UNIVERSITY OF DOHUK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT ---------------------------------------------------------

Name : Shakir H. Mohyaldeen

Class : Second Experiment No : 08 Title : Impact of a Jet Group : A2 Dateof test: 24/ 4 / 2011 Date of subm. Report: 11/05/2011

Introduction:
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. In the type of water turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed tangentially on to vanes or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the water on the vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and to develop power. Although the concept is essentially simple, such turbines can generate considerable output at high efficiency. Powers in excess of 100 MW, and hydraulic efficiencies greater than 95%, are not uncommon. It may be noted that the Pelton wheel is best suited to conditions where the available head of water is great, and the flow rate is comparatively small. For example, with a head of 100 m and a flow rate of 1 m /s, a Pelton wheel running at some 250 rev/min could be used to develop about 900 kW. The same water power would be available if the head were only 10 m and the flow were 10m /s, but a different type of turbine would then be needed. To predict the output of a Pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum rotational speed, we need to understand how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the buckets, and how the force is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In this experiment, we measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate in the jet.
3 3

Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate and verify the integral momentum equation. The force generated by a jet of water deflected by an impact surface is measured and compared to the momentum change of the jet.

Apparatus:
1- The experimental apparatus consists of a water nozzle, a set of impact surfaces, a spring scaleconnected to a balance beam, a flow meter, and plumbing for recirculating the water. (Figure 4.1) is a schematic of these components. 2-The pump draws water from the collection tank and provides sufficient head for the water to flow through the nozzle and the flow meter. 3- The jet of water from the nozzle impinges on the impact surface. 4- The balance beam attached to impact surface allows measurement of the force necessary to deflect the water jet.

Procedure:
1- the apparatus is first leveled, with the jockey weight at zero setting 2- place the jokey weight at a desired position 3-water is admitted through the bench supply valve 4-adjust the flow control valve to bring the lever the balanced position.

Shape of tools:

Calculation:
Diameter of the nazzle = 10 mm Height of hemispheric plate above nozzle =35mm Distance from center of hemispheric plate to pivot of level,L =150mm Mass of jockey weight, M= 0.6 kg F*L = W*y F = force applied by the jet. W = weight of jockey weight Fact = 0.0392y y = mm, F=N Fth = m.a = .V =2mV0 where, m = Q, (momentum equation, F = QV) m = mass flow rate ( V02=V12 2g s V0=velocity at impact with plate V1=velocity at nozzle exit = V0= V0= %error ( (m/sec) ) = )

No

m
(kg/sec)

Q
(m/sec)

V1
(m/sec)

V0
(m/sec)

(kg) (sec) (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fth

Fact

%error

Discussion and conclusion:

A theoretical model for the force necessary to hold the impact surface stationary is obtained by applying the integral forms of the continuity and momentum equations. The details of the modeldepend on whether or not the fluid stream leaving the impact surface is symmetric relative to the vertical axis of the surface. The principal objective of this laboratory exercise was to experimentally determine the impact force of a jet deflected through a known angle and to compare the experimental results to predictions from a control volume analysis of a viscous fluid. The impact of a jet experiment was conducted using two different nozzle sizes. Data was then collected at various flow rates of air and the experimental reaction force was determined and compared to the theoretical reaction force using control volume analysis. the experimental results show that control volume analysis can be used to predict the impact force of a jet deflected through a known angle.This conclusion is based on flows where compressibility factors are assumed to be minimal and the fluid velocity is significantly smaller than the speed of sound. The discrepancy between the theoretical values of reaction force and the experimental values of reaction force are not completely accounted for with the error propagation analysis conducted.This would account for the relatively low values of experimental reaction force determined from the two selected nozzles.
1- Mass of jockey weight in error by 0.001 kg. Distance L from centre of vane to pivot of lever in error by 1 mm. 2-Diameter of water jet emerging from nozzle in error by 0.1 mm.