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Fibonacci secuence
The Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following integer sequence: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13, 21, 34, 55, ... In mathematical terms, the sequence Fn of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the recurrence relation
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A.N.L.: MATHS
F1 = 1, F2 = 1, Fn+2 = Fn+1 + Fn The Fibonacci sequence is named after Leonardo of Pisa, who was known as Fibonacci. Fibonacci's 1202 book Liber Abaci introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics, although the sequence had been described earlier in Indian mathematics. Fibonacci numbers are intimately connected with the golden ratio,
where
Applications include computer algorithms such as the Fibonacci search technique and the Fibonacci heap data structure, and graphs called Fibonacci cubes used for interconnecting parallel and distributed systems. They also appear in biological settings, such as branching in trees, arrangement of leaves on a stem, the fruit spouts of a pineapple, the flowering of artichoke, an uncurling fern and the arrangement of a pine cone.
A.N.L.: MATHS
The Fibonacci numbers are the sums ot the shallow diagonals (shoen in red) of Pascals triangle
Fibonaccis rabbits
The original problem that Fibonacci investigated (in the year 1202) was about how fast rabbits could breed in ideal circumstances. Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits, one male, one female, are put in a field. Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that at the end of its second month a female can produce another pair of rabbits. Suppose that our rabbits never die and that the female always produces one new pair (one male, one female) every month from the second month on. The puzzle that Fibonacci posed was... How many pairs will there be in one year? 1. At the end of the first month, they mate, but there is still one only 1 pair. 2. At the end of the second month the female produces a new pair, so now there are 2 pairs of rabbits in the field. 3. At the end of the third month, the original female produces a second pair, making 3 pairs in all in the field. 4. At the end of the fourth month, the original female has produced yet another new pair, the female born two months ago produces her first pair also, making 5 pairs.
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A.N.L.: MATHS
The number of pairs of rabbits in the field at the start of each month is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... Can you see how the series is formed and how it continues?
2. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
An arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. For instance, the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, is an arithmetic progression with common difference 2. If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is a1 and the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence is given by:
and in general
A finite portion of an arithmetic progression is called a finite arithmetic progression and sometimes just called an arithmetic progression.
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The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the common difference d. If the common difference is:
Positive, the members (terms) will grow towards positive infinity. Negative, the members (terms) will grow towards negative infinity.
Sum
The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. Expressing the arithmetic series in two different ways:
Adding both sides of the two equations, all terms involving d cancel:
So, for example, the sum of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by an = 3 + (n-1)(5) up to the 50th term is
A.N.L.: MATHS
2. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio. For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1/2. The sum of the terms of a geometric progression is known as a geometric series. Thus, the general form of a geometric sequence is
where r 0 is the common ratio and a is a scale factor, equal to the sequence's start value. ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES The n-th term of a geometric sequence with initial value a and common ratio r is given by
Such a geometric sequence also follows the recursive relation for every integer GEOMETRIC SERIES A geometric series is the sum of the numbers in a geometric progression:
We can find a simpler formula for this sum by multiplying both sides of the above equation by 1 r, and we'll see that
A.N.L.: MATHS
since all the other terms cancel. Because r 1 for geometric series (r = 1 would give us an arithmetic progression), we can rearrange(for r 1) the above to get the convenient formula for a geometric series:
If one were to begin the sum not from k=0, but from a higher term, say m, then
Differentiating this formula with respect to r allows us to arrive at formulae for sums of the form
For example:
Then
A.N.L.: MATHS
and
INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES An infinite geometric series is an infinite series whose successive terms have a common ratio. Such a series converges if and only if the absolute value of the common ratio is less than one ( | r | < 1 ). Its value can then be computed from the finite sum formulae
Since:
Then:
CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS (1777-1855) Perhaps one of the reasons that Carl Friedrich Gauss was able to create so much mathematics in his lifetime was that he got a very early start. Just consider the following two events: when he was 3 years old he corrected his father's arithmetic, and in school, when he was in the third grade, he developed a formula for finding the sum of any arithmetic progression. Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany as the only son of poor peasants living in miserable conditions. He exhibited such early genius that his family and neighbors called him the "wonder child". When he was two years old, he gradually got his parents to tell him how to pronounce all the letters of the alphabet. Then, by sounding out combinations of letters, he learned (on his own) to read aloud. He also picked up the meanings of the number symbols and learned to do arithmetical calculations. The story as told by Eric T. Bell: "One Saturday Gerhardt Gauss was making out the weekly payroll for the laborers under his charge, unaware that his young son was following the proceedings with critical attention. Coming to the end of his long computations, Gerhardt was startled to hear the little boy pipe up, 'Father,
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A.N.L.: MATHS
A.N.L.: MATHS