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Contents

Foreword Preliminary work How to use this booklet Acknowledgements Reminders Tables of derivatives and integrals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Derivatives of basic functions Linearity in differentiation Higher derivatives The product rule for differentiation The quotient rule for differentiation The chain rule for differentiation Differentiation of functions defined implicitly Differentiation of functions defined parametrically Miscellaneous differentiation exercises Integrals of basic functions Linearity in integration Evaluating definite integrals Integration by parts Integration by substitution Integration using partial fractions Integration using trigonometrical identities Miscellaneous integration exercises Answers 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 16 17 20 21 23 24 26 29 33 35 39

Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you to cope better with your university mathematics programme. When your programme starts you will find that the ability to differentiate and integrate confidently will be invaluable. We think that this is so important that we are making this course available for you to work through either before you come to university, or during the early stages of your programme.

Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra Refresher before embarking upon this calculus revision course.

How to use this booklet


You are advised to work through each section in this booklet in order. You may need to revise some topics by looking at an AS-level or Alevel textbook which contains information about differentiation and integration. You should attempt a range of questions from each section, and check your answers with those at the back of the booklet. The more questions that you attempt, the more familiar you will become with these vital topics. We have left sufficient space in the booklet so that you can do any necessary working within it. So, treat this as a work-book. If you get questions wrong you should revise the material and try again until you are getting the majority of questions correct. If you cannot sort out your difficulties, do not worry about this. Your university will make provision to help you with your problems. This may take the form of special revision lectures, self-study revision material or a drop-in mathematics support centre.

Acknowledgments
The materials in A Calculus Refresher were prepared by Dr Tony Croft and Dr Anthony Kay, both at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr Joe Kyle and Jonathon De Souza for their many helpful corrections and suggestions. Users are invited to sent any suggestions for improvement to info@mathstore.ac.uk This edition of A Calculus Refresher is published by the Maths, Stats & OR Network. March 2009. Copies of the Refresher are available for use in mathematics departments. For more details regarding obtaining paper copies of A Calculus Refresher please visit www.mathstore.ac.uk/ refreshers. At this web address you will also find a PDF of the document for download. The Maths, Stats & OR Network University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham, B15 2TT Tel: 0121 414 7095 email: info@mathstore.ac.uk Web: http://mathstore.ac.uk

Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult. Remember seek help with these when you arrive at your university.

Tables
The following tables of common derivatives and integrals are provided for revision purposes. It will be a great advantage to know these derivatives and integrals because they are required so frequently in mathematics courses.

Table of derivatives
f (x) xn ln kx ekx ax sin kx cos kx tan kx f (x) nxn1 1 x kekx ax ln a k cos kx k sin kx k sec2 kx

Table of integrals
f (x) (n = 1) 1 x f (x) dx xn+1 + c n+1 ln |x| + c

x1 = ekx

ekx + c k cos kx sin kx (k = 0) + c k sin kx cos kx (k = 0) + c k tan kx sec2 kx (k = 0) + c k (k = 0)

1. Derivatives of basic functions


Try to nd all the derivatives in this section without referring to a table of derivatives. The derivatives of these functions occur so frequently that you should try to memorise the appropriate rules. If you are really stuck, consult the table on page 4. 1. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to x. (a) x (b) x6 (c) 6 (d) x (e) x1 (f) x1/7 (g) 1 x3 (h) x79 (i) x1.3 1 (j) 3 x (k) x5/3 (l) 1 x0.71

2. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to (a) cos (g) sin(8) (b) cos 4 (h) tan 4 (c) sin (i) cos 3 (d) sin 2 3 5 2 (e) tan (k) sin 0.7 (f) tan

(j) cos

3. Find the following derivatives. (a) (e) d x (e ) dx d 2z/ ) (e dz (b) (f) d 2y (e ) dy d 1.4x ) (e dx (c) (g) d 7t (e ) dt d x (3 ) dx (d) d x/3 (e ) dx

4. Find the following derivatives. (a) d (ln x) dx (b) d (ln 5z) dz (c) 2x d ln dx 3

2. Linearity in dierentiation
The linearity rules enable us to dierentiate sums and dierences of functions, and constant multiples of functions. Specically d d d (f (x) g(x)) = (f (x)) (g(x)), dx dx dx (b) 2x x2 1 (f) 4 3 ln x x (c) cos x sin x (g) 4x5 3 tan 8x 2e5x d d (kf (x)) = k (f (x)). dx dx (d) 3x3 + 4 sin 4x

1. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to x. (a) 3x + 2 (e) 2ex + e2x

2. (a)

Find the following derivatives. t8 d 5t1/5 + dt 8 d 2 3x 3 tan cos 8x dx 9 2 4 (b) d 2 cos 3e/4 d 4 d dz 1 4/3 1 4z/3 z e 4 3 (c) d dx 3e3x/5 5

(d)

(e)

In Questions 3-5 you dont need the product rule, quotient rule or chain rule to dierentiate any of these if you do the algebra rst! 3. Expand the powers or roots and hence nd the following derivatives. (a) d dy 2y (b) d 1 (2x)3 dx (2x)3 (c) d dy 1 y e 2
4

(d)

d 2t 3 5e dt

4. Simplify or expand each of the following expressions, and then dierentiate with respect to x. (a) x x2 x3
2x

(b) x( x x2 )
3x

(c) 2x

2 x

3 +x x2

(d) (e

1)(3 e )

1 e2x (e) e4x

5. Use the laws of logarithms to nd the following derivatives. d ln x9/2 (a) dx d 1 (b) ln dx 6x d t3 (c) ln 3t dt e (d) d ln te2t dt
1/3

3. Higher derivatives
1. Find the following second derivatives. (a) (d) (g) d2 5 (x ) dx2 d2 (8 13y) dy 2 1 d2 x3/2 3/2 2 dx x (b) (e) (h) d2 (cos 3x) dx2 d2 dx2 1 3x 3x3 x (c) (f) (i) d2 2z (e e2z ) 2 dz d2 (ln 2t 6t) dt2 d2 dt2 1 1 sin 2t ln 4t 2 4

d2 x (e + ex + sin x + cos x) dx2

4. The product rule for dierentiation


The rule for dierentiating the product of two functions f (x) and g(x) is d (f (x)g(x)) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x) dx . 1. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to x. (a) x sin x (d) x ln 4x (b) x3 cos 2x (e) (x2 x) sin 6x (c) x1/3 e3x 1 x x (f) tan cos x 3 3

2. (a) (e)

Find the following derivatives. d (sin cos ) d d 6x (e ln 6x) dx (b) (f) d (sin 2t tan 5t) dt d (cos cos 3) d (c) (g) d (sin z ln 4z) dz d (ln t ln 2t) dt (d) x d ex/2 cos dx 2

10

5. The quotient rule for dierentiation


The rule for dierentiating the quotient of two functions f (x) and g(x) is d dx . 1. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to x. x (a) 1 x2 x4 (b) 1x 2x (c) 1 + 2x 3x2 2x3 (d) 2x3 + 3 1+ x (e) xx f (x) g(x) = f (x)g(x) f (x)g (x) (g(x))2

11

2. (a)

Find the following derivatives. d sin x dx x (b) d dx ln x x4/3 (c) d d 2 tan 2 (d) d dz ez z (e) d dx x2 ln 2x

3. Find the following derivatives. (a) d sin 2t dt sin 5t (b) d dx e2x tan x (c) d dx ln x cos 3x (d) d dx ln 3x ln 4x

12

6. The chain rule for dierentiation


The chain rule is used to dierentiate a function of a function: d (f (g(x))) = f (g(x)).g (x) dx . 1. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to x. (a) (4 + 3x)2 (e) x 1 x
1/3

(b) (1 x4 )3 (f) (2x2 3x + 5)


5/2

(c) (g)

1 (1 2x)2 x2 x

(d)

1 + x2 1 4x2 x4

(h)

13

2. Find the following derivatives. (Remember the notation for powers of trigonometric functions: sin2 x means (sin x)2 , etc.) (a) (e) d (sin2 ) d d (cos5 5z) dz (b) (f) d (sin 2 ) d 1 d dx cos3 x (c) (g) d (sin(sin )) d d (sin(2 t 3t2 )) dt (d) d (tan(3 4x)) dx

3. Find the following derivatives. (The notation exp x is used rather than ex where it is clearer.) (a) (e) d exp(y 2 ) dy d (sin(ln 4x)) dx (b) (f) d (exp(cos 3x)) dx d (ln(ex ex )) dx d (cos(e3x )) dx d 3t (g) e 3 cos 3t dt (c) (d) d (ln(sin 4x)) dx

14

7. Dierentiation of functions dened implicitly


dy 1. Find dx in terms of y when x and y are related by the following equations. You dy will need the formula dx = 1/ dx . dy

(a) x = y y 3

(b) x = y 2 +

1 y

(c) x = ey + e2y

(d) x = ln(y ey )

2. Find equations.

dy dx

in terms of x and/or y when x and y are related by the following (b) x + y 2 = y x2 (e) x + ey = ln x + ln y (c) y sin y = cos x (f) y = (x y)3

(a) cos 2x = tan y (d) ex x = e2y + 2y

15

8. Dierentiation of functions dened parametrically


If x and y are both functions of a parameter t, then dy dx dy = dx dt dt
dy 1. Find dx in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric equations.

(a) x = sin t, (c) x = e2t + t,

y = cos t y = et + t2

1 (b) x = t , y = 1 t2 t (d) x = ln t + t, y = t ln t

2. Find dx in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric dy equations. (a) x = 3t + t3 , y = 2t2 + t4 (b) x = cos 2t, y = tan 2t

16

9. Miscellaneous dierentiation exercises


1. Find the following derivatives, each of which requires one of the techniques covered in previous sections. You have to decide which technique is required for each derivative! (a) (e) (i) d 3 (x tan 4x) dx d (exp(x ex )) dx d 53x dx (b) (f) (j) d (tan3 4t) dt d dy y 4 + y 4 y + y 1 (c) (g) (k) d (exp(3 tan 4x)) dx d x 2 (2 x ) dx d 1z ln dz 1+z
2

(d) (h)

d d

3 tan 4

1 d dx ln x x

d (ln(ln t)) dt

2. Find the following derivatives, which require both the product and quotient rules. (a) x cos x d dx 1 cos x (b) d dz ez z ln z (c) d d sin 3 cos 2 tan 4

17

3. Find the following derivatives, which require the chain rule as well as either the product rule or the quotient rule. d (a) (et ln(et + 1)) dt (d) d (exp( cos )) d d dy 1 y2 1 d (sin2 3 cos4 3) (b) d (e) d (x ln x)3 dx d 1 x2 (c) dx 1 + x2 (f)

3/2

d 1x exp dx 1+x

(g)

y2

4. Find the following derivatives, which require use of the chain rule more than once. d d 1 d ( 1 cos3 x) (b) exp (x x2 )1/4 (c) ln tan (a) dx dx d

18

5. (a)

Find the following second derivatives. d2 ( 1 + x2 ) dx2 (b) d2 (exp(z 2 )) dz 2 (c) d2 (sin3 ) d2 (d) d2 dx2 1 (1 x4 )4

1 cos x 1 , sec x = and cot x = , nd the 6. Remembering that cosec x = sin x cos x sin x following derivatives. (a) (d) d (cosec 2x) dx d (cosec 2 cot3 ) d (b) (e) d (sec2 ) d d (ln(sec x + tan x)) dx (c) (f) d ( 1 + cot z) dz d (tan(sec )) d

19

10. Integrals of basic functions


Try to nd all the integrals in this section without referring to a table of integrals. The integrals of these functions occur so frequently that you should try to memorise the appropriate rules. If you are really stuck, consult the Tables on page 4. 1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. (a) x4 (b) x7 (c) x1/2 (d) x1/3 (e) x (h) 1 x3 (i) x0.2 (j) 1 x0.3 1 (k) x 1 (l) x3 4

(f) x1/2 (m) x2

(g)

(n) x4/3

2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x (d) cos (a) cos 5x (b) sin 2x (c) sin 1 x 2 2 1 (g) e2x (h) ex/3 (i) e0.5x (j) x e

1 x 1 (k) 2x e (e)

(f) e2x (l) cos(7x)

20

11. Linearity in integration


The linearity rules enable us to integrate sums (and dierences) of functions, and constant multiples of functions. Specically (f (x) g(x))dx = f (x) dx g(x)dx, k f (x)dx = k 1 x x 2 x f (x)dx 1 x

1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. (a) 7x4 (g) x3 + (b) 4x7 1 1 (h) 3 2 x 7x (c) x1/2 + x1/3 (i) 11 (d) 17x1/3 (j) 11 x0.3 (e)

(f) x2 +

(k) 2x

(l) 7x 11

2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x x x (a) 3x + cos 4x (b) 4 + sin 3x (c) + sin (d) 4ex + cos 2 2 2 4 1 , k constant (h) 1 (f) 3 sin 2x + 2 sin 3x (g) (e) e2x + e2x kx x 1 7 (k) 1 cos 1 x (j) (l) 1 x2 3x1/2 (i) 1 + x + x2 2 2 2 3x

21

3. Simplify each of the following expressions rst and then integrate them with respect to x. (a) 6x(x + 1) (b) (x + 1)(x 2) e3x e2x ex x3 + 2x2 (c) x (g) x+4 x (d) ( x + 2)( x 3) (h) x2 + 3x + 2 x+2

(e) e2x (ex ex ) (f)

22

12. Evaluating denite integrals


1. Evaluate each of the following denite integrals.
1

(a)
0 3

7x4 dx

(b)

2 5 1

4t7 dt

(c)
1

(x1/2 + x1/3 )dx (t2 + 2t)dt

(d) (h)

1 2

17t1/3 dt cos 2x dx

(e)
1

(2s + 8s3 )ds (f) e3x dx (j)


2

1/2

(i)
0

1 dx x2 1 x dx e

/4 0

(g)
0

/4

(k)
0

(2 + sin )d (l)
0

(ex + ex )dx

2. For the function f (x) = x2 + 3x 2 verify that


2 3 3

f (x)dx +
0 2

f (x)dx =
0

f (x)dx

3.

For the function f (x) = 4x2 7x verify that

1 1

f (x)dx =

1 1

f (x)dx.

23

13. Integration by parts


Integration by parts is a technique which can often be used to integrate products of functions. If u and v are both functions of x then dv du dx u dx = uv v dx dx When dealing with denite integrals the relevant formula is b dv b du dx u dx = [uv]b v a dx dx a a 1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x (a) xex (b) 5x cos x (c) x sin x (d) x cos 2x (e) x ln x (f) 2x sin 2

2. Evaluate the following denite integrals.


/2 2

(a)
0

x cos x dx

(b)
1

4xex dx

(c)

5te2t dt (d)
1

x ln x dx

3. In the following exercises it may be necessary to apply the integration by parts formula more than once. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x (a) x2 ex (b) 5x2 cos x (c) x(ln x)2 (d) x3 ex (e) x2 sin 2

24

4. Evaluate the following denite integrals.


/2

(a)
0

x2 cos x dx

(b)
0

7x2 ex dx

(c)

t2 e2t dt

5. By writing ln x as 1 ln x nd

ln x dx.

6. Let I stand for the integral I = (ln t)2 I

ln t dt. Using integration by parts show that t ( plus a constant of integration )

Hence deduce that I = 1 (ln t)2 + c. 2

7. Let I stand for the integral et sin t dt. Using integration by parts twice show that ( plus a constant of integration ) I = et sin t et cos t I et (sin t cos t) +c Hence deduce that et sin t dt = 2

25

14. Integration by substitution


1. Find each of the following integrals using the given substitution. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) (k) cos(x 3)dx, cos(t + )dt, x(3x2 + 8)3 dx, u=x3 u = t + (b) (d) sin(2x + 4)dx, u = 2x + 4

u = 3x2 + 8 (f) (h) (j) (l)

e9x7 dx, u = 9x 7 x 4x 3 dx, u = 4x 3 1 dt, (3 t)5 sin x cos3 x dx, u=3t u = cos x

1 dx, u = x 2 (x 2)4 x ex dx,


2

u = x2 u = 1 + t2

t dt, 1 + t2

x dx, u = 2x + 1 2x + 1

26

2. Find each of the following integrals using the given substitution. x (b) (x 5)4 (x + 3)2 dx, u=x5 dx, z = x3 (a) x3

3. Evaluate each of the following denite integrals using the given substitution.
/4

(a)
0 3

cos(x )dx,

z =x

(b)
8

(x 8)5 (x + 1)2 dx, t2

u=x8

(c)
2 2

t t 2 dt,

by letting u = t 2, and also by letting u =


/4

(d)

t(t2 + 5)3 dt, u = t2 + 5 1 2 sin x dx, u = x (f) x 2 /4

(e)
0 2

tan x sec2 x dx,

u = tan x

(g)
1

e t dt, u = t t

27

4.

By means of the substitution u = 4x2 7x + 2 show that 8x 7 dx = ln |4x2 7x + 2| + c 2 7x + 2 4x

5. The result of the previous exercise is a particular case of a more general rule with which you should become familiar: when the integrand takes the form derivative of denominator denominator the integral is the logarithm of the denominator. Use this rule to nd the following integrals, checking each example by making an appropriate substitution. 1 1 3 2 dx (b) dx (c) dx (d) dx (a) x+1 x3 3x + 4 2x + 1

6. Use the technique of Question 5 together with a linearity rule to nd the x dx we note that the numerator can following integrals. For example, to nd 27 x be made equal to the derivative of the denominator as follows: x 2x 1 1 dx = dx = ln |x2 7| + c. 27 27 x 2 x 2 x sin 3 3e2x dx dx (b) d (c) (a) x2 + 1 1 + cos 3 1 + e2x

28

15. Integration using partial fractions


1. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following integrals. (a) (d) (g) 2x + 1 dx x2 + x x+1 dx (1 x)(x 2) 4x dx 4 x2 (b) (e) (h) 3x + 1 dx x2 + x 9x + 25 dx 2 + 10x + 9 x 15x + 51 dx 2 + 7x + 10 x (c) (f) (i) 5x + 6 dx + 3x + 2 5x 11 dx 2 + 10x + 9 x ds 21 s x2

2. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following denite integrals.
2

(a)
1

2 8x dx x2 + 2x

(b)
0

5x + 7 dx (x + 1)(x + 2)

(c)

1 x2

7x 11 dx 3x + 2

29

3. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following integrals. (a) x2 x dx 2x + 1 (b) 4x + 6 dx (x + 1)2 (c) x2 7x 23 dx 6x + 9

4. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following denite integrals.
1

(a)
0

x+8 dx x2 + 6x + 9

(b)

2x + 19 dx x2 + 18x + 81

(c)
0

8x dx x2 + 2x + 1

30

5. Find

2x2 + 6x + 5 dx. (x + 2)(x + 1)2

6. Find

5x2 + x 34 dx. (x 2)(x 3)(x + 4)

7. Find

x2 11x 4 dx. (2x + 1)(x + 1)(3 x)

31

8. In this example note that the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree x3 of the denominator. Find dx. (x + 1)(x + 2)

9.

Show that

2x3 + 1 can be written in the form (x + 1)(x + 2)2 2 15 9 1 + 2 x + 1 (x + 2) x+2

Hence nd

2x3 + 1 dx. (x + 1)(x + 2)2

10. Find

4x3 + 10x + 4 dx by expressing the integrand in partial fractions. 2x2 + x

32

16. Integration using trigonometrical identities


Trigonometrical identities can often be used to write an integrand in an alternative form which can then be integrated. Some identities which are particularly useful for integration are given in the table below. Table of trigonometric identities sin A sin B = 1 (cos(A B) cos(A + B)) 2 cos A cos B = 1 (cos(A B) + cos(A + B)) 2 sin A cos B = 1 (sin(A + B) + sin(A B)) 2 sin A cos A = 1 sin 2A 2 1 2 cos A = 2 (1 + cos 2A) sin2 A = 1 (1 cos 2A) 2 sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 tan2 A = sec2 A 1 1. In preparation for what follows nd each of the following integrals. (a) sin 3x dx (b) cos 8x dx (c) sin 7t dt (d) cos 6x dx

2.

Use the identity sin2 A = 1 (1 cos 2A) to nd 2

sin2 x dx.

3.

Use the identity sin A cos A = 1 sin 2A to nd 2

sin t cos t dt.

33

4.

Find (a)

2 sin 7t cos 3t dt

(b)

8 cos 9x cos 4x dx

(c)

sin t sin 7t dt

5.

Find

tan2 t dt.

(Hint: use one of the identities and note that the derivative of tan t is sec2 t).

6.

Find

cos4 t dt. (Hint: square an identity for cos2 A).

7.

(a) Use the substitution u = cos x to show that sin x cosn x dx = 1 cosn+1 x + c n+1 sin5 t dt. Start by writing

(b) In this question you are required to nd the integral

the integrand as sin4 t sin t. Take the identity sin2 t = 1 cos2 t and square it to produce an identity for sin4 t. Finally use the result in part (a) to nd the required integral, sin5 t dt.

34

17. Miscellaneous integration exercises


To nd the integrals in this section you will need to select an appropriate technique from any of the earlier techniques. 1. Find (9x 2)5 dx.

2. Find

1 dt. t+1

3. Find

t4 ln t dt.

4. Find

(5 t 3t3 + 2) dt.

35

5. Find

(cos 3t + 3 sin t) dt.

6. By taking logarithms to base e show that ax can be written as ex ln a . Hence nd ax dx where a is a constant.

7. Find

xe3x+1 dx.

8. Find

2x dx. (x + 2)(x 2)

36

9. Find

tan sec2 d.

/2

10. Find
0

sin3 x dx.

11. Using the substitution x = sin nd

1 x2 dx.

12. Find

ex sin 2x dx.

37

13. Find

x9 dx. x(x 1)(x + 3)

14. Find

x3 + 2x2 10x 9 dx. (x 3)(x + 3)

15. Let In stand for the integral In =

xn e2x dx. Using integration by parts show that

xn e2x n In1 . This result is known as a reduction formula. Use it repeatedly 2 2 to nd I4 , that is x4 e2x dx.

16.

Find
0

1 dt, by letting t = 2 sin . (4 t2 )3/2

38

Answers
Section 1. Derivatives of basic functions
1. (a) 1 (e) x2 (i) 1.3x0.3 2. (a) sin (e) sec2 (h)
1 4

(b) 6x5 (f) 1 x6/7 7 (j) 1 x4/3 3 (b) 4 sin 4 (f) sec2
4

(c) 0
3 (g) x4

(d)

1 2 x

(h) 79x78

0.71 (k) 5 x8/3 (l) x1.71 3

(c) cos (j)


5 2

(d)

2 3

cos 2 3

(g) 8 cos(8) = 8 cos 8 sin 5 = 5 sin 5 2 2 2

sec2

(i) 3 sin 3

(k) 0.7 cos 0.7 3. 4. (a) ex (b) 2e2y (c) 7e7t (d) 1 ex/3 3 (a)
1 x 2 (e) e2z/

(f) 1.4e1.4x

(g) 3x ln 3

(b)

1 z

(c)

1 x

Section 2. Linearity in dierentiation


1. a) 3 e) 2ex 2e2x 2. (a) t4/5 + t7 b) 2 2x
1 f) x2 3 x

c) sin x cos x

d) 9x4 + 16 cos 4x

g) 20x4 24 sec2 8x 10e5x (c)


9e3x/5 25

(b) 1 sin 4 + 3 e/4 2 4

(d)

1 3

sec2

3x 2

+ 6 sin 8x

(e) 1 z 1/3 + 4 e4z/3 3 9 3. 4. (a)


1 2y

(b) 24x2 +
1 x2

3 8x4

(c) 1 e4y 4 3x2

3 (d) 2 5e2t 3
18 x4

2 (a) x3 +

(b)

3 x 2

6 (c) x2 +

+ 4x (d) 6e2x 5e5x + 3e3x

(e) 4e4x 2e2x 5. (a)


9 2x 1 (b) 2x

(c)

3 t

(d)

1 3t

2 3

Section 3. Higher derivatives


1. (a) 20x3 (e)
2 x3

(b) 9 cos 3x
6 3/2 t 4 1 4t2

(c) 4e2z 4e2z (g) 3 x1/2 4


15 7/2 x 4

(d) 0 (h) ex + ex sin x cos x

18x (f) t1 + 2

(i) 2 sin 2t +

39

Section 4. The product rule for dierentiation


1. (a) sin x + x cos x (c) 1 x4/3 e3x 3x1/3 e3x 3 (e) (2x 1) sin 6x + 6(x2 x) cos 6x 2. (a) cos2 sin2 (c) cos z ln 4z + (e) 6e6x ln 6x +
sin z z e6x x

(b) 3x2 cos 2x 2x3 sin 2x (d)


1 2 x

ln 4x +

1 x 1 3x

1 (f) x2 tan x cos x + 3 3

sec2

x 3

+ sin x 3

(b) 2 cos 2t tan 5t + 5 sin 2t sec2 5t (d) 1 ex/2 cos x + sin x 2 2 2 (f) sin cos 3 3 cos sin 3

(g) 1 (ln 2t + ln t) t

Section 5. The quotient rule for dierentiation


1. (a) (d) 2. (a) (d) 3. (a) (c)
1+x2 (1x2 )2 18x18x2 6x4 (2x3 +3)2 x cos xsin x x2 ez 1 ( z 2 z ) z 5 (c) (1+2x)2 1 (e) 1 x + 1 2x /( x x)2 2

(b)

4x3 3x4 (1x)2

(b) (1 4 ln x)x7/3 3 (e)


2x ln 2xx (ln 2x)2

(c)

2 tan 222 sec2 2 tan2 2

2 cos 2t sin 5t5 cos 5t sin 2t sin2 5t (cos 3x)/x+3 ln x sin 3x , cos2 3x

(b) (d)

2e2x tan xe2x sec2 x tan2 x ln(4/3) x(ln 4x)2

Section 6. The chain rule for dierentiation


1. (a) 6(4 + 3x) (d)
x 1+x2 1 x 2

(b) 12x3 (1 x4 )2 (e) 1 1 + 3


1 x2 x 1 x2
3

(c)
1 x 4/3

4 (12x)3

(f) 5 (4x 3)(2x2 3x + 5)3/2 2

(g) 1 2.

4x2x (h) (4x2 x4 )3/2

(a) 2 sin cos (d) 4 sec (3 4x)


2

(b) 2 cos 2 (e) 25 cos 5z sin 5z


4

(c) cos cos(sin ) (f)


3 sin x cos4 x

(g) (1 6t) cos(2 t 3t2 ) 3. (a)2y exp(y 2 ) (e)


1 x

(b) 3 sin 3x exp(cos 3x) (f)


ex +ex ex ex

(c) 3e3x sin(e3x ) (g)


2 e3t 3 cos 3t 3e3t +9 sin 3t

(d)

4 cos 4x sin 4x

= 4 cot 4x

cos(ln 4x)

40

Section 7. Dierentiation of functions dened implicitly


1. (a)
1 13y 2

(b)

y2 2y 3 1

(c)

1 ey +2e2y

(d)
sin x 1cos y

yey 1+ey

2.

(a) (f)

2 sin 2x sec2 y 3(xy)2 1+3(xy)2

(b)

2x1 2y1

(c)

(d)

ex 1 2e2y +2

(e)

1 x

1 / ey

1 y

Section 8. Dierentiation of functions dened parametrically


1. 2. (a) tan t (b) (a)
3 4t 2t3 t2 +1

(c)

et +2t 2e2t +1

(d)

t1 1+t

sin (b) sec22t 2t

Section 9. Miscellaneous dierentiation exercises


1. (a) 3x2 tan 4x + 4x3 sec2 4x (d) (j) 2. (a) (c) 3. (g) (2 ln 2)x + 2
1 t ln t cos xcos2 xx sin x (1cos x)2 3 tan 412 sec2 4 tan2 4 x 2 x+1

(b) 12 tan2 4t sec2 4t (h) (k)


x1 x(ln xx)2 4 1z 2

(c) 12 exp(3 tan 4x) sec2 4x (i) (3 ln 5)5


3y 4 +5y 2 5y 4 3y 6 (y+y 1 )2 3x

(e) (1 ex ) exp(x ex ) (f) x

(b)

ez (z ln zln z1) (z ln z)2

(3 cos 3 cos 22 sin 3 sin 2) tan 44 sec2 4 sin 3 cos 2 tan2 4 1 et +1

(a) et ln(et + 1) + (c)


6x(1x2 )1/2 (1+x2 )5/2

(b) 6 sin 3 cos5 3 12 sin3 3 cos3 3 (d) (cos sin ) exp( cos ) (f)
2 (1+x)2 1x 1+x

(e) 3(x ln x)2 (1 + ln x) (g) 4. 5. (a) (a) (d) 6.


23y 2 y 3 (y 2 1)3/2 3 2 x sin x cos 2 1cos3 x

exp

(b) 1 (x x2 )3/4 (1 2x) exp (x x2 )1/4 4 (b) (2 + 4z 2 ) exp(z 2 )


48x2 (1x4 )5

(c) sec (1/) 2 tan(1/)

1 (1+x2 )3/2 320x6 (1x4 )6

(c) 6 sin cos2 3 sin3

(a) 2 cot 2x cosec 2x (d) 2cosec 2 cot4 3cosec4 cot2

(b) 2 sec2 tan (e) sec x

cosec z (c) 21+cot z

(f) sec2 (sec ) sec tan

41

Section 10. Integrals of basic functions


1. (a)
x5 5

+ c,

(b) (g)

x8 8

+ c, + c,

(c)

2x3/2 3

+c

(d) (i) (n)

3x4/3 4 x1.2 1.2 7

+ c,

(e) same as (c), (j)


x0.7 0.7

(f) 2x1/2 + c,

4x5/4 5

1 (h) 2x2 + c,

+ c, +c

+c

1 (k) same as (f) (l) 2x1/2 + c (m) x + c

3x7/3

2.

(a)

1 5

sin 5x + c,

(b) 1 cos 2x + c (c) 2 cos 1 x + c (d) 2 sin x + c 2 2 2 (f) 1 e2x + c 2 (j) ex + c (g) 1 e2x + c 2 (k) same as (g) (h) 3ex/3 + c (l) 1 sin(7x) + c = 1 sin 7x + c 7 7

(e) ln |x| + c (i) 2e0.5x + c

Section 11. Linearity in integration


1. (a) (e)
7x5 5 3

+ c,

(b) x + c, 2
x3

(c) (g)

2x3/2 3 x4 4

+
1 x

3x4/3 4

+c

(d)

51x4/3 4

+ c,

2x3/2

2x1/2 + c (f) (j)

(i) 11x + c 2. (a)


3x2 2

3 11x0.7 0.7

+ ln |x| + c +c

+c

1 (h) 14x2 + c

(k) x2 2 ln |x| + c (c)


x2 4

(l)

7x2 2

11x + c

+ 1 sin 4x + c 4

(b) 4x 1 cos 3x + c 3 (e) e 2 +


2x

2 cos x + c 2
2 cos 3x 3

(d) 4ex + 2 sin x + c 2 (g) (j) 3.


1 ln |x| + c k 1 ln |x| 7x 3

e2x 2

+c

(f) 3 cos 2x 2 (i) x + (l) (c) (f)


x3 6 x2 2

+c

(h) x 4 ln |x| + c +c (k) sin 1 x + c 2 (b)


x3 3 e3x 3 x2 2

x3 3

+c

6x1/2 + c +
4x5/2 5

(a) 2x3 + 3x2 + c (d)


x2 2

x2 2

2x + c

2x7/2 7 e2x 2

+c

2x3/2 3

6x + c (e) (h)

ex + c +x+c

ex + c

(g) x + 4 ln |x| + c

Section 12. Evaluating denite integrals


1. (a) (f) (k)
3 7 5 4 5 2 16

(b) 6305 2 (g) 18


1 2

(c) (h)

+1
2

(l) e e1 14 , 3 0 1 8 f (x)dx = . 3 1 f (x) dx =


3

2 3 1 2 1

8+

3 4

16

17 12

(d) (i)

51 (1 3 16) 4 1 3/2 (e 1) 3

(e) 168 (j) 2(e1 e2 )

2. 3.

33 , 2 0 1 8 f (x) dx = , 3 1 f (x) dx =

f (x) dx =
2

71 14 71 33 . Then + = . 6 3 6 2

42

Section 13. Integration by parts


1. (a) xex ex + c (b) 5 cos x + 5x sin x + c 1 1 (d) 4 cos 2x + 2 x sin 2x + c (e) 1 x2 ln x 1 x2 + c 2 4 (a) 1 2 (c) 15 e2 5 e2 4 4 (a) ex (x2 2x + 2) + c (c) 1 x2 (ln x)2 1 x2 ln x + 1 x2 + c 2 2 4 4. 5. (a)
2 4

(c) sin x x cos x + c (f) 8 sin x 4x cos x + c 2 2

2.

(b) 4e2 (d) 9 ln 3 2 2 (b) 5x2 sin x 10 sin x + 10x cos x + c (d) ex (x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 6) + c

3.

(e) 2x2 cos( 1 x) + 16 cos( 1 x) + 8x sin( 1 x) + c 2 2 2 2 (b) 7e 14 (c) 5 e2 + 1 e2 4 4

x ln x x + c.

Section 14. Integration by substitution


1. (a) sin(x 3) + c (d) 1 e9x7 + c 9
1 (g) 3(x2)3 + c

(b) 1 cos(2x + 4) + c 2 (e) (h)


1 (3x2 24 1 4(3t)4

(c) (f) (i) (l)

sin(t + ) + c +c

+ 8)4 + c +c

3/2 (4x3)5/2 + (4x3) 40 8 2 1 ex + c 2

(j) cos 4 2. (a)

+c

(k) (1 + t2 )1/2 + c

2x+1 4

1 ln |2x + 1| + c 4

2(x 3)3/2 +6 x3+c 3 (x 5)7 8(x 5)6 64(x 5)5 + + +c (b) 7 3 5 7 39 5 1025 3 1 x + 55 x4 x 375 x2 + 5625 x + c which can be expanded to x7 x6 + 7 3 5 3 (a) 1 2 2 (c) (e)
26 15 1 2

3.

(b) (d)

907 56 5265 8

(g) 2(e 5. 6.

(f) 2
2

e1 ) (b) ln |x 3| + c (c) ln |3x + 4| + c (c)


3 2

(a) ln |x + 1| + c (a)
1 2

(d) ln |2x + 1| + c.

ln |x2 + 1| + c (b) 1 ln |1 + cos 3| + c 3

ln |1 + e2x | + c

43

Section 15. Integration using partial fractions


1. (a) ln |x| + ln |x + 1| + c (c) 4 ln |x + 2| + ln |x + 1| + c (e) 7 ln |x + 9| + 2 ln |x + 1| + c (g) 2 ln |x + 2| 2 ln |x 2| + c (i) 2.
1 2

(b) 2 ln |x + 1| + ln |x| + c (d) 2 ln |x 1| 3 ln |x 2| + c (f) 7 ln |x + 9| 2 ln |x + 1| + c (h) 8 ln |x + 5| + 7 ln |x + 2| + c

ln |s 1| 1 ln |s + 1| + c 2 (b) 2 ln 3 + 3 ln 2

(a) 9 ln 3 17 ln 2 (c) 3 ln 3 ln 2

3.

1 (a) ln |x 1| x1 + c 2 (c) 7 ln |x 3| + x3 + c

(b) 4 ln |x + 1|

2 x+1

+c

4.

(a) ln 3 + 2 ln 2 + (c)
16 3

5 12

(b) 2 ln 5 4 ln 2 +

1 40

8 ln 3
1 x+1

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

ln |x + 2| + ln |x + 1|

+ c.

ln |x + 4| + 2 ln |x 3| + 2 ln |x 2| + c. ln |x 3| + 1 ln |2x + 1| 2 ln |x + 1| + c. 2
1 2 x 2

3x ln |x + 1| + 8 ln |x + 2| + c.
15 x+2

2x ln |x + 1|

9 ln |x + 2| + c.

x2 x + 4 ln |x| + 3 ln |2x + 1| + c 2

Section 16. Integration using trigonometrical identities


1. 2. 3. 4. (a) 1 cos 3x + c (b) 3
x 2 1 8

sin 8x + c (c) 1 cos 7t + c (d) 7

sin 6x 6

+c

sin 2x 4

+ c.

1 cos 2t + c. 4
1 (a) 10 cos 10t 1 cos 4t + c 4

(b)

4 5

sin 5x +

4 13

sin 13x + c

(c) 5. 6. 7.

1 12

sin 6t

1 16

sin 8t + c

tan t t + c.
3 t 8

+ 1 sin 2t + 4

cos t + 2 cos t 1 cos5 t + c. 3 5 44

1 32 3

sin 4t + c.

Section 17. Miscellaneous integration exercises


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. (9x 2)6 + c. 54 2 t 2 ln | t + 1| + c. (Hint: let u = t + 1.)
1 5 t 5

ln |t|

1 5 t 25

+ c.

4 10 3/2 t 3t + 2t + c. 3 4 1 sin 3t 3 cos t + c. 3 1 x ln a ax e + c = ln a + c. ln a

e3x+1
1 2

x 3

1 9

+c

ln |x + 2| + ln |x 2| + c. tan2 + c. 2/3. 1 arcsin x + 2


1 x e (sin 2x 5 x 1x2 2

+ c.

2 cos 2x) + c c.

3 ln |x| 2 ln |x 1| ln |x + 3| + c.
1 2 x + 2x 2 ln |x + 3| + ln |x 3| + 2 1 2x e [2x4 4x3 + 6x2 6x + 3] + c. 4 3 . 12

45

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