Sonny An

US History Honors October 8th, 2012

Chapter 7, Sections 2 & 3 Textbook Notes Section 2: Rise of Industrialism Late 1800s: Carnegie forges a steel empire. Introduced Bessemer converter and open-hearth steelmaking. 1870 to 1890: Price of steel rails drop from $107 to $32. The man who dies rich, dies disgraced.

1865 to end of 1800s: U.S. becomes an industrial giant. Coal for fueling machinery equally important as iron ore for steelmaking.

1876 to 1931: Thomas Alva Edison patented > than 1,000 inventions over his lifetime. (Menlo Park laboratory). Promised a minor invention every ten days and a big thing every six months or so.

1860 to 1900: United States Patent Office grants 676,000 patents. 1876: Alexander Grahams telephone.

Improved transportation: Country national market. 1880s: Gustavus Swift creates national meatpacking network. o Developed refrigerated railroad car.

1861: John Wanamaker introduces fixed prices and window displays. Macys, Marshall Field, and Jordan Marsh soon to follow.

1870 to 1900: Money spent on advertising increased from $50 million to $542 million. Merger: Combining of several competing firms under a single head. Solution to boom-or-bust business instability. 1882: Rockefellers Standard Oil: 40 companies = 90% of nations pipelines, 84% of nations refined oil. Horizontal integration: Merges all competing companies in one area of business.

Sonny An
US History Honors October 8th, 2012

Vertical integration: One business controls all aspects of production. Nouveau riche class and the Gilded Age. Robber barons.

Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism. William G. Sumner: If we do not like the survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, and that is the survival of the unfittest. 1882: Spencer honored by American business leaders.

Section 3: Populism and Protest July 2nd, 1892: Peoples party holds first convention. Also known as Populist Party. Leaders include: o o o Ignatius Donnelly (orator). Mary E. Lease: raise corn and more hell. Sockless Jerry Simpson wore no silk socks like his princely Republican opponent. 1870s: Farmers produce too much crops. Prices drop widespread rural suffering. o o o o o Became debt-ridden sharecroppers. 1874: Grasshoppers devour crops, clothes, and even plow handles. 1886: Drought. 1888: School Childrens Storm kills > than 200 children. In God we trust, in Kansas we busted. 1800s: Homesteaders vs. nature.

1867: Patrons of Husbandry (also known as Grange). 1875: 1 million members from New England to Texas. Wanted govt to step in on railroad freight rates and fund agricultural colleges. Formed sales cooperatives.

1880s: Farmers Alliances.

Sonny An
US History Honors October 8th, 2012

1892: James Weaver (Populist) loses to Grover Cleveland (Democrat). Populist Party gains 14 seats in Congress, wins 2 governorships, receives largest # of popular votes in 1800s. 1893: 2.5 million Americans, about 20% of labor force, unemployed. 1894: 4 million unemployed.

1896: Democracy adopts Populist ideals, including unlimited coinage of silver. William McKinley, Republican nominee, wins by 600,000 votes. o Standard Oil donates $250,000 to his campaign.

Union: Organization for mutual benefit. Knights of St. Crispin: Nearly 50,000 members to block unskilled workers (machinemade). Did not survive. 1877: National railroad strike. 1869 to 1880s: Knights of Labor: Secret society national proportions. Welcomed all gainfully employed persons. Wanted new laws and reforms for workers. Mary Harris Jones: Lost a lot, found Knights of Labor. Becomes the most dangerous woman in America. 1886: Peak at 700,000 members. Later replaced by American Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel Gompers.

Protests and Violence: Labor movement meets resistance. May 3rd, 1886: Haymarket Riot. 1892: Homestead Strike: Carnegie Steel Company reduced wages. 1890s: Coeur dAlene: Western Federation of Miners in Idaho. 1894: Pullman Strike: Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union. o 1895: Supreme Court allows injunction: Order to end a strike.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.