Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Hydrostatic forces on surfaces
Hydrostatic force on:
- Horizontal plane
- Vertical plane
- Inclined plane
- Curved plane

2
Hydrostatic force on horizontal plane
3
O O
h
G
dA

hdA dF =
G
G
G
Ah
dA h
dA h
hdA F

=
=
=
=
}
}
}
G

dA

A

A

G

A = Total area of plane surface
G = Centroid of plane
h
G
= depth of the centroid (G) below the
free surface
Side view
Top view
Hydrostatic force on horizontal plane
4
dA

A

A

G

Centre of Pressure (C)
Point where the resultant force/pressure
acts
In case of horizental plane centre of
pressure conincides with centroid of area

Top view
C

Moment of area
5
O O
h
3
h
2
A
3
h
1
A
2
A
1
}
=
+ + + =
hdA
h A h A h A
3 3 2 2 1 1
area entire the of Moment
O O
h
G
A

G
Ah = area entire the of Moment
G

Moment of area
6
O O
h
3
h
2
A
3
h
1
A
2
A
1
}
=
+ + + =
hdA
h A h A h A
3 3 2 2 1 1
area entire the of Moment
Hydrostatic force on vertical plane
7
O O
h
C
h
G
h
G
C
dA
A = Total area of plane surface
G = Centroid of plane
C = Centre of pressure
h
G
= depth of the centroid (G) below the
free surface
h
C
= depth of centre of pressure below the
free surface
hdA dF =
} }
= = hdA hdA F
G
Ah hdA=
}
Moment of the entire area is
G
Ah hdA F = =
}
G
Ah F =
Hydrostatic force on vertical plane
8
O O
h
C
h
G
h
G
C
dA
A = Total area of plane surface
G = Centroid of plane
C = Centre of pressure
h
G
= depth of the centroid (G) below the
free surface
h
C
= depth of centre of pressure below the
free surface
dA h
h hdA
h dF dM
2

=
=
=
}
= dA h M
2

Total Moment of the force on the

entire area is
OO C
I dA h Fh = =
}
2
F
I
h
OO
C

=
Centre of pressure
I
OO
= second moment of area
about OO line (free surface)
Hydrostatic force on vertical plane
9
O O
h
C
h
G
h
G
C
dA
A = Total area of plane surface
G = Centroid of plane
C = Centre of pressure
h
G
= depth of the centroid (G) below the
free surface
h
C
= depth of centre of pressure below the
free surface
( )
2
G G OO
h A I I + =
G
Ah F =
F
I
h
OO
C

=
Centre of pressure
By parallel axis theorem of moment
of inertia
Where I
G
is the moment of area about
an axis parallel to O-O and passing
through the centroid G
Hydrostatic force on vertical plane
10
O O
h
C
h
G
h
G
C
dA
A = Total area of plane surface
G = Centroid of plane
C = Centre of pressure
h
G
= depth of the centroid (G) below the
free surface
h
C
= depth of centre of pressure below the
free surface
| |
G
G G OO
C
Ah
Ah I
F
I
h

2
+
= =
G
G
G
C
h
Ah
I
h + =
Centre of pressure
Hydrostatic force on inclined plane
11
A = Total area of plane surface
G = Centroid of plane
C = Centre of pressure
h
G
= depth of the centroid (G) below the
free surface
h
C
= depth of centre of pressure below the
free surface
O O
h
C
h
G h

Top view
Side view
Hydrostatic force on inclined plane
12
O O
h
C
h
G h

hdA dF =
} }
= = dA x hdA F u sin
G
Ax xdA =
}
Moment of the entire area is
) ( sin
G
Ax F u =
G
Ah F =
u sin x h =
}
= xdA F u sin
B
Hydrostatic force on inclined plane
13
O O
h
C
h
G h

B
dA x
x dA x x hdA
x dF dM
2
sin
sin
u
u
=
= =
=
}
= dA x M
2
sinu
Total Moment of the force on the
entire area is
B C
I dA x Fx u u sin sin
2
= =
}
u sin
C C
x h =
u sin
B C
I Fx =
F
I
h
B
C
u
2
sin
=
Centre of pressure/force
Hydrostatic force on inclined plane
14
O O
h
C
h
G h

B
( )
2
G G B
x A I I + =
G
B B
C
Ah
I
F
I
h

u u
2 2
sin sin
= =
G
B
C
Ah
I
h
u
2
sin
=
2
sin
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
u
G
G B
h
A I I
G
G
G
C
h
Ah
I
h + =
u
2
sin
G
G
G C
Ah
I
h h
u
2
sin
=
Centre of pressure
Hydrostatic force on inclined plane
15
O O
h
C
h
G h

B
G
G
G C
Ah
I
h h
u
2
sin
=
RHS term is always +ive
Centre of pressure is always below the
centroid of area
0 = u (a) For horizontal planes

90 = u
(a) For vertical planes
G C
h h =
G
G
G
C
h
Ah
I
h + =
Centre of pressure
Pressure prism
16
h
O O
h

A

2D view
3D view
Pressure prism
17
O O
h
2
2D view
h
1
A

3D view
h
1
h
2
Pressure prism
18
2D view
h
2
h
1