MATHS

UNIT 5: EQUATION

UNIT 5: EQUATION

OUTLINE 1.- IDENTITY AND EQUATIONS 2.- THE FIRST DEGREE EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE. (ONE UNKNOWN) 3.- SECOND DEGREE EQUATIONS. 4.- SOLVING PROBLEMS. APENDIX: MATHEMATICS AND ISLAM.

ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS VOCABULARY

EL GRADO EN EL ADJETIVO. ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS. EL SUPERLATIVO. LOS ADJETIVOS IRREGULARES. SUBORDINADAS DE RAZN. PHONETICS

1) AMOUNT 2) 3) DISCOUNT

// /e/ /a/ // // /a/

Elena Santofimia

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS

MATHS
UNIT 5: EQUATION

1.- IDE TITY A D ECUATIO S. An algebraic equality is a equality between two algebraic expressions. In an algebraic equality we have two members and unknown values (variable) which it represent by letters, the letters of the literal part. Those values have to be calculated so that they must verify the equality. st nd 1 member = 2 member Identity: A identity is an equality which is true for any values of the unknowns. For example: 3 x 2 = 3x 6 Any value of the unknown verifies the equality. Equation: An equation is an algebraic equality which is true for only a value of the unknown which we must calculate. To solve an equation: Its to find the values of the unknowns so that the equality be true. Equivalent equations: Two equations are equivalents if they have the same solution. For example: x= 9 is solution of the following equations: 3x 3= 6 ; 2x= 18 To Solve an equation: we must find the solution to what we have to transform the original equation in another equivalent equation which be easier to solve. For this we can do some math transformations like the following: 1. Add or subtract the same expression to both members of the equation. 2. Multiply or divide both members by the same number. For example: To solve the equation 4x 3= 2x 1 , we are going to follow the next steps. 1. Subtract 2x to both members: 4x 3 2x= 1 2. Add 3 to both members: 4x 2x= 1 3 3. Add or subtract similar terms: 2x= 2
2x 2 4. Put on the unknown alone in a member: Divide by 2 to both members. 2 = 2 In fact, we are doing the folloing: x= 1

1. The expression which is adding in a member, (or substracting), it pass at the other member substracting (or adding) 2. The expression which is dividing in a member, (or multiplying), it pass at the other member multiplying (or dividing).

Elena Santofimia

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS

MATHS
UNIT 5: EQUATION

2.- THE FIRST DEGREE EQUATIO I O E VARIABLE (WITH O E U K OW ) A first degree equation in one variable is an equality in which appears only one unknown variable, and polynomial expressions of the first degree. For example 3x 2= 7

How can we solve that kind of equations? To solve it we must follow the following steps: Steps Example: 2 x 1 7x= 25 1.- We must make the brackets or 2x 2 7x= 25 square brackets 2.- We must add or substract similar 9x 2= 25 terms in both members. 3.- We must put the terms with 9x= 25 2 unknown variables in a member and the numbers without variable in the other. We can use the previous paragraph transformations. 4.- We must put the unknowun 9x= 27 9x = 27 x= 3 9 9 variable alone in a member. We can use the previous paragraph transformations. 5.- We must check the solution. 2 3 1 7 3= 25 2 2 21= 25 25= 25
Example: 3x 4 3+x = 2 x+1 1 (sol: x= 5 )

IF THE EQUATIO S HAVE DE OMI ATORS: Firstly, we have to try to put the same denominator in all the fractions by the following way: steps Example:
LCM 3,6,2 = 6
2x 1 x 2x 3 = 6 2 3 6 2 6 2x 1 6x 6 2x 3 = 6 2 3 6 2 2 2x 1 x=12 3 2x 3 6
A.N.L.: MATHS
2x 1 x 2x 3 = 2 3 6 2

1.- We look for the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the denominators. 2.- We multiply to both members by that LCM.

3.- We simplify the denominators

Elena Santofimia

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

MATHS
UNIT 5: EQUATION

In that moment, we have a equation like we studied previously, and we can solve it without problems.

3.- SECO D DEGREE EQUATIO S. A second degree equation is like that:

ax 2 +bx+c=0

Where a 0 and x is the unknown variable.

How can we solve that kind of equations? To solve a second degree equation, we are going to distinguish several cases depending on the value of the coefficients. Complete equation: a equation is complete if all the coefficient are not zero( a,b,c 0 ). In that case it is solved by a expression in function of the coefficients. The expression is the following:
ax 2 +bx+c=0

Solution: x=
2 Example: x 4x 5= 0 Solution:

b b2 4 a c 2a

a= 1; b= 4 ; c= 5

x=

4 42 4 1 5 4 16 20 4 36 = = = 21 2 2 4 6 2 x 1= = =1 2 2 4 6 10 = = 5 x 2= 2 2

The solutions are x=1, 5

Incomplete equation: a equation is incomplete if one or some of the coefficient are 0. In theese cases we are not going to use the previous expression because we can solve it by easy algebraic methods.
2 If b= 0 , we have the following equation: ax +c=0 .

Elena Santofimia

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS

MATHS
UNIT 5: EQUATION
2 Solution of ax +c=0 2 Example: 2x 8= 0

ax 2= c

x 2=

c a

2x 2= 8

x 2=

8 =4 2

x=

c a

x= 4= 2

2 If c= 0 , we have the following equation: ax +bx=0

2 Solution of ax +bx=0

2 Example: 3x 7x= 0

x ax+b = 0 x= 0 ax+b= 0 {}

x 3x 7 = 0 x= 0 3x 7= 0 {}

x= 0 b x= a {}

x= 0 7 x= 3 {}

In that case, the value 0 of the variable is always a solution In all cases we can know the number of solutions by an expression that it is called Discriminant , whose simbol is and its expression is the following (in function of the coefficients of the expression of the second degree equation
ax 2 +bx+c=0 ):
= b 2 4 ac

1. If > 0 2. If = 0 If < 0

The equation have two solutions The equation have only one solution (double) The equation have not real solution, because it appears a negative radicand

Elena Santofimia

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS

MATHS
UNIT 5: EQUATION

4.- SOLVI G PROBLEMS. To solve problems by equations, we need to follow the next steps: 1. We find the unknown variable and give it name. In general, it is given by the question of the problem. 2. We translate to algebraic language the statement. We will se it by examples. By this proceeding, we obtain the equation which solve the problem. 3. We solve the equation that we have obtained. 4. We answer the question, that is to say, we have to give the solution of the problem, and sometimes the solution of the equation is not the solution of the problem. Examples: Problems of ages Geometric problems Problems of mixtures Numeric problems

Elena Santofimia

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS