EE 336 Lab Report # 6

Oscilloscope Introduction

Magdalena Simic Ravi B Gondaliya

Performed on February 23, 2012 Submitted on March 1, 2012

Iman A. Hashemi Section 02

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, FL 32114

I.

Introduction This lab introduces students to the concept of using an oscilloscope and function generator for circuit analysis. The oscilloscope displays the change in voltage amplitude compared with the given time period. Oscilloscopes are often used to observe the exact wave shape of the signal. Three concepts including triggering function, coupling and measuring various quantities like frequency, amplitude, etc. with scope were discussed. For the triggering function it is divided into two options namely AUTO and NORM options. The AUTO option automatically refreshes the display regardless of the input, while the NORM option is used to capture an event that then can be manipulated for analysis. While using the scope, one needs to be careful regarding voltage readings since each cell in the scope screen represents 1cm. Also for the oscilloscope, coupling is used to filter signals in a portion of a circuit. AC Coupling allows AC as well as DC signals through the circuit while DC Coupling allows only a DC signal through the circuit. AC Coupling is also known as Capacitance Coupling and it is often accomplished by connecting a capacitor in series with the signal that is coupled. Many quantities like frequency, amplitude, Peak to Peak voltage and various other types of output signals can be studied and can be identified with the help of Oscilloscopes measure button. The measure button can be located on the upper right side within the other six buttons. The following image shows the Tektronix Oscilloscope in the lab:

Figure 1: Tektronix Oscilloscope

Also, the lab introduces the basics of a function generator. Function generators are used to generate a function of particular voltage and frequency and allows its users to change the voltage and frequency of the function generated. Thus, function generators are the electronic devices used to generate a variety of waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Following is the picture of Tektronix Function generator:

Figure 2: Tektronix Function Generator II. Result Analysis Part1 is based on operations for periodic inputs -When CH1 screen display read 2.00V, the wave was 2.45cm tall. -We then adjusted the y-scale and the height of the wave now is 1cm and the CH 1 display read 5.0V. -When t-scale knob was rotated clockwise so 2 cycles of square wave are displayed, 5cm across is 1 complete cycle. -The time display shows the value of 400s and there is 2.45cm across in 1 complete cycle. -When the AC button was pressed, the waveform with 2.45cm across in one cycle is obtained and the reading in CH2 reads 2.0V. Moreover, the waveform is 2.4cm tall (voltage) from peak to peak. When GND button was pressed, the waveform was 0cm tall and the time did not exist. We expected the similar result for ground since there will be no potential difference when scope

is attached to GND. When DC button was pressed, CH1 read 1.96V and the waveform had a voltage of 5.32V peak to peak. -V bar was placed on the top of the square wave. The delta ( ) indicating the time difference between the vertical bars read 504s and @ representing the distance of V bar from the triggering point read 1.00ms. -H bars were placed at the top and the bottom of the square wave. The delta ( indicating the amplitude of the square wave read 5.04V and @ indicating the differential from the reference point of the wave read 0.080V. -The amplitude of the compensation signal using cursor is 2.02V and the delta ( value is 984s and the @ value is 8.00 s. Moreover, the frequency of the compensation signal is 0.408 Hz. Part 2 is based on the calibration of the oscilloscope with function generator/oscillator. The circuit was assembled as shown in Figure 3 below and the oscilloscope was calibrated with the function generator.

Figure3: Calibrating Oscilloscope Circuit -The frequency measured by the Oscilloscope by its CH1 is 18.5Hz. Also, the oscilloscope measured the amplitude voltage of 31.4V peak to peak. The frequency and voltage on function generator were adjusted accordingly for accuracy. Part 3 deals with the function generators internal resistance. The circuit was assembled shown in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4: Internal Resistance Circuit The five resistors used for the circuit were measured using the DMM to find actual resistance and then compared to theoretical resistance. Resistor Theoretical () Actual () % Difference 1 100 102.7 2.66 2 220 218 0.91 3 1000 991 0.90 4 2200 2180 0.91 5 4700 4930 4.78 Table 1: Theoretical and Actual Resistance for Resistors Used in Circuit Pictured in Figure 4 Once the resistors were measured and assembled into the circuit, voltage measurements were taken with each resistor. These measurements measured the voltage drop in order to calculate the internal resistance of the function generator. The following equation was used to calculate the internal resistance: ( ( ( ( ) ( ) (

Below is the Table with all five calculated internal resistance values:

Resistor () VS (V) VR1 (V) Rinternal 102.7 10 1.23 732.26 218 10 2.26 746.60 991 10 6.80 466.35 2180 10 8.60 354.88 4930 10 9.80 100.61 Table 2: Calculated Internal Resistance for Function Generator

R (in) vs. R
900.00 800.00 700.00 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 R (in)

Figure 5: Internal Resistance versus Resistors Used in the Circuit to Show how the Internal Resistance Changes with Different Resistance in the Circuit Figure 5 shows the relationship between the internal resistance of the function generator and the resistance used in the circuit. As the resistance used in the circuit increases, the internal resistance in the function generator decreases. III. Conclusion

The lab introduced and demonstrated many fundamental aspects both the function generator and the oscilloscope. These devices will be essential in the further pursuit of circuit analysis and construction. However, there were some minor inaccuracies between theoretical and measured values. We concluded that these inaccuracies can be contributed to either component affects, the efficiency of the devices itself, or to improper equipment handling on our part. It is important to note that when using an oscilloscope, probe contact with hands or fingers can cause inaccurate readings. Since the human body produces electricity, the oscilloscope can measure small voltage reading from our bodies through skin contact. A correct handling technique and using more efficient components might reduce inaccuracies in the experiment in the future. IV. Statement

This experiment was efficient in demonstrating the superposition principal. The teaching assistant provided all the necessary assistance when asked.