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UN ECE Round Table of Use of Gas in Transport 21st Annual Session Geneva, 18-19 January, 2011
Natural gas is an alternative fuel coming from natural wells. It is mainly methane (CH4) Biogas is also a methane rich gas, produced by the fermentation of the biomass, it is then a renewable fuel. Methane contents 25% H and 75% C, in weight
As a comparison, Petrol contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C Diesel oil contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C LPG contents 17,4% H and 82,6% C
Due to its molecular advantage, regulated exhaust emissions and CO2 are particularly favourable in the engines running on natural gas.
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E.E.V.
3,50
IVECO
3,00 3,00
2,00 2,00 2,00 1,55 1,60 1,10 1,10 1,00 0,78 0,500,50 0,40 0,01 0,00 CO NMHC CH4 NOX 0,65
0,008
Exhaust pollutants
Vehicle #1: IVECO 240E25 6x2 RSU Vehicle #2: IVECO 240E26 6x2 RSU CNG (EEV) Refuse collection chassis cab with body Vehicles laden and compacting Vehicles stationary
6 2
Vehicle #1
dB(A)
Vehicle #2
7.0 m
76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ave 71 dB(A)
Ave 66 dB(A)
(position)
Total fleet in 2006: 445 Iveco CNG trucks Yearly gas consumption: 10.500.000 Nm3
Reduction of yearly emissions, referred to a Diesel Euro 3:
NOx CO + HC + PM CO2
Mercedes Citaro CNG 250 HP. Lean mix engine turbocharged. EEV certified
Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 12 & 18 m 280 CV. Stoichiometric turbo engine. EEV certified Rotterdam, December 2010
In Europe, most of the heavy vehicles running on NG are urban, using CNG/biomethane. Volume and weight of the CNG tanks limit their use in road transport.
Fiat
Ford
Mercedes
Opel
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Touran Volkswagen Caddy Maxi Life 1.4 TSI EcoFue 2.0 EcoFuel
80.000 70.000
Worldwide NGVs (.000)
1. 99 1 1. 99 3 1. 99 5 1. 99 7 1. 99 9 2. 00 1 20 03 20 05 20 07 20 09 20 11 20 13 20 15 20 17 20 19 20 21 20 23 20 25
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Castrosua TEMPUS CNG Hybrid. New urban bus presented in FIAA Madrid (November 2010) The municipality of Madrid has already passed orders for 23 CNG-Hybrid buses: 13 Castrosua 10 Tata Hispano. Tata Starbus CNG Hybrid, to be produced in Europe by: Tata Hispano, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Dual fuel systems have been developed to substitute a major part of diesel for natural gas in heavy duty engines, keeping the Diesel cycle Retrofit market considered too for EURO 2 and 3 vehicles Full diesel operation is available, when run out of CNG The natural gas injection system is electronically controlled with a separate ECU. Legislation still under development Dual fuel system is an alternative to dedicated NG engines
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Among different options of biofuels, biomethane presents the highest efficiency per hectare of land. A global European estimation shows a potential of 2.750 TWh (9,9EJ=238Mtoe), made out of 1.500 TWh (5,4 EJ=130Mtoe) coming from crops, plus another 1.250TWh (4,5EJ=1.108Mtoe) coming from other sources: sewage, manure, landfills, etc. If we choose bioethanol instead of biogas we would loose the potential of the waste, sewages, etc (1.250TWh, 4,5EJ=108Mtoe) and we would also reduce the efficiency of the land by 47%. In other words we would obtain 800TWh (2,9EJ=70Mtoe) instead of 2.750TWh (9,9EJ=238Mtoe).
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200 bar
CNG 5 litre
Diesel oil
200 bar
1 litre
-162OC
LNG opens the way for the medium and long distance road transport
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The availability of LNG all around the Iberian Peninsula, plus the French port of Fos (Marseille), and the Italian ones of Panigaglia (near Genova) and Revigo (near Trieste) constitutes a fantastic existing infrastructure to cover all the supply needs for road transport around the Mediterranean arch. Another corridor could also be imagined from Portugal and Spain to the north of France, Belgium, Netherlands, UK, north of Germany and Denmark, once all the LNG terminals, now under construction, will be in service.
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Methane/Hydrogen mixtures
Methane/Hydrogen mixture (Hythane, Hydrometano) offers a number of significant advantages as a bridge solution for a future hydrogen fuelled transport: It can be used in the existing NGV engines and vehicles with minor engine resetting The inboard fuel storage uses the same type of tanks and fittings, with some specification changes in materials The H2 content considered (up to 30%) does not alter the autonomy of the vehicles There is an immediate impact as CO2 emission reduction (- 11%) The use of compressed H2 in a large basis will push ahead the development of the hydrogen production and logistics
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Conclusions
Natural gas (methane) is an excellent energy vector, with the lowest Carbon to Hydrogen ratio of all the hydrocarbons. Additionally natural gas is an alternative fuel, having a different origin from the traditional oil derived diesel, petrol and LPG Natural gas is used in existing internal combustion engines, with minor additional investments, taking advantage of a well known and mature car & commercial vehicle technology. Dual Fuel technology offers the possibility of conversion for existing engines The increasing production of biomethane, both from urban waste and from agricultural stuff is giving natural gas the new and valuable consideration of a renewable fuel Natural gas has been used so far as CNG mainly for urban applications. The availability of LNG will spread its use for medium and long distances road transport Methane/Hydrogen mixtures, that could be used the existing NGVs will become the bridge to a potential hydrogen fuelled transport NG vehicles are today the best and most economic alternative to oil derived fuels, also improving gaseous and acoustic emissions.
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manuel.lage@ngvaeurope.eu www.ngvaeurope.eu
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