Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
About
This report was carried out in 2012 for The Municipal Art Society of New York
(MAS). Preparation was conducted by Terrapin Bright Green and Cook+Fox
Architects under the supervision of MAS and with valuable input and guidance
from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The opinions and
conclusions in this report are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the sponsoring or supervising agencies.
Supporters
MAS is grateful for generous funding provided for this manual by the New York
Community Trust, the J.M. Kaplan Fund, the National Endowment for the Arts, the
National Trust for Historic Preservation’s Elizabeth and Robert Jeffe Preservation Fund
and the Witkoff Group.
Green Rowhouse Manual Copyright 2012 The Municipal Art Society of New York
Table of contents
Introduction 5
Key Resources 9
Rating Systems 69
4
Introduction
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
$ $$
Rowhouses
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
$
$ $
ating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
57,204 While recent local laws and code changes address the city’s larger buildings
and small city-owned buildings, few actions have been taken to improve the
BX 35,931 efficiencies of the majority of existing smaller buildings. Improving the energy
215,437 SI efficiency of New York City’s small and historic buildings are initiatives outlined
34,449 in the updated PlaNYC 2030 agenda set forth by the Mayor’s Office of Long-Term
QN MN Planning and Sustainability. Among other goals, the plan aims to reduce building
gs consumption and meet the City’s overall carbon reduction target of 30% by 2030.
This manual will help accomplish the City’s goals to improve air quality, conserve
BK water, reduce carbon emissions and increase renewable energy. These efforts
will also improve the reliability of the electricity grid and reduce the potential for
239,729 brownouts and blackouts during hot summer months.
What to do first
Historic buildings by borough. Brooklyn and Queens are With the right background information, improving your building’s performance
home to more than 75% of New York City’s pre-1940 does not have to be a daunting task. Owners are urged to review this manual before
stock of historic buildings under 50,000 ft2. applying for permits, selecting a contractor, or starting any work. Depending
Data: Based on PLUTO database (2012) of
on the size of your project, there may be regulatory, structural, and cost issues
the New York City Planning Commission. to consider, as well as scheduling issues. All work should be evaluated based
Graphic © Terrapin Bright Green on its effect on your historic building as well as its potential to increase energy
efficiency. Please keep in mind that this manual is not a substitute for Landmarks
6
Introduction
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
policies or regulations. To help ease the process, consider the steps below before $ $$
beginning a new project. Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Know Your Building Energy Audits
Understand designation status and regulatory requirements. Determine if your The energy audit is a detailed evaluation
building is locally designated as a New York City landmark or as part of a City of your building’s systems and
historic district, or is listed on the National or State Register of Historic Places (see identification of energy conservation
the Regulatory Overview section of this chapter). Most alterations or repairs to opportunities. Utility bills are collected
the exterior of City landmarked buildings require LPC review. Historic properties for a 12- to 36- month period to allow the
may also qualify for specific incentives that can help pay for renovation costs. If auditor to evaluate your building’s energy
your building has been designated by the city, refer to the LPC and DOB regulatory demand rates and energy usage profiles.
considerations and consider the implications early on in your project. This will The auditor may discuss the systems
minimize potential misunderstandings and costly last-minute changes. with you to get a better understanding
of how you use them and to gain insight
Conduct an energy audit. An energy audit will help determine which measures into short- and longer-term energy
will work in your particular building. An audit evaluates how much energy a consumption patterns.
building consumes over the course of a year and calculates which energy-saving
investments will help make it more efficient and achieve the greatest payback. In addition to identifying all energy
An audit will analyze the building envelope (roof, doors, windows, walls, conservation opportunities appropriate
and insulation); mechanical systems (HVAC, hot water systems, equipment for your building, a detailed financial
size, condition, and efficiency); and electrical and lighting issues, and make analysis may be performed for each
recommendations for improvements. The resulting recommendations will help measure based on implementation cost
you establish priorities, choose cost-effective and affordable measures, and estimates, building-specific operating
develop a workable sequence for your retrofit project. In New York State and City cost savings, and your investment
there are a number of free energy audits for homeowners. If possible, choose an criteria. The information gathered in
energy auditor with historic building experience. See the section on Walls & Roofs this effort can be used to develop your
for the types of diagnostic tests conducted during an energy audit. building’s maintenance plan and project
capital budget for building operations.
Start Small
Consider user behavior. User behavior greatly affects energy consumption and
should be considered before developing an energy efficiency plan. Reducing plug
loads—the amount of electricity appliances such as computers, space heaters,
microwaves or cable boxes use while on standby—is one easy way to save energy.
See the sections on Lighting & Electrical and Appliances & Plug Loads for more
guidance.
Take advantage of the “passive systems.” The methods and devices that can
be integrated into a building to help heat or cool the building with little or no
assistance from electrical or other nonrenewable energy sources can also be a cost-
effective method to reduce energy consumption. One example is placing awnings
or shutters over windows to provide shade and reduce cooling requirements.
Heavy drapery placed over windows in the winter helps block drafts, and simply
rearranging furniture can block or enhance air circulation. See the Heating &
Cooling section for more guidance.
Weatherize your building. Weatherization is a low-cost and easy way to decrease
building energy losses and improve comfort. Weatherization includes work such as
sealing and weatherstripping windows and sealing holes in the walls. This should Quick Guide for Reference Tools
be done before considering more extensive options such as adding insulation. See to get to know your building
the sections on Walls & Roofs and Windows & Doors for more guidance.
see section on
Blower door test
Walls & Roofs
Plan Ahead for Long-Term Opportunities
Energy audit see sidebar above
Organize your work. After the energy audit, determine the sequence of operations
LPC Designation see www.nyc.gov/
for a renovation project. Consider which improvement steps should be completed
Reports landmarks
first, or concurrently, for the best long-term outcome. For example, window and
wall upgrades should be done before HVAC replacement so that the equipment is Thermal see section on
properly sized (see section on Heating & Cooling). imaging test Walls & Roofs
Determine payback. The initial price of a product or design approach is only part of
Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$
$ $ its true cost; operational costs often far exceed the initial cost. Consider long-term
ating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix savings, ease of maintenance and conservation when budgeting for your retrofit.
A Repair versus replace. A preservation rule of thumb is to repair features when
possible, and replace only when a feature is beyond repair. This principle helps
retain authenticity and historic integrity, and is also good for the environment.
New York City generates 10 million tons of construction and demolition waste
annually— 60% of its total waste output. Repairing and reusing buildings and
materials helps minimize this waste.
While replacement and upgrade opportunities are discussed in the manual, the
majority of opportunities presented deal with optimizing existing elements,
such as applying sealants or ensuring that cross-ventilation is not inadvertently
blocked. These opportunities capitalize on economic, historic, and environmental
resource preservation for the benefit of the owner and the community. Many
of the improvements suggested in this manual do not require a permit from the
Department of Buildings or the Landmarks Preservation Commission, but still
have an impact on energy use.
REGULATORY OVERVIEW
Historic preservation is a nationwide movement to maintain buildings, landmarks,
and landscapes that are significant to local or national history. The National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the New York State Historic Preservation
Act of 1980 established the National and State Registers programs. New York City’s
preservation agency, the Landmark Preservation Commission (LPC), is one of
the country’s most active preservation bodies. The LPC was established in 1965,
one year after the historic Pennsylvania Station was torn down to make way for
Madison Square Garden. Designated buildings must be at least thirty years old.
What Is a Landmark?
The State and National Registers of Historic Places recognize buildings, structures,
Early days of historic preservation. The first historic districts, objects, and sites that are significant in the history, architecture,
preservation efforts began in 1850 with Hasbrouck archeology, engineering, and culture of New York and the nation. In New York
House in Newburgh, NY, which served as George City, a landmark is a building, property, or object that has been designated by the
Washington’s headquarters during the Revolutionary Landmarks Preservation Commission because it has a special character or special
War. The building was designated a National Historic historical or aesthetic interest or value as part of the development, heritage, or
Landmark in 1961. cultural characteristics of the city, state, or nation.
Photo © David Malantic
Preservation Agencies
In an effort to supoort the historic fabric of New York City, codes and regulations
manage and track environmental and cultural preservation, as well as the quality,
GREEN LIGHT APPROVAL performance, maintenance, and safety of construction measures. City, state
95% of all applications to the Landmarks and federal programs and agencies are both regulators and resources for your
Preservation Commission are reviewed renovation project.
and approved at staff level. The vast
• Federal: National Park Service (NPS)
majority of energy efficiency and greening
actions fall into this category of approvals, • State: New York State Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation
or are not subject to LPC review or (SHPO), Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State
regulations at all. Each section of the (ECCCNYS)
manual provides examples of actions
• City: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC), New York
that will or will not require LPC review.
City Department of Buildings (DOB), New York City Department of City
Planning (DCP)
See Appendix A for more information about these agencies and the services
and oversight they each provide, such as obtaining restoration guidance,
understanding permit processes, or determining whether your building is
impacted by a landmark designation.
8
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Key Resources
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
Key Resources
Common acronyms
DCP New York City Department of City Planning
www.nyc.gov/planning
DEP New York City Department of Environmental Protection
www.nyc.gov/dep
DOB New York City Department of Buildings
www.nyc.gov/buildings
DOE US Department of Energy
www.eere.energy.gov
ECCCNYS Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State
EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
www.epa.gov
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
www.fsc.org
HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
LED Light emitting diode
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
www.usgbc.org/LEED
LPC Landmarks Preservation Commission
www.nyc.gov/landmarks
MAS Municipal Art Society
www.mas.org
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
www.osha.gov
PlaNYC Mayor’s Agenda for a Greener, Greater New York City
www.nyc.gov/planyc2030
SHPO New York State Historic Preservation Office
www.nysparks.com/shpo
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
NPS National Park Service
NRHP National Register of Historic Places
www.nps.gov/nr
NYCECC New York City Energy Conservation Code
NYSERDA New York State Energy Research & Development Authority
www.nyserda.ny.gov
WBDG Whole Building Design Guide, National Institute of Building Sciences
www.wbdg.org/resources/
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
Professional Services
In addition to familiar trade experts, such as plumbers and electricians, there
may be good reason to consult a professional to address your specific renovation
challenges. The following is a list of professionals and the primary services they
could provide for an historic building renovation:
• Architect (licensed professional). Designing basic interiors to comprehensive
renovations, advising on the construction, and providing guidance on the
selection of materials finishes. Architects with experience working on high-
performance or green projects or historic renovations are more likely to be
able to meet your project goals.
• General Contractor. Overseeing the day-to-day activities of the construction
site, managing subcontractors (plumbers, electricians, etc.), and
communicating information to you.
• Craftsperson. Making decorative or practical objects, such as tile work,
millwork, or metalwork. Some craftsmen specialize in environmentally
responsible materials and processes and can assist you in identifying a
desirable product while minimizing the impact to the indoor environmental
quality of your home.
• Energy Auditor. Inspecting, surveying, and analyzing the energy flows of your
building to maximize its comfort, health, safety, durability, and energy efficiency.
• Structural Engineer (licensed professional). Assessing the structural integrity
of your existing building, including the roof, which may be necessary and
possibly required if installing an extensive vegetated roof.
• Sustainability Consultant. Assessing your goals for the project and identifying
appropriate strategies and experts required, facilitating project integrative
design with your various consultants and contractors; some sustainability
consultants also provide LEED or Passive House certification services.
• Exterior Wall Consultant. Assessing the condition of your existing exterior
walls, including moisture problems, airflow, and the viability of adding interior
or exterior wall insulation.
10
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Key Resources
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
Key Resources
• Energy Basics
The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) basics about renewable energy and
energy efficiency technologies and how they work, what they’re used for,
and how they can improve your life, homes, and business
www.eere.energy.gov/basics
• EnergySavers
A DOE program that provides tips for reducing your energy usage
www.energysavers.gov
• Energy Star‰
A DOE program identifying energy efficient appliances
www.energystar.gov
• Building Green
The online hub for Environmental Building News, a resource for articles,
products, and case studies pertaining to various building systems and products
www.buildinggreen.com/menus
• Building Performance Institute
The certification body for energy auditors
www.bpi.org
• Department of Buildings
The New York City agency in charge of regulating buildings
www.nyc.gov/buildings
• Landmarks Preservation Commission Designation Reports
www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/html/forms/reports.shtml
• NPS Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic
Properties, with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring
& Reconstructing Historic Buildings
www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/standguide/
• Whole Building Design Guide
A program of the National Institute of Building Sciences
www.wbdg.org/resources
• NYSERDA
The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
offers incentives for upgrading energy-using systems
www.nyserda.ny.gov/residential
$ $ $
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
The potentialAenergy A home’s energy efficiency depends on a balance of air sealing, insulation, moisture
savings from reducing control, and ventilation. Air infiltration—the exchange of air through cracks and
gaps in the outside shell of a building—increases heating and cooling costs and
drafts in a home reduces comfort for occupants. New York City’s climate is generally moderate,
may range from 5% but is subject to extremes in the summer and winter. A well-insulated wall and
to 30% per year. roof system will help keep your home comfortable year-round. It will also manage
moisture effectively so as to avoid freeze-thaw damage to the walls, mold growth,
US Department of Energy and associated indoor air quality issues.
Any work done to your walls and roof should be evaluated based on its effect on
the historic character of the building and its potential to increase energy efficiency.
It is very important to first perform less invasive wall and roof repairs such as
sealing and weatherstripping before adding insulation or other extensive work.
Consult with an energy auditor before undertaking any major work.
Auditors use diagnostic tools to evaluate the condition of your walls and roof as
well as many other aspects of your building. A qualified home energy auditor will
include an insulation check as a routine part of a whole-house energy assessment.
Test results help determine where you have the most air infiltration and where
to make improvements for achieving energy savings and greater comfort. Some
typical tests include:
• Blower door test. A blower door test uses a powerful fan mounted on your
exterior door to help determine the airtightness of your home. Uncalibrated
blower doors can only locate leaks in your home, whereas a calibrated blower
door will quantify the amount of air leakage and determine the effectiveness
of your existing air-sealing. The test will help you identify air leaks and drafts,
moisture condensation problems, and potential for indoor air contamination.
The results of the test will help you prioritize weatherization and moisture
management efforts.
• Thermal imaging test. Thermography measures surface temperatures by
using infrared cameras. The results of an interior thermographic inspection
will help detect where warm air is escaping through walls and joints.
12
Walls & Roofs
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Do
walls, and exterior openings will extend the life of your building envelope by $ $ $
preventing water infiltration. Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
• The U.S. Department of Energy has found that 31% of air infiltration occurs at
the floors, walls, and ceiling. Cracks between the house and the foundation, gaps
around plumbing, and electrical penetrations are also typical sources for leaks.
• Insulating historic building walls is a technically complex undertaking.
Masonry walls in particular are difficult due to the potential for freeze-thaw
damage related to the moisture balance within the wall. Have your building
evaluated by a professional before installing insulation.
• Moisture, mold, and mildew create physical damage as well as indoor air
quality and occupant health issues. Properly maintaining the exterior wall and
roof are critical to preventing moisture intrusion.
OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO COST
Evaluate the condition of your walls and roof
Your energy audit should include the evaluation of your building’s current thermal
performance and the identification of any deficiencies in the building envelope or
mechanical systems. Assess the condition of your building exterior by inspecting
areas where different building materials meet, such as at corners where siding and
chimneys meet and areas where the foundation and the bottom of exterior brick or
siding meet.
recommended
$$$ R-values for New york city
as plumbing chases and attic hatch covers, with special
Renewable Energy
The R-value is a measure of thermal
Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix attention to potential flammability concerns.
resistance used in the building and
construction industry. AAn R-value • Seal around windows and doors. See the section on Windows & Doors for
indicates a level of resistance of an specific information about sealing and weather stripping.
insulation to heat flow, including
conduction, convection, and radiation. Manage moisture
The higher the R-value, the greater the
Discoloration on a wall, wet or deteriorating walls, or bubbles behind paint or
effectiveness of the insulation. R-values for
wallpaper are all signs of possible water damage. If signs of water damage are
insulation vary depending on the material
apparent, it is critical to identify the water source. Plumbing, roof, walls, and
used, and its thickness and denseness.
window frames are likely sources of water in the home. Water damage should be
The table below is the Department addressed as soon as it is detected to minimize potential extent of damage, mold
of Energy’s (DOE) R-value growth and repair costs.
recommendations for existing homes
in Zone 3 of the United States, which Seal basement walls
includes New York City. Higher R-values
Silicate mineral paints and coating systems help preserve the structure of your
mean greater insulating power. Savings
building, maintain the appropriate moisture balance, and resist indoor pollution.
will vary for each application, but the
Consider applying high-quality breathable paints, coatings, and repair mortars to
recommended values are based on
exterior basement wall surfaces to restore and protect natural stone and masonry
comparing future energy savings to the
current cost of installing insulation.
and mitigate damage from salts and rising damp.
14
Walls & Roofs
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Do
Rigid/Board: XPS and mineral Be certain your foundation/basement walls are not damp.
wool; Blow-in; Spray Foam; If moisture is trapped, it will defeat the insulation’s value
Walls/Basement and possibly encourage mold growth.
Blanket: fiberglass or mineral
wool with furring
Source: Based on DOE EERE EnergySavers.gov
$ $ $
Appendix
Most people don’t realize how much heat is lost through uninsulated foundations.
If the basement or crawl space is unheated, unfaced batts can be used to insulate
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources
A between the overhead floor joists (support beams). If using faced batts, staple them
into place and allow the facing to serve as a vapor barrier.
If the basement is heated and regularly used, insulate the basement walls. The
Low to Good for adding insulation to existing finished areas, irregularly shaped
Mineral wool (rock or slag)**
Blow-In
Icynene™
Soy Moderate Good for adding insulation to existing finished areas, irregularly shaped
Cementitious foam (Aircrete) to High areas, and around obstructions.
Polyurethane Foam (closed-cell)*
Suited for standard stud and joist spacing, which is relatively free from
Mineral wool (rock or slag)** Low
obstructions.
(batts & rolls)
Suited for standard stud and joist spacing, which is relatively free from
Cotton Low
Blanket
** Mineral wool is naturally fire resistant, and In wood framed houses, insulate the rim joist in the ceiling of the basement. After
some brands are produced with high post- sealing the rim joists you can take it one step further and insulate the cavity around
consumer recycled slag content. Mineral wool the joist with rigid foam or blanket insulation.
insulation is used frequently in Europe and is
being rediscovered in the US market. Insulate the exterior walls
Note: At the time of this publication, Aerogel, In general, adding insulation to the walls of historic buildings is not a cost-
a synthetic material with very low thermal effective treatment, nor does it handle historic wall structures delicately. Adding
conductivity, is being developed as insulation blown-in insulation to historic wall assemblies may trap moisture within the wall
in multiple forms. Currently it is most readily and accelerate deterioration of the structure.
available as Thermablock™ strips, which are
adhered to wall framing to prevent thermal Properly installing wall insulation involves the removal of historic finishes that
bridging from exterior to interior. can be damaged in the process. It is best to limit insulation to attics and basements
where it can be installed with minimal damage to your building. If walls are so
16
Walls & Roofs
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Do
deteriorated that complete replacement is required or if you find that your walls
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable S
$ $ $
Appendix
Generally, larger-scale work such as altering or adding a building opening, or
enlarging the building, requires a building permit from the DOB. Ordinary repairs
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources
A and maintenance such as cleaning, painting, and repointing do not require DOB
review or permits. If the work you are proposing requires a DOB permit, and your
property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district, a LPC permit
will also be required. Certain types of work (alterations, renovations, or repairs),
related to the building thermal envelope, need not comply with the provisions of
the NYCECC if the applicant can demonstrate that such NYCECC compliance
would create a hazardous or unsafe condition, or would overload an existing
building system.
DOB Rule 101-14 establishes categories of work that may be classified as a minor
alteration or ordinary repair and therefore may be exempt from the permit
requirements of the New York City construction codes. If you are not sure whether
the work you intend to do requires a permit, consult the DOB web site, www.nyc
.gov/buildings, or call the DOB office in the borough where the property is located.
RESOURCES
Masonry repair techniques
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), for best practices in preserving
historic facades
www.nysparks.com/shpo
National Parks Service, includes the Secretary of the Interior’s Standard for the
Treatment of Historic Properties, which can provide insight on appropriate and
inappropriate alterations to historic building facades
www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/arch_stnds_8_2.htm
Preservation Briefs: www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs.htm
Preservation Tech Notes: www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes.htm
18
Walls & Roofs
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Do
Fireplace dampers. Lock-Top and Lyemance are the some of the better-known
insulating fireplace dampers
www.dukefire.com/lyemancedampers.html
National Parks Service provides information on weatherizing historic buildings
www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/energy-efficiency/weatherization.htm
National Trust for Historic Preservation can provide help navigating the
competing demands of energy performance and historic preservation
www.preservationnation.org/information-center/sustainable-communities/
weatherization
$ $ $
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
20
Windows & Doors
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
hardware or building supply store. Read product labels carefully and ask for
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
guidance at the store. See chart for sealant types and details. $ $ $
• Add or replace weatherstripping to windows. A wooden window sash
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
may become loose and drafty overtime. An effective and low-cost way to A
cut air leakage through windows is to install weatherstripping. Although
weatherstripping is one of the least expensive components of a window,
proper installation and upkeep can increase energy performance significantly.
It is also minimally visible and does not affect window and door operability.
Weatherstripping is typically installed at the upper, lower, and meeting rails
of windows, and around the sash and frame. The type of weatherstripping you
use depends on the window; see the weatherstripping chart on page 23 for
descriptions.
• Add or replace weatherization to doors. To decrease air leakage below
doors, either add weatherstripping to the bottom of the door or replace your
threshold or door bottoms. Thresholds are generally installed to replace those
that have worn out; whereas door bottoms or sweeps are usually installed
in doors with no existing threshold or door saddle to provide a positive seal
against air movement. Weatherstripping should also be applied to interior
doors that lead to uninsulated rooms, such as a sunroom, attic, cellar, or
basement.
OPPORTUNITIES—MODERATE COST
ting Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Install storm windows
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Installing storm windows over existing windows is an effective way to improve the
performance of older single pane windows. The insulating air gap created between
the primary window and the storm window helps insulate against noise and drafts,
prevent condensation, and save on heating costs. A 2002 study conducted by the
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory confirmed that installing a storm window
over an existing window can achieve a similar thermal performance to that of a
new low-E vinyl replacement window.
Interior storm windows are easier to install than exterior storm windows and are
not typically subject to regulatory approval. In addition, installing interior storm
windows will not disrupt important decorative details on the outside of your
building. Consult your energy audit to determine if adding storm windows will
significantly improve energy efficiency.
Take care to avoid damaging historic window frames when installing storm
windows. Storm window meeting rails and other divisions should match the
location of the same elements of the historic windows. Paint the storm windows to
match existing window frames to help diminish their visual impact.
22
Windows & Doors
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
OPPORTUNITIES—HIGHER COST
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Glass Pane Replacement Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Proper glazing in a window frame, both the type of glass and how it is installed,
is one of the most important factors in maintaining a comfortable indoor
environment, controlling acoustics from the exterior, and managing utility bills.
The aesthetic impacts should be considered whenever undertaking window
replacement.
• Selecting an insulated glazing unit (IGU). Depending on your frame
configuration, you may be able to alter the wood rail of the sash and replace a
single-paned window with a double-glazed unit in the original frame. Another
alternative is to replace the entire window sash. Compared to single glazing Weatherstripping, or filling gaps in the building
envelope, can be done in a variety of ways. Some
common products are listed below.
Common Weatherstripping
Type Window use Door use Cost Performance & Comments
Moderate;
Inside the track Durable. Effective. Can increase resistance in
Tension seal Top and sides of varies with
of a double-hung opening/closing doors or windows. Ease of
(V-Shape) door material
or sliding window installation varies. Not visible.
used
Around a door; Easy to install. Low durability. Not very
fitted into a door effective in preventing airflow. Do not use
Felt Around window frame Low
jamb so the door where exposed to moisture or where there
presses against it is friction or abrasion. Not visible.
At window stops; Closed-cell foam an effective sealer. Rigid. Can
Reinforced At door stops; Moderately
bottom or top of be difficult to install. Very visible. Manufacturing
foam bottom of door Low
window sash process produces greenhouse gas emissions.
Top and bottom of
Door frames; good Extremely easy to install. Generally not very
window sash; attic
Tape for blocking corners Low durable but durability varies with material used.
hatches and
and irregular cracks Visibility depends on type and installation.
inoperable windows
Steel windows: double-
Steel doors, top and Relatively easy to install. Very effective air
Magnetic hung and sliding High
sides of doors sealer. Not visible.
window channels
Reinforced Moderate Installation may be difficult. Seals well. Not
On a window stop On a doorjamb
silicone to High visible.
Rolled or At window stops; At door stops;
Low to Easy installation. Visible although it comes in
reinforced bottom or top of bottom of door (rigid
Moderate varying colors.
vinyl window sash strip only)
Bottom interior side Relatively easy to install; many types are
of in-swinging door; Moderate adjustable for uneven threshold. Automatically
Door sweep –
bottom exterior side to High retracting sweeps also available, which reduce
of out-swinging door drag on carpet and increase durability. Visible.
Tubular Moderate Self-stick may be difficult to install. Effective
– Around a door
rubber or vinyl to High air barrier. Not visible.
Seal space beneath Moderate Installation moderately difficult. Durable. Can
Door shoe –
door to High be used with uneven opening. Visible.
Moderate Installation moderately difficult. Combination
Bulb threshold – Door thresholds
to High threshold and weatherstrip. Visible.
“Frost-brake” Seal space beneath Moderate Installation moderately difficult. Effective.
–
threshold door to High Visible.
Interlocking Around door Should be installed by a professional as
– High
metal channels perimeters alignment is critical. Very effective. Visible.
Information based on DOE EERE EnergySavers.gov
(one pane of glass), a double-glazed (two panes of glass) unit with an airspace
ting Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $ in between cuts heat loss in half due to the insulating effect of the airspace.
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
In addition, double-glazed windows will block more noise from the exterior.
A Double-glazed windows can change the appearance of the window from the
exterior due to a change in reflectivity of the glazing unit and/or the width of
the framing unit.
• Upgrading to a high performance window. A standard IGU, with double
glazing, is a typical modern window assembly. To meet current energy codes,
windows integrate low-e coatings, thermal films, and gases to improve
thermal performance.
›› The addition of a low-e coating to a window also offers a layer
of protection for interior finishes, artwork, or textiles. Low-e
coatings help cut infrared radiation losses, thereby lowering
the total heat flow through the glass area of a window.
Passive House windows example.
›› Reducing the conductivity of the air space between the layers of glass
Open Tilt/Turn Sash
Open tilt/turn window used for superior insulation in a can further improve the thermal performance of the window. Filling
Brooklyn Passive House. the space with a less conductive gas than plain air, such as argon or
Photo © 475 High Performance Building Supply krypton, minimizes the convection currents within the space, thereby
reducing the overall transfer of heat between the inside and outside.
›› In addition to inert gas-filled low-e windows, suspending a thermal film
Ken Levenson Architect, AIA, CPHD between the two panes of glass will further reduce thermal conductivity
and noise transmission. The film functions as an additional piece of
475 High Performance Building Supply glass, adding thermal efficiency, UV and sound protection, but without
April 16, 2012 excessive cost or weight associated with triple glazing. These units are
Page 7 of 12 slightly thicker than standard double-glazed window units and thus
may be more appropriate when replacing the entire window unit.
60%
40%
Trends in energy-efficient window use. Since the 1970s, Single-pane glass
the prevalence of double-pane and triple-pane windows 20%
has continued to increase, a trend that amounts to
more than 80% of new windows today.
0%
Source: US Energy Information Administration,
2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey Pre-1940 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Year
Sources: US Energy Information Administration, 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey
24
Windows & Doors
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
frames tend to have a higher upfront cost, but last several decades and can be oxide layer deposited on a window or
A
maintained and repaired with relative ease. Steel frame windows are durable, skylight glazing surface primarily to
but traditionally do not include a thermal break and therefore conduct cold suppress radiative heat flow. Low-E
temperatures, which can lead to condensation and make them less efficient coatings reduce a window’s U-factor
(see sidebar on Thermal Bridges & Breaks). In either case, look for frames thereby improving its insulation
that are thermally broken for the best performance and those that qualify for performance.
Energy Star® and tax credits (see www.efficientwindows.org).
• Operation. In historic buildings, it is most appropriate to match the original
window operation. For instance, a double-hung unit should be replaced
with a new double-hung unit. The homeowner should take care to look for
a window unit that offers a tight seal. The tightness is highly variable based
upon the manufacturing and installation quality. Typically casement windows
are considered the tightest units; however, double-hung windows can also be
effective when hardware is used properly and sashes are well maintained.
• Glazing. See the Glass Pane Replacement opportunity on page 23 for a
discussion of possibilities. For New York City’s climate double-glazed units
have become the industry standard. While triple-glazed (three panes of
glass) window units tend to have the highest performance in energy efficient
and noise cancellation, they are also more expensive. Triple-glazed window
units often use a suspended film as the third pane in order to achieve the
proper thermal values necessary to meet the Passive House standards
without the added weight of a third pane of glass. Passive House is a design
Sample NFRC Window Rating. The National
and construction methodology that aims to drastically reduce the energy
Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) provides reliable
consumption of a building. See the section on Rating Systems for more
assessments of window and door performance. When
information on Passive House.
replacing any opening in the building’s envelope,
• Sealing the window opening. Often overlooked, the window opening must compare ratings at www.nfrc.org. Select windows with
be properly framed and prepared to insure water- and airtightness. To the Energy Star® label may also be eligible for a tax
ensure water-tightness, properly detail and coordinate the flashing for both credit (www.efficient windows.org).
the window opening and the window unit. The air barrier should also be
continuous in the assembly. When determining the type of sealants consider
the cumulative effect of shrinkage and movement of the building components.
Door Replacement
If you replace particularly poorly performing doors it may offset other upgrade
costs by allowing for smaller heating and cooling loads.
• Doors and door frames. There are several issues to consider when replacing
a door. The most cost-sensitive issue is typically the door material. Doors
come in several material choices with differing cost and aesthetics: wood,
steel, hollow-core metal, or fiberglass. When selecting a door material,
consider thermal isolative value, acoustical properties, durability, security,
maintenance, up-front cost, and in some cases fire rating. Solid wood doors
and frames tend to be expensive up front, but last several decades and can be
maintained and repaired with relative ease. Steel doors are traditionally the
most secure, but unless they are insulated do not provide an acoustical barrier
or thermal insulation.
• Glazing. See the Glass Pane Replacement opportunity on page 23 for a discussion
of the possibilities. This information applies to glass doors.
• Sealing the door opening. All doors should have continuous weatherstripping
on the top and sides and at door sweep at the bottom. The door opening
must also be properly framed and prepared to insure water- and airtightness.
When determining the type of sealant to use, consider the cumulative effect
of shrinkage and movement of the building components and size the caulking
joints accordingly.
$ $ $ Windows & Doors • Storefronts. For commercial spaces that have storefront windows, thermal
performance should be balanced with visual clarity of the window unit.
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
No Permit Required
A Glazing should have a visual transmittance of at least 80%. This can be
• Repairing (minor) original window or
achieved with low-e argon-filled double-glazed window units. Use thermal
door materials
broken frames whenever possible.
• Replacing or installing hardware on
windows or doors
• Skylights/overhead glazing systems. Many older homes include skylights
to bring natural light into central locations without windows and to provide
• Replacing glazing putty and broken ventilation. Older skylights benefit from regular repairs and maintenance.
glass Adding skylights will increase daylighting and decrease lighting costs.
• Replacing or installing Additionally, depending on its location, a vented skylight can increase
weatherstripping around windows or cross-ventilation. Procure low-e, double-paned, argon filled, glass skylights
doors and framing whenever possible. Less expensive plastic-domed skylights are discouraged as
• Replacing or installing caulking they typically have a short usable life, tend to discolor over time, and are not
around window or door framing, as energy efficient as glass units. Research skylight systems to make sure the
casings and trim chosen system provides redundant waterproofing.
• Repairing window suspension systems • Greenhouses. To function properly greenhouses need interior shading
or installing insulation sleeves in sash devices, proper ventilation equipment, and proper glazing. An architect
weight pockets should be consulted to identify the needs of your specific project.
• Installing most interior storm When a greenhouse-type wall and roof are open to the interior of the
windows or insulating panels with home, homeowners should be cautious when selecting glazing as it will
clear glass, including low-e significantly contribute to cooling and heating loads if not properly
designed. Glazing should be of the highest performance possible and
• Installing clear low-e films on
internal shades should be integrated to control glare.
windows or doors
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Permit Required
• Repairing or replacing (extensive) Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) Regulations
original window or door materials
If your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district
• Replacing or installing windows or
doors Alterations to windows and doors may affect the character or physical integrity
of your building and its site, and typically requires LPC review. For example,
• Replacing or installing exterior storm replacing windows and doors or installing exterior storm windows will require a
windows or doors and some interior
LPC permit; caulking and weatherstripping around a door or window or replacing
storm windows
broken glass will not require a LPC permit.
• Installing tinted films (nonclear) on
windows or doors Department of Buildings (DOB) Regulations
• Replacing, installing or removing
Generally, larger-scale work such as altering or adding a building opening requires
exterior window shutters
a permit from the DOB. Installation of storm windows over an existing window
• Replacing or installing window or does not require a DOB permit and is a listed exception from complying with
door awnings the New York City Energy Conservation Code, but exterior storm windows will
require an LPC permit; see the LPC regulation section above. Ordinary repairs
Source: Landmarks Preservation Commission
and maintenance such as weatherstripping, replacing broken glass, or painting
do not require DOB review or permits. If the work you are proposing requires a
DOB permit, and your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic
district, an LPC permit will also be required. If you are not sure if the work you
intend to do requires a permit, consult the DOB web site or call the DOB office in
the borough where the property is located.
In addition, Rule 101-14 of the Rules of the New York City (RCNY) establishes
categories of work that may be classified as a minor alteration or ordinary repair
and therefore may be exempt from the permit requirements of the New York City
construction codes. Rule 101-14 can be downloaded from the City’s web site (www
.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/rules/1_RCNY_101-14.pdf ).
26
Windows & Doors
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
ResoURCES
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
able Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
28
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studie
$ $ $
Heating & Cooling
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
• Lack of controls. Older building heating and cooling systems often lack
appropriate controls, such as a thermostat, to monitor comfort levels and
reduce energy consumption.
ntilation
• Lack of maintenance. Once a heating and cooling system is installed, it is
commonly left unmonitored for years. Neglect often leads to premature loss
roach: of efficiency or system failure, whereas routine maintenance and repair help
Dedicated ensure long-term
ventilation forperformance.
each unit.
Balanced supply and exhaust
OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO
Continuous filtered supply to living COST spaces
Before addressing your building’s mechanical system issues, take care of any
Continuous exhaust at bathrooms and kitchens.
inefficiencies found in your walls, roof, windows and doors. See sections on Walls
Free cooling
& Roofsbypass
and Windows– for when
& Doors forsummer
informationnights are cool.and related
on weatherization
3 levels of ventilation: low, normal and high - allowing user control.
opportunities.
Normal ventilation level to be .3 air changes per hour.
Set your thermostat to reduce energy bills
Bathroom switch: for temporary high ventilation level
The simplest and most cost-effective strategy to improve your current heating and
Continuous
coolingfiltered
systems isfresh air circulated
to set your thermostat noat lowthan
lower velocities
78 degrees throughout
in the summer the entire house means the house can
expect toandhave cleaner
no higher than 68 and
degrees healthier airIfthan
in the winter. thathave
you don’t outside.
a thermostat, your
utility company
ERVs utilized may offer
to provide incentives for
relatively you toindoor
stable purchaseair
one.humidity levels.
As windows
Maximizedo not need
benefits of passivetofeatures
be opened
and naturalfor “fresh air” but simply on those occasions when desired – the
ventilation The modern thermostat. New data technology allows
interior dust levels are significantly reduced.
• Maximize natural ventilation in the spring and fall. Opening doors and greater control over heating and cooling. Consider
windows at night will facilitate cross-ventilation and reduce the need for air upgrading thermostats to models that can be
conditioning. When moving or adding interior walls or doorways or even programmed, “learn” occupancy habits, or can be
furniture, be sure to maintain or improve upon cross-ventilation. Do not controlled remotely to allow systems to turn off when
obstruct existing ventilation paths, as it could make a once airy room stuffy. vacant and turn on before occupants arrive.
• Re-engage old openings and locate new ones to encourage cross-ventilation. Image credit: Creative Commons, some rights reserved
by Lars Ploughman
Consider how air flows on each floor, as well as how open stairwells and
skylights may impact whole-building airflows. Interior transom windows
found in older buildings are often undervalued or forgotten or have been
painted shut; utilizing these will help bring daylight and fresh air deeper
into the home. Depending on historical relevance, consider adding operable
transom windows to interior doors to optimize cross-ventilation and daylight.
Clean chimney and install and repair dampers to reduce heat loss Air filter replacement. Given the degree of urban soot
accumulated on this ERV supply air filter, it is being
Have your operable chimney cleaned regularly to minimize chances of a chimney replaced routinely to maintain a high quality of indoor air.
ntilation Diagram
fire. See section on Walls & Roofs for more information on reducing heat loss ERV Supply Air Filter (with city so
Photos © Ken Levenson Architect
through your chimney.
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
able Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
OPPORTUNITIES—MODERATE COST
Utilize a humidifier in winter to increase comfort and protect historic finishes
In New York, low outdoor humidity compounded by radiant heating systems leads
to very low humidity levels inside the home. This can be damaging to historic
finishes, woodwork, and human health. A humidifier can be integrated into a
central heating system or installed in individual rooms to increase humidity to
more comfortable levels.
Seal ductwork
In buildings with central forced-air heating and cooling systems, ducts are used to
distribute conditioned air throughout the building. Typically about 20% of the air
that moves through ducts is lost due to leaks. The result is higher utility bills and
difficulty keeping the house comfortable, no matter how the thermostat is set. It’s
relatively easy to seal and insulate ducts that are accessible; however, sealing ducts
concealed in walls and above ceilings may require hiring a contractor and may
become costly when not part of a comprehensive renovation effort.
30
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studie
$ $ $
Heating & Cooling
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
of long-term integrity in installation kits, and poor fit and sealing. . .” (Steven
Winter Associates). The best way to reduce energy loss from A/C units is to
improve the installation by hiring a professional installer and sealing gaps with
weatherstripping or closed cell foam.
New installations of through-wall A/C units are discouraged in historic buildings
as they damage the existing integrity of a building facade. There are many options
for replacing a window A/C unit. Some of the options include:
• A more efficient window A/C with thermostatic controls. See section on
Appliances & Plug Loads for energy efficient air conditioning units.
• A ductless A/C with a remotely located condenser with thermostatic controls.
How does your home compare? While the graph below
• A central heating and air conditioning system. See page 33 for “Install a
shows trends for newly constructed homes, you can
central heating and cooling system.”
see that those built before the 1980s are not nearly as
For additional tips on window A/C unit installations, the DOB offers a efficient as they could be today, despite the increase
downloadable flyer at www.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/pdf/install_ac.pdf. in square footage. Although it is easier to maximize
efficiencies in a new building, understanding the
Schedule routine equipment tune-ups and maintenance energy consumption of your historic building relative
to the national trend can help put energy retrofits in
Properly maintain heating and cooling equipment, including the boiler, by perspective. Imagine what your home could achieve!
scheduling annual cleaning and service checks to help ensure maximum efficiency
Sources: Based on data from the Energy Information
and reduce the risk of malfunction.
Administration, 2009 RECS Housing Characteristics:
Over time, radiators as well as solar heating systems can become less efficient. The Square Footage, and Environmental Building News
reasons for this could be many things, including damaged piping, broken valves or Graphic © Terrapin Bright Green
160 3,000
In the 2000s, New Houses
in the US Northeast
150 Averaged 3,000 Sq.Ft.
130 In 2005,
New Houses in
110
100 1,500
In 1950, 101 BTUs
New Houses in the 2012 NYC
90 US Averaged 95 BTUs Energy Code
983 Sq.Ft.
80 1,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
70 Year
Improvement (Btu/sq.ft./yr)
Over 60: You have some significant savings opportunities; time to jump in!
Benchmarks for Energy
60 60
50–60: About average for single-family homes; you have some opportunities
50 50
40–50: You still have some low-hanging fruit left US EPA Energy
Star Standard
40 40
30–40: There’s some room for improvement, but it’ll be hard without a major exterior insulation retrofit Passive House
Standard
30 30
15 15–30: Excellent, but a stretch to reach net-zero energy Physicist Amory Lovins 15
15 or below: Outstanding! With some solar energy, you might get close to net-zero upgrades his Colorado home
0 to net-zero & carbon-neutral 0
0 or below: Net-zero Plus! Get paid to feed energy back into the grid
Sources: Based on data from the Energy Information Administration, 2009 RECS Housing Characteristics: Square Footage; Environmental Building News
Graphic © Terrapin Bright Green
The Municipal Art Society of New York 31
h & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $$
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
able Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
traps, or improperly sized replacement components. Contact a reputable heating
installer to balance your system. This effort should also eliminate any noises that
the radiators may be making.
OPPORTUNITIES—HIGHER COST
Repair or replace your radiant heating system
A hydronic heating system, typical for detached homes in New York City, has
four components: boiler, distribution piping, radiators, and controls. Proper
sizing of each component is critical for efficient operation and comfort.
Strategies to consider:
• If you have a steam-based heating system, replace it with a water-based
radiant system, radiant floor heating, or a central system. The conversion to
a hot water based system can reduce heating costs by more than 30% (US
Department of Energy).
• Hire a reputable heating installer to balance your heat distribution system;
replacing some piping may be necessary.
• Install thermostatically controlled radiator valves (TRVs) to modulate the
boiler based upon the interior room temperature, instead of solely using the
exterior temperature as a gauge.
32
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studie
$ $ $
Heating & Cooling
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
able Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
will require a LPC permit; repairing existing mechanical equipment will not
require a LPC permit.
RESOURCES
ConEd’s My Energy Toolkit provides online calculators to estimate your savings
when you “go green” and conserve energy. Calculators estimate savings for home
energy, appliances, television, CFL lighting, programmable thermostat cooling and
heating, and paperless billing.
www.coned.com/customercentral/calculators/EC_res.html
Energy Savers, a Department of Energy web site, has thorough explanations
of energy efficiency opportunities that apply directly to particular heating and
cooling systems
www.energysavers.gov
Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy includes
information on hydronic heating and other building energy efficiency systems
www.eere.energy.gov
Energy Conservation Code of New York State. If you are making renovations that
include replacing your HVAC system, you may be required to comply with modern
energy efficiency codes
www.dos.state.ny.us/DCEA
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) offers
energy efficiency resources and incentives to upgrade your HVAC system
www.nyserda.ny.gov
BuildingGreen, a web site with articles, case studies, and information about new
technologies
www.buildinggreen.com
Utility Companies will usually offer a variety of incentives to upgrade systems and
improve your building’s energy efficiency
www.coned.com/energyefficiency/residential_HVAC_program.asp
www2.nationalgridus.com/energy/index_ny_kedny.jsp
34
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable S
$ $ $
Lighting & Electrical
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Key issues with lighting and electrical wiring in historic buildings
Human Biology & Light
• Many older buildings have outdated electrical wiring that may be insufficient
Regular exposure to direct and indirect
for today’s electrical loads and use patterns, leading to frequent blown fuses
sunlight minimizes eye strain and
and increased potential for fire.
fatigue, supporting visual acuity
and color rendition, and provides a • Historic lighting fixtures tend to be less energy-efficient.
connection to nature that is intuitively
• User behavior directly impacts energy conservation. Leaving lights on and
perceived, despite the inherent
appliances plugged in when not in use can significantly increase a building’s
variability of daylight characteristics
energy consumption.
over time and weather. Appropriate
daylighting design in a building • Daylighting features in historic buildings are often undervalued for their
supports our biological intuition while capacity to maintain a lighting quality that promotes health and productivity,
minimizing the use of electric lighting. while minimizing a building’s lighting operational costs.
36
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable S
$ $ $
Lighting & Electrical
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
lighting control strategies OPPORTUNITY—MODERATE COST
& potential Cost Savings
Install electronic ballasts
Not all lighting control strategies have the same benefits;
and while some strategies are stand-alone, others Replace all magnetic ballasts with electric ones. Electronic ballasts serve up to
perform better when integrated with others. Depending four lamps, do not hum or flicker, and will save approximately 40% in electric
on the cost of the system, the labor required to install lighting costs. Use long-lasting lamps in hard to reach places to keep cost and
a system, commissioning costs, the appropriateness of maintenance down.
the application, and user behavior, considerable energy
savings may be possible. Review the table (below) and Install shading devices
chart (right) for an overview of strategies and costs, Utilize shading devices, curtains, and blinds to provide flexibility with lighting
and consult with a lighting expert to determine the best design. This will better regulate the level of interior light in your home, and will
strategy for you and your building. allow you to maximize natural daylight when it is available and minimize glare.
Technology & Use Savings
Install energy-efficient lighting fixtures
Timers up to 40%
When replacing existing fixtures, consider fixture design and spacing for
Dim and turn off lights when rooms are efficiency. Install fixtures with electronic ballasts that can be dimmed to maximize
unoccupied daylighting. These ballasts can dim down to about 10% of full light output. When
Photosensors up to 20% switching to electronic ballasts, you should also switch to T5 (5/8" tube diameter)
Adjust electric light levels to take or T8 (8/8" or 1" tube diameter) lamps, which deliver 80–100 lumen/watts. Choose
natural light into account these over the T12, which deliver 50–65 lumen/watts and use magnetic ballasts.
Occupancy sensors up to 40%
Install interior lighting controls
Automatic controls based on occupancy
detection There are several lighting control devices that can be installed to improve
energy efficiency. Use dimmers to manually adjust the light levels coming from
Vacancy sensors up to 45% a particular fixture, or use controls with set commands. Occupancy sensors
Manual-on based on need; Automatic use infrared, ultrasonic or microwave technology to respond to movement or
off based on vacancy detection surface temperatures to automatically turn off or dim the light when a room is
Task Tuning up to 20% unoccupied. Take advantage of automatic-off settings to save energy when there is
Dim lights to reduce max light levels
for each space LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES: PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL COST
Personal control up to 10%
Wireless Full Dimming Total Capital Costs
Individuals set light levels to suit
personal preferences Total Commissioning Costs
Source: Adapted from “The Value of Wireless
Total Energy Costs
Lighting Control,” Daintree Network Wireless Partial Dimming
(www.daintree.net)
Addressable Ballasts
Localized Control
38
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable S
$ $ $
Lighting & Electrical
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
sufficient daylight. Timers can be installed to turn off lights on a set schedule when
spaces are known to be unoccupied.
Use a radio-frequency (RF) wireless control technology to save energy through
single-button control of lighting and plug loads, while enhancing the aesthetics
of your indoor space. Integrating RF controls with occupancy and time-based
controls will also save energy. First-cost savings for wireless systems are
potentially significant, with higher equipment costs offset by the reduced labor for
running wires.
Refer to the section on Appliances & Plug Loads for electrical efficiency
monitoring opportunities. Daintree Networks also offers a series of downloadable
articles on lighting controls, including a wireless control cost study for lighting
retrofits (www.daintree.net/lighting/library.php).
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
appliance energy usage and can develop tools to reduce electrical consumption
Upgrading historic light fixtures
when these components are not in use. See section on Appliances & Plug Loads for
Electric lighting is often used to highlight more information.
interior details such as ceiling accents
and plasterwork. Existing historic
fixtures may be retrofitted with compact REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
fluorescent lamps, LEDs, high-efficiency
incandescent lamps, and other sources Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) Regulations
that increase output and energy efficiency
If your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district
(including reducing waste heat); most
upgrades can be made without affecting In general, the material in this section is limited to the interior of the building and
the appearance of the fixture. does not require LPC review. However, installation or replacement of exterior light
fixtures may affect the character or physical integrity of your building and its site,
To improve efficiencies of smaller and typically requires LPC review. For example, repairing existing light fixtures
or delicate fixtures in a manner that or installing energy-efficient bulbs will not require an LPC permit, but installing a
does not disrupt the aesthetic, use less light fixture at an entrance door or within an areaway will require an LPC permit.
invasive lighting technologies such as
LEDs. These lights can also be placed
Department of Buildings (DOB) Regulations
in alcoves, sconces or on cornices to
enhance the lighting aesthetic in an Most electrical work such as rewiring, electrical panel replacement, or upgrade
energy-efficient manner. See resources requires a building permit from the DOB, filed by a licensed electrician. Generally,
below for more guidance on upgrading the DOB does not regulate removable electrical devices in the interior, such as
historic light fixtures. See section on plug-in light fixtures or appliances. If the work you are proposing requires a
Indoor Health & Housekeeping. DOB permit, and your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic
district, an LPC permit will also be required.
Licensed Electricians and General Contractors: Before hiring a professional, check
the DOB listing to make sure the individual has a valid license within New York
City. Conduct a search for Skilled Trades Licensees or General Contractors at the
DOB (site http://a810-bisweb.nyc.gov/bisweb).
RESOURCES
ConEd’s My Energy Toolkit, provides online calculators to estimate your savings
when you “go green” and conserve energy. Calculators estimate savings for CFL
lighting.
www.coned.com/customercentral/calculators/EC_res.html
Energy Savers, a Department of Energy web site with product information and
energy saving tips.
www.energysavers.gov/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/
mytopic=12030
Energy Star provides information about Energy Star–rated appliances.
www.energystar.gov; see also the Energy Star Building Upgrade Manual:
www.energystar.gov/ia/business/EPA_BUM_Full.pdf
Green Light NY, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting energy-efficient
lighting through education, training, and design assistance:
www.greenlightny.org
General Services Administration, Guidelines for Upgrading Historic Building
Lighting provides technical advice on designing a lighting strategy.
www.gsa.gov/graphics/pbs/TechnicalGuideLightingFINAL2.pdf
40
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable S
$ $ $
Lighting & Electrical
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
$ $ $
able Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
New York City’s While New York has a famously clean and abundant gravity-fed potable water
wastewater treatment system, the energy intensity of water is growing. Recent federal regulations have
required the City to install an ultra-violet (UV) sterilization plant to protect
system handles 1.3 against bioterrorism; this has resulted in a substantial increase in the energy
billion gallons of needed in the potable water system. Incorporating efficient plumbing fixtures in
water every day. your home will minimize water usage which will help reduce consumption and
lower your water bills.
New York City Department of
Environmental Protection Key issues with plumbing and water efficiency in historic buildings
• New York City has long struggled with its combined sewer system that
releases partially treated sewage into the rivers during rainfalls of more
than 1/10 of an inch. Buildings with leaks, wasteful fixtures, and washing
appliances are major contributors to this overflow problem.
• Lead pipes in water lines were banned in New York City buildings in 1961, and
lead soldering was banned in 1987. However, the prevalence of original lead
piping today is unknown, and some buildings built before 1961 may still have a
lead pipe plumbing system.
• Plumbing fixtures, such as toilets and faucets that were installed before 1992
when the US government passed the Energy Policy Act, are likely to be less
efficient than current legislation mandates.
• User behavior has a major impact on domestic water consumption.
Operational practices can significantly impact a building’s water wastage.
• Plumbing in historic buildings that has fallen into disrepair can cause
significant water leaks. This is an indoor environmental health quality
problem (see the section on Indoor Health, Housekeeping & Materials), as
well as a structural problem caused by deterioration in ceilings, walls, and
floor materials.
OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO COST
50-75% of residential Monitor water use and associated costs
water use occurs in • Ensure faucets and fixtures are turned off. Eliminate dripping faucets.
the bathroom. One faucet that drips 5 times per minute will waste more than 14 gallons of
potable water each month. Use the US Geological Survey online calculator
New York City Department of (see Resources for web site) to determine how much water your leaky faucets
Environmental Protection waste over time. If faucets are difficult to turn off completely, it may be time
for a new fixture.
• Monitor your meter regularly. Ensure that water is used efficiently. By
reading your water meter and your water bills, you will realize how much
water is being used in the house and how much you save once you have
implemented some of the opportunities mentioned here.
• Alter user behavior to lower water consumption. Run water-intensive
appliances during off-peak hours, such as after 9pm. Wait until the dishwasher
and clothes washer are full before running them. Avoid bathing and running
appliances during a rainstorm, so as to limit impact on the sewer system.
42
Plumbing & Water Efficiency
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
to most City water and sewage customers. Early detection of wet spots and Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studie
water necessary to achieve the same flow rate. This can be done whether
h & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
OPPORTUNITIES—HIGHER COST
Regular showerheads take Upgrade domestic hot water system (DWH)
less than 20 seconds to Waiting for the hot water to reach the showerhead wastes tens of gallons of
use one gallon of water. water. Water, energy and time can be saved by using more efficient means to heat
and deliver your domestic hot water. To determine which option is best for your
US DOE Ad Council home, consider the age and efficiency of your current system, the available space
for the new options, available fuel supply, and hot water demand. A licensed
plumber can help you determine the best match for your home. Hot water
heating options include:
• Thermal control valves: A self-acting thermal control valve controls the
temperature of your water when you specify a temperature, eliminating
the need to manually mix hot and cold water until you reach a comfortable
temperature. This eliminates a great deal of water waste, since the valve sets
the temperature with a minimum amount of adjustment.
• Tankless hot water heaters: Tankless hot water heaters heat water only as you
need it, avoiding the waste associated with storing water in tanks until it is
used. Switching to an Energy Star certified tankless hot water heater can save
up to 30% on water heating costs.
• High efficiency DHW boilers: Switching to a high efficiency, gas powered
boiler for domestic hot water heating purposes can save you money on
operating costs, and the small increase in up-front cost will generally pay itself
back within two years. Energy Star certifies high-efficiency gas storage boilers,
as well as gas-condensing boilers. See the sections on Appliances & Plug Loads
and Heating & Cooling for more information on high efficiency boilers.
44
Plumbing & Water Efficiency
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studie
$ $ $
Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) Regulations Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
In general, the material in this section is limited to the interior of a building and
does not require LPC review. If the work you are proposing requires a DOB permit,
and your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district, an
LPC permit will also be required.
RESOURCES
US Environmental Protection Agency WaterSense® program includes certified
fixtures and appliances
www.epa.gov/WaterSense
US Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star® program includes rated
appliances, including washers
www.energystar.gov
NYC Department of Environmental Protection, on lead in household plumbing
for information about what to do if you suspect lead in your water supply
www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/lead_faq.shtml#A4
NYC Department of Environmental Protection also offers leak detection services
and other programs for City water customers
www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/residents/index.shtml
US Department of the Interior’s US Geological Survey, provides an easy calculator
for determining how much water your leaking faucet wastes over time
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/sc4.html
NYC Department of Buildings provides a searchable database of licensed
plumbers
http://a810-bisweb.nyc.gov/bisweb/LicenseTypeServlet?vlfirst=Y
$ $ $
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Appliances, lamps, Lamps, appliances, electronics, window air conditioners, and other gadgets that
electronics and other consume electricity are known collectively as the “plug load,” and account for
up to a third of your building’s electricity consumption. It is therefore important
gadgets that are plugged that these items are efficient and well managed. The most efficient appliances
into an electrical outlet meet or exceed a voluntary standard, such as the US EPA’s Energy Star program,
(also called plug loads) which far exceeds federally mandated standards. Efficient management of plug
account for up to 34% loads involves energy-conscious usage behaviors or control devices that keep your
energy bills low without altering your lifestyle.
of a home’s electricity
consumption. Key issues with appliances and plug loads
EPA, EnergyStar.gov • Plug loads and peaker plants: Buildings that do not efficiently and effectively
manage plug loads unnecessarily contribute to “peaker” plant operation.
Peaker plants are turned on during the summer months when electrical
demand peaks and regional power plants cannot keep up. Peaker plants
provide a boost of energy to the grid, but are generally older facilities with
inefficient systems that release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.
• Repair vs. replace: Older appliances help retain the character of a historic
building; however, if manufactured before 1990 they are likely to be
particularly inefficient. Repairing old appliances does not necessarily improve
their efficiency. It is relatively easy to find new appliances that consume
at least 20% less energy than industry standards, so it is typically better
to replace inefficient large appliances, such as refrigerators and washing
machines. Replacing old refrigerators is not as environmentally harmful as it
used to be. It is now common practice to strip them for scrap materials and
recycling, lessening the impact of disposal.
• Wiring: Wiring in older buildings may not be able to accommodate the
increased energy use of modern-day electronics and appliances. Before
installing major new appliances, verify the wiring and circuits can support the
equipment. Inadequate wiring can damage equipment or cause electrical fires.
See the section on Lighting & Electrical wiring issues and opportunities.
• Freon: Freon is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), a toxic chemical that was
once common in refrigerants and aerosol sprays. It is known to deplete
the stratospheric ozone layer and have negative impacts on the indoor
environmental quality of your building. As a result of the Montreal Protocol
(1987), this group of chemicals is being phased out of various industries.
Nevertheless, safe and appropriate disposal of Freon is still a concern; see the
section on Indoor Health, Housekeeping & Materials for more information.
• User behavior: A major variable in appliance-driven energy demand is user
behavior. Energy conservation practices, controls, and plug load management
Vampire Loads tools can reduce the energy intensity of our buildings and our utility bills. This
Vampire loads, or phantom loads, in turn reduces the overall demand on the electricity grid, which is especially
represent electricity continually important in August when the potential for brownouts and blackouts in New
drawn by equipment and devices York City is at its highest.
that are plugged in, but not in use.
Phone chargers, televisions, computer OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO COST
monitors, printers, stereos and coffee
makers all contribute to your vampire
load when they are in standby mode or Observe your habits, change your behavior
even turned off. This wasted energy adds Observe you and your family’s behavior to identify operational or usage practices
up fast. Reducing your vampire load can that could altered to increase energy savings.
cut electricity costs without sacrificing
comfort or convenience. • Small appliances and electronics: Use the energy-saving mode on all
appliances and electronics when possible. Use items less frequently and
46
Appliances & Plug Loads
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing &
$ $
2000 25 Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
1800
Energy Policy Conservation Act of 1975
Average Energy Use per Unit Sold (kWh per year)
1600 20
Energy Star
typical unit
1400 1978 California Standard
$ $ $
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
Equipment What to do when it’s time for an upgrade or replacement
A Full-Size Replace old refrigerators, especially if they contain Freon.
Refrigerators Replacing a fridge from the 1980s could save $100 a year in
electricity or $200 a year, if it is from the 1970s.
(≥ 7.75 ft3)
Full-Size Compared to modern, conventional freezers, Energy Star
Freezers models are 10% more efficient. A freezer from the 1980s costs
Energy Star equipment. Energy Star–rated products $70 more in energy each year than a new Energy Star model.
use at least 20% less energy without sacrificing (≥ 7.75 ft3)
performance. Consider purchasing Energy Star–rated Compact Compact refrigerators and freezers typically use less energy than
products in any of the categories. Refrigerators full-size models, and can be a better choice for residential units
and Freezers occupied by only one or two people.
(< 7.75 ft3 and ≤ 36” in height)
Top and If your washing machine is more than 10 years old, it is best
Front-loading to invest in a front-loading clothes washer, which is far more
Clothes Washing water-efficient than a top-loading washer. A front-loading
Machines machine uses 18 to 24 gallons per load less than the average
top-loading, which uses approximately 40 gallons.
Standard-sized Replacing a dishwasher purchased before 1994 could save
Dishwasher $40 a year on energy and 10 gallons of water per cycle, when
switching to a new Energy Star model.
(≥ 8 place settings + 6 serving pieces, ≥ 24” in height)
Common Efficiency Metrics Compact-sized Compact models generally use less energy and water than
Dishwasher standard-size machines, and are best suited for residential
Metric Description spaces occupied by only one or two people.
(< 8 place settings + 6 serving pieces, 18" in height)
Modified An industry-wide energy
Energy efficiency metric used Air Conditioners Replace central units that are more than 12 years old with
Factor to compare relative (central) Energy Star models that are up to 30% more efficient.
(MEF) efficiencies of different (size varies)
clothes washers. Air Conditioners Replace inefficient window units that are more than 12 years
Water An industry-wide metric (room) old with Energy Star models that are up to 10% more efficient.
Factor that evaluates water (size varies)
(WF) efficiency. The higher the Dehumidifiers If your dehumidifier requires replacement, replace it with an
MEF, the more efficient Energy Star–certified model, which is 15% more efficient than
the clothes washer; the standard models.
lower the WF, the more (size varies)
efficient the clothes
washer. Light bulbs Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent
lightbulbs (CFL) or LEDs. These are 75% more efficient than
Seasonal A measure of equipment incandescent, and can save $40 over the lifetime of each bulb.
Energy energy efficiency, over Energy Star certified lightbulbs provide a wide range of light
Efficiency the cooling season, of quality and amount of light (measured in lumens).
Ratio cooling equipment. The
(SEER) higher the SEER, the Light fixtures Replace inefficient or very old light fixtures with Energy Star
more energy efficient the fixtures. They use 75% less energy than conventional fixtures,
appliance. distribute light more evenly, and include an above-industry
standard, 3-year minimum warranty.
Energy A measure of the
Computers A computer meeting Energy Star specifications will use
Efficiency instantaneous energy
between 30% and 65% less energy, depending on how it is used.
Ratio efficiency of cooling
(EER) equipment. The higher Boilers Replace inefficient boilers or ones that run on No. 6 oil with
the EER, the more energy Energy Star certified gas burning models. These are 6% more
efficient the appliance. efficient than standard models. If a natural gas line is not
available on your street, upgrade your boiler to run on No. 2 oil.
Common efficiency metrics. “Energy Efficiency” can be
a difficult concept to quantify because energy is used
in different quantities, over different periods of time, to
perform many different types of work.
48
Appliances & Plug Loads
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing &
The City of New York will pick up old appliances along with your other metal
$ $
recycling. To ensure that appliances containing chemicals such as Freon (e.g.,
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
OPPORTUNITIES—MODERATE/HIGHER COST
Install energy efficient appliances
On average, home appliances comprise 13% of the household electricity use.
Studies show that in most households, refrigerators tend to use the greatest
amount of energy. To improve the energy efficiency of your appliances by 20–
40% select Energy Star–labeled products. The Energy Star program certifies a
number of appliances and electronics, including refrigerators, washing machines,
dishwashers, air purifiers, dehumidifiers, air conditioners, televisions, computers,
and battery chargers. See the Energy Star Equipment chart for more information.
Additionally, when choosing new appliances, ensure that your building’s electrical
wiring and plumbing can accommodate the size of your new appliance.
$ $ $ the Electrical Code. Hire a New York City licensed electrician to advise, file for an
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
electrical permit, and perform this work.
A
RESOURCES
ConEd’s My Energy Toolkit, provides online calculators to estimate your savings
when you “go green” and conserve energy. Calculators estimate savings for home
energy, appliances, television, CFL lighting, programmable thermostat cooling and
heating, and paperless billing.
www.coned.com/customercentral/calculators/EC_res.html
Energy Savers, a Department of Energy web site with product information and
energy saving tips
www.energysavers.gov
Energy Star, for efficient appliances, recycling programs and other guidance
www.energystar.gov
NYC Bureau of Waste Prevention, Reuse & Recycling
www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) offers
a variety of energy efficiency resources and incentives
www.nyserda.ny.gov
Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy includes resources
and advice for reducing your energy consumption
www.eere.energy.gov
BuildingGreen, a web site with articles, case studies, and information about new
technologies
www.buildinggreen.com
50
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing &
$ $
INDOOR HEALTH, HOUSEKEEPING
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
& MATERIALS
A healthy indoor environment promotes physical comfort and well-being. The average American
Achieving a healthy indoor environment depends on appropriate ventilation, the spends 90% of their time
selection of high-quality building and fit-out materials and proper cleaning and
maintenance practices. Environmentally responsible, low-toxin, or toxin-free indoors, but the indoor
remodeling and housekeeping practices are the foundations of a healthy indoor environments we create
environment. are often less healthy
than the urban outdoors.
Key issues with indoor health and housekeeping
High-quality indoor air, access to daylight and views, and the materials and
products used to build and clean our living spaces all impact our health and
well-being. However, conventional perceptions of what makes urban architecture
and interior design desirable and livable have overlooked and undervalued our
connection to nature and the services it provides. As a result, many older buildings
have been retrofitted in a manner that disconnects inhabitants from nature,
often diminishing the building’s capacity to support healthy living conditions by
minimizing daylight, perpetuating mold growth, and exposing us to various toxins.
Some products and materials can reduce the indoor environmental quality of
your home. Typically indoor air quality deteriorates when these materials are
introduced to your living spaces and emit unhealthy chemicals that are suspected
or are known to be toxic to humans.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are chemical gases emitted from solids and
liquids. VOCs, some of which are proven carcinogenic, are emitted by a wide
array of materials and products found throughout the home, including paints and
lacquers, paint strippers, varnishes and wax, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building
materials, carpeting, fabrics and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and
printers—these all contain organic solvents. Key signs or symptoms associated
with concentrated exposure to VOCs include eye irritation, nose and throat
discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting,
nose bleeds, fatigue, and dizziness. All of these products can release organic
compounds while you are using them and, to a lesser degree, when they are stored.
Due to the age of many historic buildings, they may contain toxins that are widely
acknowledged today, but were not known to cause any bodily harm at the time of
installation. These particular toxins, such as lead and asbestos, are normally found
in building materials rather than household cleaning supplies.
$ $ $
• Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound widely found in adhesives,
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
52
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing &
$ $
• Urea-formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and asthma trigger. It is widely
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO COST
Use doormats to limit the introduction of dirt, allergens, and outdoor debris
Doormats are one of the easiest and lowest-cost opportunities for maintaining
healthy indoor conditions. A majority of the dirt, particulates, and debris that enter
your home through your main door are carried in on your shoes. Well-maintained
door mats could improve indoor air quality and reduce the need for cleaning.
$ $ $
pouring them down the drain can be harmful to fish and other wildlife and
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Proper disposal of prescription their habitats. Follow the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug
medications: Administration (FDA) and the White House Office of National Drug Control
Follow any specific disposal instructions Policy (ONDCP) for the proper disposal of prescription medications (see
on the drug label or patient information sidebar).
that accompanies the medication. Do
not flush prescription drugs down the Identify and mitigate naturally occurring pollutants
toilet unless this information specifically • Mold and mildew: Mold and mildew are linked to respiratory illness and if
instructs you to do so. found should be removed. Check for mold and mildew in locations where
water leaks are likely to occur.
If no instructions are given, throw the
drugs in the household trash, but first: • Radon: Concentrations of radon vary tremendously from building to
Remove the drugs from their original building, and testing is the only way to know if you and your family are at
containers and mix them with an risk from radon. Professional companies can conduct a radon test, or simple
undesirable substance, such as used coffee self-test kits are available for under $50. Because radon levels can vary
grounds or kitty litter. The medication inside a building seasonally, accurate results may require testing over a nine
will be less appealing to children and pets, to twelve month period. If you find high radon levels (>4.0 pCi/L), install a
and unrecognizable to people who may radon detection and mitigation system (such as an efficient heat recovery
intentionally go through your trash. ventilator); increase ventilation rates and seal cracks in the basement floor,
walls and joints.
Put the drugs (or the mixture of drugs
with an undesirable substance) in
a sealable bag, empty can, or other OPPORTUNITIES—MODERATE/HIGHER COST
container to prevent the medication from
leaking or breaking out of a garbage bag. Utilize nontoxic materials and products for all new interior finishes
• Interior Paint: Use low-VOC or no-VOC paint, dyes, stains, and finishes to
Take advantage of community drug
provide better indoor air quality for occupants. Low-VOC and no-VOC paint
take-back programs that allow the
options have become mainstream and are usually at the same price point as
public to bring unused drugs to a central
location for proper disposal. Call your
traditional paints.
city or county government’s household • Furniture, upholstery and wall coverings: Look for textiles and products that
trash and recycling service to determine are sustainably grown and harvested and made from renewable materials.
if a take-back program is available in Cotton upholstery and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certified wood are
your community. good options. Make sure that the materials you chose minimize your exposure
Source: FDA and ONDCP to VOCs, or any of the chemicals listed in “Common household toxins that
impact our health” earlier in this section.
• Flooring and finishes: Choose composite wood, agrifiber products, and
laminating adhesives that contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins. These
products include particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), plywood,
wheatboard, and strawboard. Use zero- or low-VOC adhesives and sealants to
provide better indoor air quality. Choose materials that have low reflectance
or are glare-resistant.
High-VOC content is still the norm in clear wood finishes, but depending
on the application you can minimize exposure while maximizing durability.
Use FSC-certified wood for millwork and regularly maintain floors and
millwork (especially if they are historic) with natural oils rather than abrasive
chemicals. For new millwork use rapidly renewable materials where feasible.
54
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing &
$ $
• Remediation of Freon: If your household appliances contain Freon, you
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
run the risk of leaks inside your home. Replace them with high-efficiency
models and schedule an appointment with the New York City Department of
Sanitation to remove your old model in an environmentally safe way.
• Abatement and removal of asbestos: Asbestos remediation should be a top
priority for maintaining a healthy indoor environment. The Department of
Buildings can provide guidance on how to safely remove asbestos insulation,
but to minimize your risk of harmful exposure to asbestos and to ensure
proper handling, contact a licensed professional. Asbestos abatement and
removal projects are regulated by the New York State Department of Labor.
For more information see their web site (www.labor.ny.gov/workerprotection/
safetyhealth/DOSH_ASBESTOS.shtm).
• Remediation of lead paint and pipes: If your walls or ceilings were painted
before 1970, they were most likely painted with lead-based paint. If paint
cannot be safely removed, isolate with several layers of lead-free paint or
wallpaper. For removal, contact your local health department to find a licensed
professional who can undertake your lead paint remediation project. Pregnant
women and children should absolutely not be involved in the removal of lead
paint. Lead piping and soldering should be properly removed.
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) Regulations
If your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district
In general, the material in this section is limited to the interior of the building and
does not require LPC review. If the work you are proposing requires a DOB permit,
and your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district, an
LPC permit will also be required.
RESOURCES
BuildingGreen, for articles, case studies and news
www.buildinggreen.com
BuildingGreen Green Spec guide to products for your building
www.greenspec.buildinggreen.com
$ $ $
Appendix
Carpet and Rug Institute for tips on installation, cleaning, and maintenance of
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources
56
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
$ $ $
SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES & OUTDOOR
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
AMENITIES
A sustainable site is designed and managed to maintain or supplement the natural 75% of New York City’s
environment with minimal impact from the urban environment. New York City’s
land area is covered by
urban infrastructure deters water infiltration and absorbs and retains heat,
creating a phenomenon known as the “urban heat island effect,” which causes impervious surfaces.
temperatures in the city to be several degrees warmer than the surrounding
New York City Sustainable
suburbs. Managing your property in a sustainable manner can help decrease
Stormwater Management Plan
the heat island effect as well as reduce energy waste, minimize soil and water
pollution, and maintain a more desirable living space.
OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO COST
Use cleaning products and tools that minimize waste
Use cleaning tools, such as conventional mops and brooms, and reusable hand
cloths as much as possible to minimize waste. Regular use of paper towels and
disposable floor sweeping tools are convenient, but contribute considerably to
household waste.
$ $ $
• Encourage biodiversity. Provide a native habitat, either as a yard or rooftop
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A that attracts insects, butterflies and birds. This approach will also contribute
to pest management.
• Maintain healthy soil and water. Maintaining healthy soil absorbs more
water and encourages deeper roots. Use topsoil and plant material that
requires little fertilizer and rainwater. Using mulch keeps plant roots cool,
minimizes evaporation, prevents soil from crusting, and reduces weed
growth. Designate portions of your yard or rooftop garden that do not
require regular mowing, cutting, cultivation, fertilization, or watering. If
pest control is necessary, use biological and natural controls, including use
of fungal pathogens and plant extracts as bio-pesticides.
Maintain compost
Compost organic food and landscape waste to enrich landscape soils. Rotate
compost routinely to encourage decomposition and prevent pests. To find a local
composting organization, visit www.nyc.gov/wasteless/compost.
58
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
$ $ $
Utilize integrated pest management to reduce toxins around the home
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
Reduce heat island effect of your roof As a building owner, you can reduce
your contribution to the urban heat
See section on Walls & Roofs for more information on roof treatments and island by increasing tree and vegetative
materials or vegetated roof opportunities. cover, at the ground and roof levels;
installing light-colored or reflective
Improve rainwater management on your property roofing materials; and using light colored
pavements. Even inexpensive white
• Use rain barrels and cisterns. With an average of four inches of rainfall per roof coatings can reduce your rooftop
month, nonpotable water is abundant and fairly consistent in New York City. temperature in summer by 40°F or more!
Capture and store rainwater in cisterns for graywater use such as landscape
irrigation.
• Install permeable paving. For outdoor parking, patios, and walkways, install
permeable systems wherever possible, to allow rainwater to infiltrate the soil
instead of running off into the storm sewer or your basement. Select open
grid pavement systems that are at least 50% pervious and accommodate
vegetation within open cells. Open grid pavement systems are common
and come in a variety of materials (brick, stone, concrete, tile, and plastics),
decorative styles and levels of durability (load tolerance from usage types,
e.g., cars versus trucks).
• Install a vegetated roof. Vegetated rooftops can function on more than one
level. In addition to being a great way to reclaim underutilized urban spaces,
support biodiversity and reduce the heat island effect, they also help minimize
the amount of rainwater runoff in our city’s combined sewer system. Before
installing a vegetated roof system, consult a structural engineer to ensure your
building can support the additional load.
$ $ $
coated) finishes are more durable than sprayed finishes and create less
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
See section on Lighting & Electrical for more information on lighting strategies.
Down-lighting. In addition to clouding the stars at night,
light pollution can disrupt bird migrations. Outdoor light
fixtures that direct light downward use energy more
efficiently and help reduce light pollution and glare.
Graphic © Terrapin Bright Green
60
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
$ $ $
Minimize the environmental footprint of your structures
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
• Use recycled content in new concrete structures. To reduce the
environmental footprint of new floor slabs or foundation walls, Portland
cement used in concrete should be substituted with more environmentally
responsible options. Using 20% replacement material is common in New
York, but higher percentages are possible and should be discussed with your
engineer and contractor. Take note that the percentage of substitute material,
as well as the type of material used (e.g., fly ash or blast furnace slag), may
impact the curing time for the concrete.
• Use recycled content in concrete amenities. Outdoor tables, retaining
walls, and pathways made of concrete should include recycled content such
as aggregates, shells, glass gravel, and sand to reduce the environmental
footprint. These materials can also add a decorative element with natural
textures and colors.
• Use nontoxic and biodegradable concrete release agents. Select
petroleum-free, sulfur-free products that meet OSHA and EPA standards
and contain the lowest VOC values. For oil-based release agents, select a
vegetable or mineral oil-based product.
• Use sustainable wood products. For fencing, decks, tables, and trellis
structures, use salvaged wood or products certified by the Forest Stewardship
Council (FSC). See section on Rating Systems for more information on
sustainable product labels.
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) Regulations
If your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district
Alterations to yards and areaways may affect the character or physical integrity Rooftop Apiary. The presence of nonaggressive
of your building and its site, and typically requires LPC review. For example, honeybees (Apis mellifera) is an indicator of ecological
altering or replacing “hardscape” features, such as sidewalks, paths, and areaways, health. They pollinate plants and contribute to plant
or installing tree pits or permanent planters will require an LPC permit; planting and animal biodiversity. This worldwide movement
new lawns or shrubs in existing unpaved areas and maintaining existing lawns and continues to rise in support of urban beekeeping.
shrubs will not require an LPC permit. Among the most notable in the United States are the
apiaries at the White House and Chicago City Hall;
atop Manhattan’s Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, the Natural
Department of Buildings (DOB) Regulations Resources Defense Council headquarters at West
Generally, larger-scale work requires a building permit from the DOB. The DOB 20th Street, the offices of Terrapin Bright Green and
requires permits for sidewalk alteration, large reroofing projects, and installation Cook+Fox Architects on 6th Avenue (above); and
of green roofs. Roof drainage is regulated by the New York City Plumbing Code, Brooklyn Grange farm in Long Island City, Queens.
and the Building Code has requirements for roof reflectance, as well as for the Photo © Terrapin Bright Green
materials used for roof systems. If the work you are proposing requires a DOB
permit and your property is a City landmark or a building in a City historic district,
$ $ $
LPC Permit Examples: yards/areaways an LPC permit will also be required. If you are not sure if the work you intend
ting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A to do requires a permit, consult the DOB web site or call the DOB office in the
No Permit Required borough where the property is located. DOB Rule 101-14 establishes categories of
• Maintaining lawns or shrubs work that may be classified as a minor alteration or ordinary repair and therefore
• Planting new lawns or shrubs in may be exempt from the permit requirements of the New York City construction
existing unpaved areas codes. Rule 101-14 can be found on the City’s web site (www.nyc.gov/html/dob/
downloads/rules/1_RCNY_101-14.pdf ).
• Placing nonpermanent planting pots,
planter boxes, or window boxes
RESOURCES
Permit Required* Beekeeping
• Installing pavement in yard areas
previously unpaved
NYC Public Health Entomology Unit, for information about regulations and best
practices in New York City
• Removing or replacing paving
materials in yards, areaways, or beekeeping@health.nyc.gov
sidewalks New York City Beekeepers Association (NYCBA) can provide resources from local
• Installing or removing permanently beekeeping enthusiasts
installed planters
www.nyc-bees.org
• Installing or enlarging tree pits
Cornell University Master Beekeeper Program teaches and certifies those who
wish to become master beekeepers
Source: Landmarks Preservation Commission
* LPC Tech Sheet, Chapter 6: Site Work
www.masterbeekeeper.org
Landscaping
LPC Tech Sheet, Chapter 6: Site Work
The LCP Tech Sheet explains requirements for sidewalks, sidewalk cafes, yards,
areaways, landscaping, fences, driveways, and swimming pools, as well as work
affecting mature trees in the Douglaston, Riverdale, and Sunnyside Gardens
historic districts.
BuildingGreen, Green Products: Sitework & Landscaping
A hub for articles, products, and case studies pertaining to site work and
landscaping, including but not limited to stormwater, green walls, turf, paving,
erosion protection, pest management, plantings and fencing
www.buildinggreen.com/menus
Green Roofs for Healthy Cities is a nonprofit organization focused on increasing
the awareness of the economic, social, and environmental benefits of green roofs
and green walls, and other forms of living architecture
www.greenroofs.org
MillionTrees NYC is part of the PlaNYC’s goal of planting one million trees in
New York City over a decade. This organization can help coordinate tree plantings,
recommend species, and assist with tree maintenance.
www.milliontreesnyc.org
62
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentiv
$ $
Fuel Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
Types of fuels and renewable energy available to small historic buildings in New York City
Petroleum-based fuels and natural gas are the most common energy sources for
heating. In New York City, our electricity is generated from low-carbon nuclear,
hydroelectric, and natural gas. Renewable energy technologies are increasing
in prevalence, the most common of which include biodiesel blends, solar
photovoltaic and solar thermal systems, geothermal systems, wind turbines, and
residential-scale fuel cells.
• Heating oil: Fossil fuels used in boilers and furnaces in New York City include
No. 6, No. 4, and No. 2 heating oils. No. 6 heating oil is the most common
high-pollutant heating fuel in the city today, but is being phased out by new
City regulations. No. 4 is less efficient than No. 2 oil because it is mixed
with unprocessed No. 6 oil. No. 2 is the cleanest type of petroleum-based oil
available.
• Biodiesel: Biodiesel is a nonpetroleum, based fuel that contains no sulfur or
heavy metals. Heating oil sold within New York City must contain at least 2%
biodiesel. The low-sulfur blend, known as Bioheat or No. 194-A oil, caps the
allowable sulfur content in fuel oil, reducing sulfur dioxide, particulate matter,
and nitrogen oxide pollution and benefiting the city’s air quality, water quality,
and sewer infrastructure.
• Natural gas: Although increasing use of natural gas is raising concerns
about the environmental implications of harvesting practices, natural gas is
a commonly available and a much cleaner fuel to power boilers and furnaces.
The City encourages a switch to boilers and furnaces fueled by natural
gas. This information can be found in the New York City Department of
Environmental Protection Rules’ Chapter 15, Amendment 2.
• Geothermal: Geothermal technology involves drilling deeps wells, sometimes
more than 1,000 feet below a building, to transfer heat to and from the earth.
It is being used increasingly in historic buildings in New York City because it
eliminates the need for unsightly cooling towers on rooftops. Prime examples
of historic buildings using geothermal are the Chelsea Seminary, the South
Street Seaport, and the AIA Center for Architecture. Geothermal has a low
operating cost, and can provide both heating and cooling capacity, a long life-
expectancy, and minimal maintenance.
• Solar electricity: Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into
electricity, reducing a building’s reliance on the electric grid. A solar PV
array will have the highest efficiency when oriented south-facing with no
shadowing obstructions, which is sometimes difficult to achieve on low-rise
urban buildings. Current PV technology ranges between 20–30% efficient;
nevertheless, they convert solar energy into electricity without emitting
harmful greenhouse gases. In June 2007 New York City was designated a
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
Solar America City under the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar America City
Initiative. The NYC Solar America City Partnership, led by Sustainable CUNY
(the City University of New York), has created an online map locating existing
solar PV and solar thermal installations and gives an estimate of solar PV
potential for every rooftop in the city (http://nycsolarmap.com/).
• Solar thermal: Solar thermal systems use solar collectors to harvest sunlight
for space conditioning and domestic water heating, including jacuzzis and
pools. Solar thermal systems, for which there are several variations, provide
three times the energy per square foot as PV and can provide 50–80% of a
building’s hot water needs. In New York City’s climate, indirect active systems
are the most common for heating domestic hot water.
• Wind: Wind technology uses turbines to capture kinetic energy in the wind
and channel it to electricity production. Wind power makes sense on buildings
that have a constant supply of wind, usually buildings located in less dense
areas or on the waterfront. In order to preserve the character of historic
buildings, turbines should be considered for backyard rather than rooftop
installation.
• Fuel cells: Fuel cell systems utilize natural gas to power and heat your home.
The natural gas is processed and converted to energy—through a chemical
Photovoltaic (solar electrical) energy. Photovoltaic reaction that happens when the hydrogen is oxidized—providing on demand
panels are most effective when installed facing south, electric power and hot water. Fuel cells are expensive and require a constant
on the rooftop or a south-facing wall, without power demand but are reliable outdoor systems that require no major
surrounding shading objects. Check with a professional renovation.
installer to identify the most suitable installment size
and orientation for your rowhouse.
Key issues with petroleum-based fuels
Photo credit: Creative Commons, some rights
reserved by Demeester Approximately 14% of local emissions of particulate matter results from the
combustion of fuel used for heat and hot water (New York City Department
of Environmental Protection). Today, heating systems in historic buildings are
capable of running on cleaner and safer fuel alternatives than when they were
initially built with; however, keeping fuel systems up to date and compliant with
New York City Building Codes is an ongoing effort for building owners.
• Energy efficiency issues: Most historic buildings have infrastructure that does
not meet today’s efficiency criteria. Outdated boilers and hot air furnaces tend
to use more fuel to generate the same amount of heat as do current Energy
Star models.
• Heating oil issues: According the New York City Department of
Environmental Protection, the city is one of the few places in the United
States where No. 6 and No. 4 oil are still used as a heating fuel. These
outdated heating fuels are dangerous to building occupant health as well as
the health of the larger community. Smog created by burning petroleum-
based fuels has been linked to respiratory illnesses, heart disease, and
premature heart attacks. Boilers using these heavier grades of oil (No. 6 and
No. 4) tend to be more difficult to operate and properly maintain, which
often leads to smoke complaints and building violations.
64
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentiv
$ $
Fuel Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
OPPORTUNITIES—LOW/NO COST
Before switching to an alternative fuel, identify the simple modifications that
can be made to improve efficiency. See section on Heating & Cooling for more
information on equipment sizing.
• Avoid peak time usage. Conducting certain domestic activities such as
running the dishwasher or taking a hot shower after 9pm will help keep your
utility bills low.
• Maintain your mechanical system. Overuse of your mechanical system can
cause unnecessary wear and reduced efficiency as the system requires more
fuel to achieve the same energy output. Well-maintained systems will be more
efficient over their lifetime.
• Maintain renewable energy systems regularly. Routinely clean debris (soot,
pollen, leaves) and snow from solar collectors to maintain efficiency and
maximize longevity.
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
OPPORTUNITIES—MODERATE COST
Switch to a cleaner burning fuel
Historic buildings will most likely have boilers built to burn No. 6 oil, which is
a sludgy substance that releases a large amount of soot when burnt. The DEP is
gradually phasing out the use of No. 6 oil and encouraging New York City buildings
to switch to much cleaner No. 2 oil instead. No. 4 oil is also available as an
alternative, but it is inefficient to make, since it is a mix of energy-intensive No. 2
oil and polluting No. 6 oil. Permits for No. 6 will be eliminated by July 2015. Newly
installed boilers and burners must use No. 2 or No. 4 oil, natural gas or another
low-emission fuel, such as biofuel. Biofuel is a clean-burning fuel that is produced
using renewable sources like soybeans or used cooking oil. It burns cleaner, is
biodegradable, and is almost sulfur-free. When switching to a boiler that uses fuel
more efficiently as well as cleaner fuel, look at Energy Star–certified models.
OPPORTUNITIES—HIGHER COST
Install solar thermal systems for water heating
If you are considering installing a solar thermal (hydronic) system in your building,
have a licensed contractor handle the installation. It is important to site the solar
thermal system so that it both receives enough direct sunlight to make it cost-
effective and maintains the historic character of your building. You should consult
a structural engineer to ensure that your building can support the additional load
of the system. Also consider these tips:
• Provide space in a utility room or closet for an additional hot water storage
tank. Using solar thermal in combination with a traditional hot water heater
can cut water heating costs by as much as 80%.
• If your building is located in one of New York City’s Solar Empowerment
Zones, designated areas of the city where solar energy use is most feasible
from a technical standpoint, you may qualify for a range of implementation
benefits from the city government. See www.nyc.gov for more information
Solar options. Often more cost- and energy-efficient about Solar Empowerment Zones.
than photovoltaic panels, solar thermal can be installed
• Careful calculation of building loads will help ensure your solar thermal
on most buildings for domestic water heating. The solar
system provides low-cost, energy-efficient hot water.
thermal vacuum tubes in this photo were installed on
a historic building in Brooklyn Heights. See the Sidney • Use the internal rate of return (IRR), or break-even time, which is the amount
Place Passive House case study for more detail. of time the system takes to pay for itself, to determine whether a solar system
Photo © 475 High Performance Building Supply is a viable opportunity for you (www.solar-estimate.org).
• Visit the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (www.solar-rating.org)
for informative “solar facts” on types of solar collectors, performance data,
ratings, durability and other issues.
66
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentiv
$ $
Fuel Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & C
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
$ $ $
Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings Green Rowhouse Manual
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
will also be required. If you are not sure if the work you intend to do requires a
permit, consult the DOB web site or call the DOB office in the borough where the
property is located.
RESOURCES
Environmental Defense Fund, for information on clean heating fuels, and to find
out what kind of fuel buildings in your neighborhood use
www.edf.org/cleanheat
www.edf.org/edf-map-dirty-heating-oil-new-york-city
National Biodiesel Board, for information about biodiesel as a heating fuel
www.nbb.org
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA),
Offers a variety of incentives for upgrading systems
www.nyserda.ny.gov
GreenTechMedia, for articles and developing technologies
www.greentechmedia.com
Solar Estimator
Determine your rate of return (break-even) for solar and wind technologies
www.solar-estimate.org
NYC Solar America City, a CUNY program providing a NYC Solar Map,
information on Solar Empowerment Zones, and resources to navigate the solar
thermal and PV installation process.
www.cuny.edu/about/resources/sustainability/solar-america.html
Solar Thermal Consortium’s Roadmap for NYS shows solar thermal potential
across the state
www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1030
Solar Rating & Certification Corporation, for ratings, durability, and efficiency
information of different systems.
www.solar-rating.org
See the section on Incentives & Programs for state and federal government
incentives that help make project financing more accessible.
68
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Do
$ $ $
RATING SYSTEMS & PERFORMANCE
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
STANDARDS
In the 1990s, as the sustainability movement grew in the building industry, it
became clear that the industry needed standards to quantitatively measure green
building components. This led to a proliferation of standards for individual
products, such as carpets and woods, as well as more comprehensive building
and community scale certification programs. A primary objective of these rating
systems has been to support market transformation by identifying the important
issues in the industry and the goals for improvement. Existing building reuse
has always been a valuable component of these rating systems, and as we learn
more about embodied energy, the recognition of the intrinsic value of historic
buildings increases.
BUILDING OPPORTUNITIES
Home Performance with Energy Star®
Most New Yorkers qualify for a free or reduced-cost comprehensive home energy
audit and low-cost financing through the US EPA’s Home Performance with
Energy Star. NYSERDA manages the program for the State of New York and uses
a network of independent home improvement contractors to identify energy
efficiency improvement opportunities and to test homes using a “whole-house”
approach. From the initial visit to your home, to installation of energy efficiency
work through to project completion, the program is designed to serve as a “one-
stop shop” process. Homeowners learn where their home is wasting energy
and know what to expect from their contractors and how to obtain additional
information about moving forward. Details on how to participate and find a
contractor near you can be accessed on the NYSERDA web site (www.nyserda.
ny.gov/residential).
$ $ $
LEED®
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is a program of the
US Green Building Council (www.usgbc.org) that provides building owners and
operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and
measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance
solutions. The LEED program offers a series of certification paths; the
following are the most common among historic and other existing small
residential buildings.
LEED for New Construction & Major Renovations (LEED-NC)
LEED-NC certification relates to the environmental impact of design and
construction of a new building, but also the major renovation of an existing
building. LEED-NC focuses on energy performance, indoor environmental quality,
water efficiency, materials and resources, and waste management.
LEED projects are certified by the Green Building Certification Institute (www
.gbci.org). For more information on the type of projects eligible for LEED
certification or for LEED reference guides, visit the USGBC web site (www.usgbc
.org/LEED).
PRODUCT-SCALE OPPORTUNITIES
There are many product-scale systems that could inform your materials and
product selections. Some certified products may have a higher up-front cost
compared to a similar yet uncertified products; however, their high-efficiency or
positive health impact may amount to savings for you in the long-run. This short
list of product rating systems should help you get started.
70
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Do
$ $ $
Carpet and Rug Institute’s Green Label
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resourc
Cradle to Cradle®
The Cradle to Cradle (C2C) Certified program is a third party, multi-attribute eco-
label administered by the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (www
.c2ccertified.org) that assesses a product’s safety to humans and the environment
for future life cycles. The materials and manufacturing practices of each product
are assessed in five categories: material health, material reutilization, renewable
energy use, water stewardship, and social responsibility. C2C certified products
are designed to be easily reusable by humans or nature. An example would include
lock-in-place wood flooring that can be easily removed for reuse elsewhere. More
information is also available on the McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry
(MBDC) web site (www.mbdc.com).
Energy Star®
Energy Star is an US EPA supported program that certifies appliances and other
household devices for energy efficient performance. Certified products use
20–30% less energy on average than required by federal standards. Energy Star
certified products include refrigerators, dishwashers, heating and air conditioning
systems, televisions and other home electronics, battery chargers, lighting,
computers and servers. For more information, visit the Energy Star web site (www
.energystar.gov).
$ $ $
at reducing the research required to identify risk in using building products. For
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
WaterSense®
WaterSense, a label proliferated by the US EPA, certifies water-using appliances
use at least 20% less water than required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, without
sacrificing performance. The WaterSense program labels toilets, urinals, lavatory
faucets, and showerheads. For more information, visit the WaterSense web site
(www.epa.gov/watersense).
72
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
$ $ $
INCENTIVES & PROGRAMS
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
Key issues
• Federal, state and city incentive programs for energy efficiency upgrades tend
to change their criteria every few years, so it is important to check for the
latest version of each program’s criteria and benefits when you are ready to
apply.
• Most federal, state and city incentive programs tend to be categorized by
technology (e.g., solar panels) or efficiency measure (e.g., home insulation),
rather than the objectives of a renovation project (e.g., improved energy
efficiency), so building owners need to know what they are looking for
in order to find it. For example, NYSERDA, one of the largest state-level
providers of retrofit incentives, offers programs for installing solar thermal
systems that differ from those for installing solar photovoltaic systems, even
though both approaches help improve the energy efficiency of a building. This
can pose a challenge for building owners unfamiliar with the opportunities
available for their building type.
OPPORTUNITIES
Rehabilitating historic buildings with energy efficiency upgrades is a practical
undertaking. Although there is a high up-front cost when installing an energy-
efficient boiler or appliance, these upgrades will yield lower operating costs
overtime, and generally result in a payback period of just a few years.
• When organizing the installation of your program, NYSERDA’s database of
approved and licensed contractors is a great resource in choosing someone to
carry out your retrofit or upgrade.
• Consult with your accountant and the agencies offering incentive programs
early on to ensure your property and upgrade plans meet all of the
qualifications requirements for the incentive.
$ $ $
performed (both interior and exterior) must meet the Secretary of the Interior’s
able Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
State Level
New York State Tax Credit Program for Income Producing Properties
Owners of income producing properties that have been approved to receive the
20% federal rehabilitation tax credit (see page 73) automatically qualify for an
additional state tax credit for 20% of the qualified rehabilitation expenditures up
to $5,000,000. In order to qualify, the placed-in-service date must be after January
1, 2010, and the property must be located in an eligible census tract. There is no
application form. Visit the web site for details and frequently asked questions
(FAQ).
www.nysparks.com/shpo/tax-credit-programs
Before
New York State Historic Home Ownership Rehabilitation Tax Credit
Rehabilitation work on historic residential structures may qualify for a tax
incentive. Houses must be an owner-occupied residential structure and be
individually listed on the State or National Register of Historic Places, or a
contributing building in a historic district that is listed on the state or National
Register of Historic Places. Visit the web site for details, frequently asked
questions (FAQ), and application forms.
www.nysparks.com/shpo/tax-credit-programs
New York State Energy Research & Development Authority (NYSERDA)
NYSERDA organizes and runs a variety of programs that provide financial
assistance to those interested in energy efficient upgrades in their homes. There
are a range of incentives programs for single family, multifamily and commercial
properties, as well as incentives geared towards installations of renewable energy
After technologies in your home.
74
Appliances & Plug Loads Walls & Roof Plumbing & Water Windows & Doors Introduction
$ $ $
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
There are no regulations directly applicable to the Incentives & Programs section
of the manual. See individual sections for regulatory information specific to the
opportunity or technology.
RESOURCES
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE):
See “New York State” for specific energy incentives
www.dsireusa.org/incentives
Department of Buildings, Sustainability
Tax abatements for green roofs and solar panels
www.nyc.gov/buildings
Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives
Program offers financial incentives for restoring historic buildings
www.nps.gov/tps/tax-incentives.htm
Preservation Directory
Compiles funding sources for historic preservation projects
www.preservationdirectory.com/PreservationGeneralResources/
GrantsFundingSources.aspx
NYSERDA Renewable Energy Programs
Offer financial incentives for installing renewable energy systems
www.nyserda.ny.gov/Energy-Efficiency-and-Renewable-Programs.aspx
Rehabilitation Tax Credit & Real Estate Tax Tips
www.irs.gov/businesses/small/industries/article/0,,id=97599,00.html
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO)
Governs historic buildings across New York State
www.nysparks.com/shpo
Tax Incentives Assistance Project (TIAP)
A nonprofit group that compiles energy-saving tax incentives
www.energytaxincentives.org
US Department of Energy’s Weatherization Assistance Program provides energy
efficiency incentives
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/apply.cfm
$
$ $
What is a landmark?
The State and National Registers of Historic Places recognize buildings, structures,
districts, objects, and sites that are significant in the history, architecture,
archeology, engineering, and culture of New York and the nation. In New York
City, a landmark is a building, property, or object that has been designated by the
Landmarks Preservation Commission because it has a special character or special
historical or aesthetic interest or value as part of the development, heritage, or
cultural characteristics of the city, state, or nation.
In an effort to uphold the historic culture of New York City, codes and regulations
manage and track environmental and cultural preservation, as well as the quality,
performance, maintenance and safety of construction measures. City, state, and
federal programs and agencies listed here are both regulators and resources for
your renovation project.
Preservation Agencies
National Park Service (NPS)
The federal government lists historic districts and landmarks on the National
Register of Historic Places through the U.S. Department of Interior, under the
auspices of the National Park Service. The NPS oversees the National Historic
Landmarks program, as well as the National Register of Historic Places,
established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. The National
Register is an official list of buildings, structures, districts, objects, and sites
significant in the history and culture of the nation. Generally, properties eligible
for listing in the National Register are at least 50 years old. For more information
and a searchable database of National Register properties, visit the NPS web site
(www.cr.nps.gov/nr/about.htm).
New York State Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation (SHPO)
In New York, the Commissioner of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation
and Historic Preservation, who is also the State Historic Preservation Officer
(SHPO), administers the National Register program. In addition, the New York State
Historic Preservation Act of 1980 established the New York State Register of Historic
Places, because there are properties important to New York State that may not be
eligible for the National Register but are still worthy of recognition and preservation.
There are no restrictions placed on private owners of federal or state registered
properties. Private property owners may sell, alter or dispose of their property as
they wish. However, listed properties receive some protections from the effects
of federal and/or state agency-sponsored, licensed or assisted projects through a
notice, review, and consultation process.
One of the key benefits of owning a registered or eligible property is access to
Federal and State Historic Preservation Tax Incentives, including the New York
State Rehabilitation Tax Credit for Homeowners. These incentives will be more
76
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Appendix A: Regulatory Overview
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
A
fully discussed in the Incentives & Programs chapter. The best way to determine if
your property is listed or eligible for the State or National Register is to contact the
Survey & Evaluation Unit staff member assigned to your county (www.nysparks
.com/shpo/contact/). For additional information, visit the NY SHPO web site
(www.nysparks.com/shpo/national-register/).
OTHER AGENCIES
New York City Department of Buildings (DOB)
The mission of the New York City Department of Buildings is to ensure the safe and
lawful use of buildings and properties by enforcing the Construction Codes and the
Zoning Resolution. The New York City Construction Codes include the Building
Code, Plumbing Code, Fuel Gas Code, Mechanical Code, and Energy Conservation
Code. Most construction in New York City requires a permit, although ordinary
repairs, maintenance, and cosmetic work, such as interior painting or plaster, do not
require a permit.
$
$ $
A
The DOB divides construction work into two main categories: New Buildings and
Alterations. Although different types of work can be done under one application,
more than one permit may be required. For example, different permits are
required for plumbing and construction work, and electrical work must receive
a separate permit directly from the DOB Bureau of Electrical Control. DOB Rule
101-14 establishes categories of work that may be classified as a minor alteration or
ordinary repair and therefore may be exempt from the permit requirements of the
New York City construction codes. Rule 101-14 can be downloaded from the City’s
web site (www.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/rules/1_RCNY_101-14.pdf ).
The DOB also enforces the New York City Energy Conservation Code (NYCECC),
which sets energy-efficiency standards for new construction and alterations to
existing buildings in New York City. Until 2011, renovations were typically exempt
from meeting the energy code, but that changed with the passage of Local Law
85-2010. All building renovations must meet the energy code regardless of scale.
Historic buildings listed on the NY State Register of Historic Places or the National
Register of Historic Places, either individually or as a contributing building in a
historic district, and buildings that have been determined to be eligible for listing
on the state or national registers, are exempt from compliance with the energy
code. City designated buildings that are not also listed or eligible for listing on
the state or national registers, must comply with the energy code. If an owner or
applicant provides documentation to the LPC determining that a property has
been listed or is eligible for listing on the state or national registers, the LPC will
affirm the eligibility of the property as exempt from complying with the energy
code in formal correspondence to the DOB.
Exemptions exist for certain types of work, and City and State codes and
guidelines are often updated. Refer to the most recent editions before beginning
a project. The Greening New York City’s Historic Buildings manual provides
additional DOB regulation information within each section of the manual. For
more information about the DOB application and permit process, or the NYCECC,
visit the DOB web site (www.nyc.gov/buildings).
78
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Appendix b: glossary
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
APpendix B: glossary
Awning: A projecting shading device, usually of made of canvas, mounted on the outside of a door or window.
Ballast: A device (such as a fluorescent lamp) used to provide starting voltage or to stabilize the current in a circuit.
Batt: Pre-cut panels of insulation available in a variety of lengths, widths and R-values. Batt insulation is made to fit within most
regular wall framing, which are usually spaced 12”, 16”, or 24” on center, and for either 8-ft. or 9-ft. high
walls. Batt insulation is available with and without facing.
Biodiversity: The existence of a wide range of different types of organisms in a given place at a given time.
Building science: The study of the interaction between occupants, building components, systems, and the surrounding
environment.
$
$ $
A
concrete block serving a structural purpose and a more
expensive brick chosen for its appearance.
Muntin: A thin framing member that separates the panes of a window sash or
glazed doors.
Rim joist: A sill (sills: the horizontal timbers of a building) which rests on the
foundation, meeting the ends of the joists--( joist: is one of
the set of parallel timbers beneath the floor boards that run
from one side of a building to the other).
R-value: A measure of thermal resistance used in the building and construction
industry.
Sash: The secondary part of a window which holds the glazing in place; may be
operable or fixed; usually constructed of horizontal and
vertical members; sash may be subdivided with muntins.
Sill: The horizontal member at the bottom of a window.
Sill plate: A heavy horizontal timber at the bottom of the frame of a wood
structure; the timber rests directly on a foundation.
Soffit vents: 1. The exposed underside of any architectural element,
especially a roof.
2. The underside of a structural component such as a beam,
arch, or recessed area.
Thermal-break frames: Designed to deal with thermal bridging, which is when
heat leaks through a conductive path such as metal framing.
Thermal bridging can reduce thermal resistance of the wall
and can cause moisture problems for the frame and internal
linings. A thermal break addresses the issue of thermal
bridging.
Thermostatic control: A device sue for items such as a home heating system,
a refrigerator, or an air conditioner, that automatically
responds to temperature changes and activates switches to
control the equipment.
Threshold: The plank, stone, or piece of timber that lies under a door.
Transom: 1. A horizontal bar of wood or stone across a window.
2. The cross-bar separating a door from the window, panel,
or fanlight above it. 3. the window above the transom bar of
a door. 4. the glazed area above a display window or door
separated from the main window area or door by a transom
bar.
Unfaced batts: Pre-cut panels of insulation available in a variety of lengths, widths
and R-values that does not include facing. Batt insulation
is made to fit within most regular wall framing, which are
usually spaced 12”, 16”, or 24” on center, and for either 8-ft.
or 9-ft. high walls.
Vampire loads: Occur when appliances such as the TV, coffee maker and stereo
draw power even when off, in standby or low power mode.
Vapor barrier: A thin layer of special plastic or composite material that prevents
moisture from getting trapped inside the wall where it can
cause mold growth.
Wythe: A continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness. A wythe
may be independent of, or interlocked with, the adjoining
wythe(s). A single wythe of brick that is not structural in
nature is referred to as a veneer.
80
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Appendix C: Case Study
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
$
$ $
Implementation Methodology
Energy audits
The energy retrofit process began with three energy audits, in order to be as
thorough as possible. As a small business, the Settlement qualified for Con
Edison’s Small Business Direct Installation Program. Con Edison sent energy
experts Comverge, Inc. to survey the buildings’ existing lighting, ballasts and
fixtures. The auditors evaluated the type and watts of existing fixtures and lamps;
estimated kW usage of existing equipment; proposed retrofit fixtures and lamps
for 80 separate locations throughout the buildings; and estimated the post retrofit
kW reduction.
The second audit was conducted by the EME Consulting Engineering Group,
LLC as part of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority’s
(NYSERDA) Energy Audit Program. The auditors performed field surveys,
had discussions with facility personnel, and reviewed historic energy usage
to understand the building systems and staff use patterns. The result was an
assessment of one year’s energy use and costs; a survey of existing lighting
conditions; and a description of HVAC, hot water, and other equipment. The
NYSERDA audit offered general recommendations on lighting, boilers and
information on competitive energy markets (ESCOs). The auditors also identified
NYSERDA’s Existing Facilities Program as a possibility for the Henry Street
Settlement. This program offers strategies to obtain financial incentives for energy
efficiency projects. Tier I offers eligible customers financial incentives for the
purchase and installation of pre-qualified energy efficiency measures. Tier II offers
eligible customers financial incentives for performance-based energy efficiency
improvements based upon a technical engineering analysis.
The third and final audit was conducted by Andrew Rudin, an independent
auditor with expertise in historic community facilities. Mr. Rudin’s audit included
a description of existing conditions, the physical characteristics of the buildings,
facility usage, heating and cooling systems, lighting, and metering. He evaluated
the Settlement’s energy performance by installing temperature recorders,
measuring temperature fluctuations for a one–week period in 10 locations
throughout the facility. Rudin also conducted a lighting survey to determine
locations where fluorescent tubes and ballasts should be replaced. This final audit
included an assessment of the pros and cons of implementing certain upgrades.
Overall the auditors found that the Settlement exhibited problems common
to many building types, such as overheating during the winter and inefficient
lighting. All three audits suggested monitoring energy usage and cost; replacing
inefficient lighting; purchasing efficient replacements when things break; and
sealing gaps around windows, doors and air conditioners to reduce air infiltration.
All the audits estimated “payback”—the length of time it would take for
investments to pay for themselves in saved energy costs.
Eco-charrette
After the audits were conducted, MAS, with the help of architect Michael
Kriegh held a day-long eco-charrette—a collaborative design and solutions-
seeking process—at the Henry Street Settlement. An interdisciplinary group of
experts volunteered to investigate the building’s inefficiency issues and discuss
ways to make the buildings more sustainable. The goal was to identify specific
efficiency measures and to develop a phased plan for implementation to help the
Settlement save both energy and money, and provide a more comfortable working
environment. Mr. Kriegh is now working with Settlement staff and some of the
charrette participants to implement the short-term energy efficiency measures
identified at the eco-charrette.
82
Indoor Health & Housekeeping Rating Systems Incentives Sustainable Site Case Studies
$ $ $
Appendix C: Case Study
Renewable Energy Lighting & Electrical Heating & Cooling Key Resources Appendix
User behavior
There are approximately 48 employees working in the Henry Street Headquarter
buildings each weekday. Their behavior has a huge impact on the amount of energy
used. After a walk-through of the buildings, eco-charrette participants identified
a number of ways that the Settlement could cut back on energy use simply by
unplugging redundant copy machines, computers, and other appliances to avoid
draining electricity when they are on standby. However, changing ingrained
behavior can be difficult. A conscious effort must be made both individually and
collectively to change behavior.
Some suggestions to help Henry Street employees use less energy included:
• Hold a staff charrette to solicit ideas and generate interest.
• Conduct ongoing staff education on building usage.
• Establish a dialogue among facilities staff and office staff.
• Demonstrate rapid, positive change by addressing basic measures.
• Send institutional signals (Create a HSSH specific Green Manual, signage,
waste reduction guidelines).
• Turn off nonessential energy-guzzling appliances, such as rarely used
refrigerators.
$
$ $
A
Until the boilers at the Settlement’s headquarters can be replaced with more
efficient boilers, it was recommended that they be tuned and that the water
temperature be reduced from 140 to 110 degrees. It was also suggested to install
thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) on existing radiators to allow individual
temperature control in each room. NYSERDA also recommended insulating the
steam and hot water pipes in accordance with the NYS Energy Conservation
Construction Code, which will prevent heat loss and make the overall system more
efficient. The Settlement is now working on acquiring a full-fledged mechanical
report in order to better understand the pros, cons, and feasibility of switching to
another system.
Windows
An assessment of the Henry Street windows was completed by experts from
engineering firm Thornton Tomasetti. Their assessment found that some of the
Settlement’s historic, single-pane windows could be made more efficient. The
assessment also found that some of the original windows across the rear façade
had been replaced, and, in fact, these replacement windows were leaking air that
caused drafts.
A detailed window analysis determined that the best way to help improve the
historic window’s thermal efficiency was to install interior storm windows.
Interior storm windows provide a layer of insulation without interfering with
the historic character of the original windows. Thornton Tomasetti studied
the windows thermo-graphically with an infrared camera and analyzed the
results using softwares called THERM and WINDOW, which model two-
dimensional heat-transfer effects in building components to predict storm window
performance.
Two of the original windows at the front of the building will be fitted with custom-
made advanced energy interior storm windows. Window tests will be repeated to
determine the efficiency of the new storm windows and ensure that they are an
effective solution.
Water
Participants of the eco-charrette discussed several ways the Henry Street
Settlement could conserve water. Short-term suggestions included installing
low-flow aerators on faucets to reduce the amount of water released. Aerators
are inexpensive and can cut water usage by up to 50%. Suggestions also included
conducting a late-night leak investigation to find any major sources of leaks. Some
medium and long-term suggestions included installing dual-flush mechanisms on
existing toilets and replacing restroom faucets with sensor activated faucets on an
ongoing basis. Implementing a graywater recycling system was also suggested as a
way to further reduce water consumption.
84
Acknowledgments
The Municipal Art Society of New York:
Vin Cipolla, President
Eugenie Birch, Chair MAS Board of Directors
Laurie Beckelman, MAS Board & Chair MAS Preservation Committee
Charles Platt, MAS Board & Chair Emeritus MAS Preservation Committee
MAS Staff:
Ronda Wist
*Lisa Kersavage
Aileen Gorsuch
Hazel Balaban
*Jean Tatge
Dale Ramsey
Mary Rowe
André Allaire
(*Indicates former MAS staff members.)
Voice
for the
future
of our
city.