WORD FORMATION

SUFFIXES: They go after the base form and they change their word class, but they dont usually change their meaning. A) FORMING NOUNS
N 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. SUFFIX -ER -OR -(R)ESS -IAN -IST -ISM -SHIP -HOOD -DOM -NESS -(I)TY, -(A / I)BILITY -ETY -CY -TH -URE -ANCE, -ENCE -MENT -ION -ATION -AL -ING MEANING person person person person person abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract / measures abstract / thing abstract / thing action / thing action / thing action / thing action thing RELATED TO verbs verbs nouns (feminine) nouns -IC / adj. -IC / verbs nouns / root nouns -IST adj. -IC, -ISTIC verbs -IZE (-ISE) nouns nouns nouns / adjectives adjectives adjectives adjectives -(A / I)BLE adjectives adjectives -TIC, -ENT, -ATE adjectives verbs / root verbs / adj. ANT, -ENT verbs verbs verbs verbs verbs EXAMPLES driver, painter, teacher actor, collector, director actress, goddess, waitress musician / electrician / guardian artist, cyclist / scientist journalism, optimism heroism, pessimism realism, socialism friendship, hardship, relationship adulthood, childhood, neighbourhood kingdom / boredom, freedom darkness, loneliness, madness certainty, honesty / activity, reality probability, capability / responsibility, possibility anxiety, safety, society democracy / frequency / privacy death, truth / strength, length failure, pleasure / picture appearance / fragrance / dependence / silence arrangement, development, excitement / apartment attraction, creation, expression admiration, expectation, information / variation arrival, refusal, survival building, feeling, meaning

B) FORMING VERBS
N 1. 2. 3. 4. SUFFIX -EN -IFY -ATE -IZE (-ISE) RELATED TO adjectives / nouns root root root EXAMPLES sharpen, shorten / lengthen, strengthen identify, simplify, terrify celebrate, originate, separate apologize, organize, realize

C) FORMING ADJECTIVES
N 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. SUFFIX -ANT -ENT -ATE -(T)IC -IST -AL -Y -FUL -LESS -AN / -ESE / -ISH -OUS -IVE -ABLE -IBLE -ED -ING RELATED TO nouns -ANCE nouns -ENCE, -CY nouns -CY, -ATION nouns -IST, -ISM nouns -ISM / adjectives -AL nouns noun noun (= with) noun (= without) nationalities root verbs verbs / nouns -ABILITY verbs / nouns -IBILITY / root verbs (passive meaning) verbs (active meaning) EXAMPLES arrogant, constant, important dependent, different / efficient, frequent accurate, private / considerate, moderate artistic, optimistic, realistic communist, fascist, pacifist / nationalist, socialist accidental, global, logical dirty, hungry, sunny careful, helpful, useful careless, helpless, useless European, Japanese, British curious, fabulous, nervous active, decisive, expressive acceptable, understandable / probable accessible, possible, visible bored, excited, tired boring, exciting, tiring

D) FORMING ADVERBS
N 1. 2. SUFFIX -LY -WARDS RELATED TO adjectives adverbs (= direction) EXAMPLES actively, carefully, comfortably backwards, northwards, upwards