscle
Connectivetissuecomponents fasciasheetsorbandsoffibrousc.t.around organs,muscleandbeneaththeskin
superficialfascia (subcutaneouslayer) composedofareolarc.t.and adiose tissueandis locatedundertheskin deepfascia composedofdense,irregularc.t. thatholdsmusclestogetherandfromwhichthe varioussubdivisionsofmusclec.t.arederived

Inhandandeyetherearefewer than100fiberspermotorunitin lowerlegthereare1000fibersper motorunit

ProductionofATPinMuscleFibers
MuscleshavethreewaystoproduceATP
from creatine phosphateuniquetomuscle tissue anaerobiccellularrespirationusingglycogen aerobiccellularrespirationusingglycogen, fattyacids,andaminoacids
Creatinephosphate+ADPcreatine+ATP

Cr ea

tin e p h

os

ph a te

AD

P cr

ea

t in

e +

AT

EnergyforContraction
ATP immediatesourceofenergythatlastfor only5seconds Creatine Phosphate highenergymoleculethatis usedtomakeATP.
Makesenoughenergytolastforabout15seconds

Glycogen storageformofglucose
withoxygencanusetheglycolyticKrebscycle pathwaytoproduceATP(aerobicrespiration)
mostefficientmethodofenergyproduction

withoutoxygencanuseglycolyticpathwaywithend productoflacticacid(anaerobicrespiration)
canprovideenoughenergyfor30secondsofmaximalactivity

AllorNonePrinciple
Thresholdstimulus theweakeststimulusfroma neuronthatcanstillinitiateacontraction. Allornoneprinciple whenstimulated,amotor unitwillcontracttoitsfullestamotorunitcannot partiallycontract.
Whenawholemusclecontracts,notallmotorunitsare contracted.Themorestrengththatisneeded,themore motorunitsthatarerecruited.

MuscleTissueandHomeostasis
OxygenDebt
duringexercise,themusclesmusthaveanincreasedsupplyof oxygen
bloodvesselsdilateandbloodflowincreases

whenmuscularexertionistogreat,oxygencannotbesuppliedto themusclesfastenough,resultingintheconversiontoanaerobic respiration.Thiscausesabuildupoflacticacid. Afterexercisestops,extraoxygenisrequiredto

metabolizethelacticacid replenishATP,creatinephosphate,glycogen paybackoxygenborrowedfromhemoglobin,lungs,myoglobin,and bodyfluids

Oxygendebtispaidbackbylaboredbreathingafterexerciseis stopped.
Theaccumulationoflacticacidcauseshardbreathingandenough discomfort thattostopmuscleactivityuntilhomeostasisisrestored.

MuscleTissueandHomeostasis
MuscleFatigue theinabilityofmusclestomaintainitsstrengthof contraction
relatedto
insufficientenergy insufficientoxygen depletionofglycogen buildupoflacticacid

lacticacidincreasecausesadecreaseinthepH(increaseinhydrogenion concentration) thus,musclefatigueisviewedasahomeostaticmechanismtopreventpH levelsfromdroppingbelowthenormalacceptablerangeforthecellular environment.

HeatProduction
85%oftheenergyofmusclecontractionisgivenoffasheattohelp maintainbodytemperature.
shiveringwhencold

KindsofMuscularContraction
TwitchContractionabriefcontractionofallthemusclefibersinamotorunitin responsetoasingleactionpotential. Four phases
latentperiodcalciumisreleasedfromthe sarcoplasmic reticulumandmyosinhead activitybegins contractionphase relaxationphase refractoryperiodperiodoflostexcitability(cardiacmuscleshavealongrefractory period)

Refractory Refractory Period Period

KindsofMuscular Contration
Tetanussustainedmusclecontraction incompletetetanuswhenconcurrentstimuliisapplied suchthatthemuscleonlypartiallyrelaxes(wave summation) completetetanusstimuliisappliedsuchthatthemuscle doesnotrelaxall
mostmuscleactionisofthistype

KindsofMuscularContraction
IsotonicContraction themuscleshortensandpullsonanotherstructure, suchasbone.
Tensionremainsconstantandenergyisexpended

IsometricContraction thereisminimalshorteningofthemuscle. Tensionincreasesgreatlyandenergyisexpended

holdingabookouttotheside

KindsofMuscularContraction
Twoformsofisotoniccontraction
concentriccontraction whenamuscle shortensasitmaintainstensionaswhenthe bicepscontractandflexestheelbow eccentriccontraction amusclelengthensasit maintainstensionaswhenyourbiceps lengthensasyouextendyourelbow

PhysiologicClassesofMuscle Fibers
Notallmusclefibersaremetabolicallyalike
slowoxidative,slowtwitch,red,ortypeI fibers respondslowlybutarerelatively resistanttofatigue
soleusmuscleofthecalfandtheposturalmusclesof theback

fast glycolytic,fasttwitch,whiteortypeII fibers respondmorequicklybutalsofatigue quickly

gastrocnemius,bicepsbrachii,musclesofeye movement

MuscleTone
(tonus=tension) Asustained partialcontractionofportionsofamuscle Hypotoniadecreasedorlossofmuscletone(flaccid) Hypertoniaincreasedmuscletoneandischaracterizedbymusclestiffness.

MuscularAtrophy
Individualmusclefibersdecreaseinsizeowingtoaprogressivelossofmyofibrils (wastingaway) disuseatrophytheflowofimpulsestoinactivemuscleisgreatlyreduced. denervationatrophycompleteatrophywhenthenervesupplyiscut.(6mo. 2yrs.muscle1/4originalsize)
themuscleiseventuallyreplacedbyfibroustissue(irreversible)

MuscleHypertrophy
Increaseinthesizeofmusclefiberssecondarytoincreaseinmyofibrils, mitochondria,SR,nutrients,andenergysupplyingmolecules. musclesizecontrolledbygrowthhormone,testosterone,andexercise.

CardiacMuscle
involuntary striated haveonlyasinglecentrallylocatednuclei exhibitbranching Consistoftwoseparatenetworks:atriaandventricles fibersineachnetworkareconnectedtoeachotherviaintercalateddisks (irregulartransversethickeningofthesarcolemma). thediscscontain gapjunctions,whichconductmuscleactionpotentialsfrom onefibertotheother.Thisenableseachnetworktoconductasaunit.

CardiacMuscleFibercharacteristics
contractscontinuouslywithoutstopping
requiresaconstantsupplyofenergyandoxygen

fiberscancontractwithoutnervousstimulation (autorhythmicity)
isstimulatedbyapacemakerandaspecialized conductiontissue. nervousstimulationonlymodulatescontractions. pacemakerfiresatagreaterratethanfibers,thus, establishingthecontractionrate.

hasalongrefractoryperiod
preventscompletetetanus

SmoothMuscle
Involuntary singlecentrallylocatednuclei nonstriated alsohasintermediatefilamentsaswellasthickandthinmyofilaments
intermediatefilamentsstretchbetweenstructuressimilartozlinescalleddense bodies.Contractioncausesalengthwiseshorteningofthecell.

SmoothMuscle
Ourbodiescontaintwotypesofsmoothmuscle, bothofwhicharecontrolledbytheautonomic nervoussystem.
Multiunitsmoothmusclesarefoundinlarge arteries,aroundhairfollicles(wheretheyproduce piloerection,orfluffingoffur),andintheeye (controllinglensadjustmentandpupillary dilation). Thistypeofsmoothmuscleisnormallyinactive,butit willcontractinresponsetoneuralstimulationorto certainhormones.

SmoothMuscle
Singleunitsmoothmuscles
normally contractinarhythmicalfashion. the efferentnervesupply (andvarioushormones) canmodulatetherhythmicalrate,increasingor decreasingit, butthecontractionsthemselves occurindependently. are foundchieflyinthegastrointestinalsystem anduterus.

DifferencesofSmoothMuscleFrom StriatedMuscle
durationofcontraction is5500times longer can undergosustained,longtermtone (importantinGItract,vessels,bladder) contractioncanbeinresponsetohormonesor localfactors,suchaspH,oxygenandCO , 2 temperature,andionconcentrations. canstretchconsiderablywithoutbecoming tenseortaut whichallowssmoothmuscleto accommodategreatchangesinsizewhilestill retainingtheabilitytocontract.