Design of Hydraulic Structures 3

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HeadandCross Regulators
The supplies passing down the parent canal and off take channel are
controlled by cross regulator and head regulator respectively.
Functions of Cross Regulators
1. Regulation of the canal system.
2. Raising the water level in the main canal in order to feed the off take
channels.
3. To facilitate communication by building a road over the cross regulator
with little extra cost.
4. To absorb the fluctuations in the system.
Functions of Head Regulators
1. To regulate and control supplies entering the off take channel
(distributary) fromthe main (parent) canal.
2. To control silt entering into the distributary.
3. To serve for measurement of discharge.
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Alignment
The best alignment of the off take channel is when it makes angle zero
with the parent canal initially and then separates out in a transition. See Fig.
13.1. In this case there is a transition curve for both off take and parent channel
to avoid silt accumulation.
Another alternative by making both channels an angle with respect to
parent channel upstream. Fig. 13.2
In case of obligatory straight alignment of the parent channel, the usual
angle of the off take channel is 60 to 80 (in most important works needs a
model study). For excessive silt entry into the off take channel. Fig. 13.3.
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Design Criteria
1. Wat e r way: The effective waterway of head regulator should not be less
than 60% of bed width of off taking channel and mean velocity should not
exceed 2.5 m/sec.
2. Crest level: Crest level of the distributary head regulator is generally kept
0.3 m to 0.6 m higher than crest level of cross regulator (C.R.). The crest level of
C.R. is provided at bed level of parent canal.
The effective head (He) should be worked out form the formula:
Q = C.B
e
.H
1.5
where
C = coefficient of discharge.
B
e
= effective length = B
t
2(N*K
p
+ K
a
)*H
e
B
t
= Net length of crest.
N = number of piers.
K
p
= piers contraction coefficient
K
a
= abutment coefficient
Table: Coefficients of contraction for piers and abutments.
Type of pier Kp
Square nosed pier 0.02
Round nosed pier 0.01
Pointed nosed pier 0.01
Type of abutment Ka
Square abutment 0.2
Round abutment 0.1
Square nosed pier
Pointed nosed pier
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C = 1.840 (H.R. Crest)
C = 1.705 (C.R. Crest)
4. Shape of crest: The u.s face of the crest should be given a slope of 1:1. The
d.s. sloping glacis should not be steeper than 2:1.
5. Crest width should be kept equal to 2/3 H
e
.
6. Level & Length of D/S Floor
They are fixed for the conditions:
a Full supply, when all the gates of C.R. and H.R. fully opened (generally is
governed).
b The discharge of the parent channel is insufficient but the off take channel is
running full by partial opening of the C.R. gates or vice versa.
Downstream Floor Level:
For these conditions of flow, the discharge intensity q and H
L
is worked
out. The corresponding value of Ef
2
is read from fig. 13.9. The d/s floor level is
then d/s T.E.L. Ef
2
.
3. Coefficient of discharge (C): The coefficient of discharge C is 1.84 for
crests of width less than or equal to
e
H
3
2
. In case of submerged falls, C should
be reduced depending on the drowning ratio, see Fig. 6.5.
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7. Length of the downstream floor.
Ef
1
= Ef
2
+ H
L
The values of D
1
& D
2
are found from energy curve for the corresponding
values of Ef
1
& Ef
2
. The length of the downstream floor = 5 to 6 (D
2
D
1
). This
length should not be less than 2/3 of the total floor length.
8. Vertical cut-offs: The cut-off should be provided at the end of u.s. and d.s.
floors for safety against scour, undermining and exit gradient. due to Lacey's
scour depth.
Table 6.1 Minimum depth of u.s. and d.s. cut-offs
Canal capacity
cumec
Min. depth of u.s. cut-off
below bed level or G.L.
Min. depth of d.s. cut-off
below bed level or G.L.
Up to 3 cumec 1.0 1.0
3.1 - 30 1.2 1.2
30.1 - 150 1.5 1.5
Above 150 1.8 1.8
9. Total floor Length & Exit gradient
If the d is the depth of d/s cut off, and H is the maximum static head when
channel is closed and F.S.L. (Full Supply Level) is maintained in the u/s for
feeding the off take channel (i.e.) H = u/s F.S.L. d/s floor level.
t
1
d
H
G
E
= ; or
H
d
G
E
=
t
1
Find the value of and find from
2
1 1
2
o

+ +
=
( ) | |
2 / 1
2
1 1 2 = o
Therefore the total floor (b) is found from:
b = *d
If b is large, the depth of d/s cut off should be increased and floor length
correspondingly reduced keeping safe exit gradient.
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10. Pressure Calculations & Floor Thickness
Use Khosla's method to calculation pressure at key points.
a Static head pressure
b Dynamic head pressure
Dynamic head at toe of glacis
H = 50 %*( D
2
D
1
) + |
at toe
* H
L
The minimum thickness floor concrete excluding the thickness of the top
coat shall be as:
For Q > 1.5 cumecs 600 mm
Q < 1.5 cumecs 300 mm
The floor concrete from u/s cut off to d/s cut off should be laid by top coat of:
Q in
cumecs
Thickness of
top coat (mm)
Up to 150 300
150 30 200
29 1.5 150
Less 1.5 100
11. Free Board
The following free board shall be adopted:
Capacity of channel (cumecs) F.B. (m)
Less than 1.0 0.3
1.0 10 0.4
10 30 0.6
30 150 0.8
Over 150 1.0
12. Protection Works
Properly designed filter loaded by concrete blocks should be provided. The
length of inverted filter is kept 2D (D is the depth of d/s cut off below d/s bed).
Details of minimum thickness of filter are given in table 6.3 (page 214). The
width of gabs between blocks shall not be more than 50 mm which should be
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packed with biggest size of pebbles available. Beyond the filter, an apron of 1.5D
length shall be provided. Similar protection is also provided in the u/s in length
equal to D. The cubic content of material in lunching apron should be equal to
2.25D cu. m/m length.
Design Example:
Design a cross regulator and suitable head for distributary which take off at
angle 60
o
from a canal with discharge of 120 m
3
/sec.
Discharge of distributary = 10 m
3
/sec
Bed width = 10 m
Water depth = 1.2 m
F.S.L. of distributary = 310.2 m
F.S.L. of parent channel u/s = 311 m
d/s = 310.85 m
Bed width of parent channel u/s = 60 m
d/s = 56 m
Water depth in parent channel u/s = 2.0 m
d/s = 2.0 m
GE = 1/5
Design:
a. Design of Cross Regulator
1. Fixation of crest level and waterway
Crest level of C.R. = F.S.L. of parent channel water depth
= 311 2 = 309 m
The u/s floor shall be provided at the same level.
Degree of submergence = h
d
/ H
e
h
d
= 311 310.85 = 0.15 m
H
e
= u/s F.S.L. crest level
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= 311 309 = 2 m
075 . 0
2
85 . 310 311
=

=
He
hd
From fig. 6.5 page 252
95 . 0 705 . 1 * 56 . 0
56 . 0
= =
=
C Modified
C
Cs
2 / 3
. .
e e
H B C Q =
B
e
= effective width
2 / 3
2 * * 95 . 0 120
e
B =
B
e
= 44.6 m 45 m
Assume 6 bays of 8 m each.
Use rounded piers & square abutment; k
p
= 0.01, k
a
= 0.2, net length
B
t
= B
e
+ 2(N*K
p
+ K
a
)*H
e
= 45 + 2*(5*0.01 + 0.2)*(2)
= 46 m < 48 m O.K.
Provide 5 piers with rounded nose of width 1.6 m each
The total water way = 6.0 * 8 + 1.6 * 5
= 48 + 8 = 56 m
2. Level and length of downstream floor
Q = 120 cumecs
q = discharge intensity between piers.
sec / 5 . 2
48
120
2
m
B
Q
q = = =
Head loss H
L
= u/s F.S.L d/s F.S.L.
= 311 310.85 = 0.15 m
From fig 2.5 (Blanch curve) for q = 2.5 m
2
/sec and H
L
= 0.15 m we get:
Ef
2
= 1.435 m
D/s floor Level = d/s F.S.L. Ef
2
= 310.85 1.435 = 309.415 m
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Adopt cistern level = 310.85 2 = 308.85 m is lower than 309.415 m.
design d/s floor level on El. = 308.85 m
Ef
1
= Ef
2
+ H
L
Ef
1
= 0.15 + 1.435 = 1.585 m
From energy curve we get: D
2
= 1.3 m
D
1
= 0.534 m
Cistern length = 5*(D
2
D
1
)
= 5*(1.3 0.534)
= 3.83 m
3. Vertical Cut offs
Referring ton table 6.1, the min. depth of u/s & d/s cut off for this range of
discharge = 1.5 m.
(u/s cut off is at El. = 309 1.5 = 307.5 m, and d/s cut off is at El. 308.85
1.6 = 307.25 m)
4. Total floor length and exit gradient
u/s F.S.L = 311 m, d/s floor = 308.85 m
max. static head (H) = F.S.L. u/s floor level d/s
= 311 308.85
= 2.15 m
d = depth of d/s sheet pile (cut off) = 1.6 m
t
1
d
H
G
E
=
t
1
6 . 1
15 . 2
5
1
= ; = 4.57
2
1 1
2
o

+ +
=
( )
2 2
1 1 2 o + =
( ) | |
2 / 1
2
1 1 2 = o
= 8.08
Total floor length required b = *d = 8.08 * 1.6 = 12.98 m.
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= 12.8 from book
d/s floor length = 6.5 m
d/s glacis length with 2:1 slope
= 2(309 308.85) = 0.3 m
u/s floor length including crest = 6.2 m
Total = 13 m
5. Pressure Calculation
a. Upstream Cut off
d = 1.5 m
b = 13 m
115 . 0
13
5 . 1 1
= = =
b
d
o
|
D1
= 100 20 = 80% of H
|
C1
= 100 28 = 72 % of H
Correction of |
C
for thickness
Assume t = 0.6 m
( ) % 2 . 3 ) 72 80 (
5 . 1
6 . 0
+ = + = + =
C D t
d
t
C | |
Correction due to interference of d/s cut off may be neglected
|
C
corrected = 72 + 3.2 = 75.2 % of H
b. Downstream Cut off
d = 1.6 m
b = 13 m
123 . 0
13
6 . 1 1
= = =
b
d
o
|
E
= 31 % of H
|
D
= 22 % of H
Correction of |
E
for thickness
Assume t = 0.6 m
% 38 . 3 ) 22 31 (
25 . 2
6 . 0
= =
t
C
Design of Hydraulic Structures 3
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Correction due to interference of u/s cut off may be neglected
|
E
corrected = 31 3.38 = 27.62 % of H
6. Floor thickness
a. Downstream floor
I. At 2 m from d/s end
% pressure = 6 . 33 ) 62 . 27 2 . 75 (
12
5 . 1
62 . 27 = + % of H
Unbalanced head = H * % pressure
= 2.15 * 0.336 = 0.722
Floor thickness required = 58 . 0
25 . 1
722 . 0
= m of concrete
Provide 0.6 m thick floor
II. At 4.5 m from d/s end
% pressure = 48 . 43 ) 62 . 27 2 . 75 (
12
4
62 . 27 = + % of H
Floor thickness = 75 . 0
25 . 1
4348 . 0 * 15 . 2
= m of concrete
Provide floor thickness = 0.8 m of concrete
III. At 6.5 m from d/s end (toe of glacis).
% pressure = 41 . 51 ) 62 . 27 2 . 75 (
12
6
62 . 27 = +
Floor thickness = 88 . 0
25 . 1
5141 . 0 * 15 . 2
= m of concrete
Provide floor thickness = 1.0 m of concrete
b. Upstream floor
0.6 m thick shall be provided for the u/s floor. It should thickened to 1 m
under crest
7. Protection
I. Upstream Protection
a. Block Protection
Block protection in u/s is provided in length (L) = D
L = 1.5 m
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For Q = 120 cumecs
see table 6.3
Provided 2 rows of 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.6 c.c. block
Over 400 (or 600) mm thick apron in length = 1.6 m
b. Lunching apron
Vol. / m length = 2.25*D m
3
/m
= 2.25*1.5 = 3.37 m
3
/m
If thickness = 1 m
length required = 3.37 m
Provide launching apron in 3.5 m length
II. Downstream Protection
I. Inverted Filter (D = 1.6 m)
Length of filter (L) = 2*D
= 2*1.6 = 3.2 m
From table 6.3, provide 4 rows of 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.6 c.c. block over 600 mm
thick graded
II. Lunching apron
Vol. / m = 2.25*D m
3
/m
= 2.25*1.6 = 3.6 m
3
/m
If the thickness of apron be 1 m, the length required 3.6 m. provide 4 m
length. Provide 0.4 m thick and 1.2 m deep toe wall between inverted filter and
launching apron.
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b. Design of Distributary head Regulator
1. Fixation of crest level and waterway
The crest level of distributary head shall be provided 0.5 m higher than u/s
floor level
u/s level = bed level of parent channel = 309 m
Crest level = 309 + 0.5
= 309.5 m
H
e
= 311 309.5
= 1.5 m
h
d
= u/s F.S.L. d/s F.S.L. (distributary)
= 311 310.2 = 0.8 m
533 . 0
5 . 1
8 . 0
= =
He
hd
5 . 6 98 . 0 fig from
C
Cs
=
C = 1.84 for sharp crested weir,
Coefficient of discharge
8 . 1 98 . 0 * 84 . 1 = = Cs
m B
e
3
) 5 . 1 ( * 8 . 1
10
5 . 1
= = , This is very small
Provide 60% of distributary width
= 0.6 * 10 = 6 m
Use 2 bays of 3 m each separated 1 m thick piers.
The overall water way = 3 * 2 + 1 = 7 m
2. Level and length of downstream floor
Q = 10 cumecs
L = 6 m (net water way)
sec / 67 . 1
6
10
2
m
B
Q
q = = =
H
L
= 311 310.2 = 0.8 m
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From Blanch curve for q = 1.67 m
2
/sec and H
L
= 0.8 m we get:
Ef
2
= 1.37 m.
Floor level required = d.s. F.S.L. Ef
2
= 310.2 1.37 = 308.83 m
Provide d/s floor level at El. 308.8 m
Ef
1
= Ef
2
+ H
L
Ef
1
= 1.37 + 0.8 = 2.17 m
From energy curve we get: D
2
= 1.32 m
D
1
= 0.32 m
Length of cistern = 5*(D
2
D
1
)
= 5*(1.32 0.32)
= 5 m
Provide cistern length = 6 m
3. Vertical Cut offs
a. U/S cut off
Provide u/s cut off depth = 1.5 m.
The bottom R.L. of cut off = 309 1.5 = 307.5 m
b. D/S cut off
The min. d/s cut off depth (see table 6.1) = 1.2 m below d.s. floor.
Provide d/s cut off depth = 1.6 m from safe exit gradient consideration.
4. Total floor length and exit gradient
Max static head (H) = F.S.L. u/s floor level d/s
= 311 308.8
= 2.2 m
Depth of d/s cut off (d) = 1.6
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G.E. = 1/5
t
1
d
H
G
E
=
t
1
6 . 1
2 . 2
5
1
= ; = 4.79
2 / 1 2
) 1 ) 1 * 2 (( = o = 8.52
Total floor length required (b) = *d = 1.6 * 8.52 = 13.63 m
13 b =
d/s floor length = 6 m
D/s glacis length 2:1 slope = 2(309.5 308.8) = 1.4 m
Crest width = 1m
U/s glacis length with 1:1 slope = 1(309.5 309) = 0.5 m
U/s floor = 4.1 m
Total length = 13 m
5. Pressure Calculation
a Upstream cut off
d = 1.5 m
b = 13 m
115 . 0
13
5 . 1 1
= = =
b
d
o
|
D1
= 80 % of H
|
C1
= 72 % of H
Correction due to thickness
Assume floor thickness t = 0.6 m
% 2 . 3 ) 72 80 (
5 . 1
6 . 0
+ = + =
t
C
|
C1
corrected = 72 + 3.2 = 75.2 % of H
b. Downstream Cut off
d = 1.6 m
b = 13 m
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13 . 0
13
6 . 1 1
= = =
b
d
o
|
E
= 32 % of H
|
D
= 22 % of H
Correction due to thickness
Assume t = 0.6 m
% 75 . 3 ) 22 32 (
6 . 1
6 . 0
= =
t
C
|
E
corrected = 32 3.75 = 28.25 % of H
6. Floor Thickness
a. D/S floor thickness
Max H = 311 308.8
= 2.2 m
I. at 2 m from d/s end
% pressure = 12 . 34 ) 25 . 28 2 . 75 (
12
5 . 1
25 . 28 = + % of H
Min floor thickness = 6 . 0
24 . 1
22 . 0 * 3412 . 0
= m of concrete
Provide floor thickness = 0.6 m.
II. at 4 m from d/s end
% pressure = 5 . 41 ) 25 . 28 2 . 75 (
12
5 . 3
25 . 28 = + % of H
Min floor thickness = 73 . 0
24 . 1
22 . 0 * 415 . 0
= m of concrete
Provide floor thickness = 0.8 m of concrete
III. at toe of glacis or 6 m from d/s end
% pressure = 77 . 49 ) 25 . 28 2 . 75 (
12
5 . 5
25 . 28 = + % of H
Unbalanced head = 0.4977 * 2.2 = 1.095 m
Unbalanced head due to dynamic condition =50 %*( D
2
D
1
) + |
at toe
* H
L
= 8 . 0 *
100
77 . 49
) 32 . 0 32 . 1 (
100
50
+ = 0.898 m
Design as static head = 1.095 m
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Min fool thickness = 88 . 0
24 . 1
095 . 1
= m of concrete
Provide 1 m thickness under toe.
b. U/S floor thickness
Min. thickness of 0.6 m shall be provided in the upstream which should be
thickened under the crest.
7. Protection
a . Upstream Protection
Same as provided in u/s of cross regulator
b. Lunching apron
I. Inverted filter (Block protection)
Length of filter = 2D
= 2*1.7 = 3.4 m
Provide 5 rows of 0.6 * 0.6 * 0.4 m c.c. blocks over 0.4 m thick graded
filter.
II. Launching apron
Vol. / unit length = 2.25*D m
3
/m
= 2.25*1.7 = 3.83 m
3
/m or (m
2
)
Assume the thickness of apron = 0.8 m
Length required = m 5 . 4
8 . 0
6 . 3
=
Provide 5 m length of lunching apron.
Masonry wall = 0.4 * 1 deep
Shall be provide between filter and lunching apron
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Design of Hydraulic Structures 3
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