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Foreword Preliminary work How to use this booklet Acknowledgements Reminders Tables of derivatives and integrals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Derivatives of basic functions Linearity in differentiation Higher derivatives The product rule for differentiation The quotient rule for differentiation The chain rule for differentiation Differentiation of functions defined implicitly Differentiation of functions defined parametrically Miscellaneous differentiation exercises Integrals of basic functions Linearity in integration Evaluating definite integrals Integration by parts Integration by substitution Integration using partial fractions Integration using trigonometrical identities Miscellaneous integration exercises Answers 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 13 15 16 17 20 21 23 24 26 29 33 35 39
Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you to cope better with your university mathematics programme. When your programme starts you will find that the ability to differentiate and integrate confidently will be invaluable. We think that this is so important that we are making this course available for you to work through either before you come to university, or during the early stages of your programme.
Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra Refresher before embarking upon this calculus revision course.
Acknowledgments
The materials in A Calculus Refresher were prepared by Dr Tony Croft and Dr Anthony Kay, both at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr Joe Kyle and Jonathon De Souza for their many helpful corrections and suggestions. Users are invited to sent any suggestions for improvement to info@mathstore.ac.uk This edition of A Calculus Refresher is published by the Maths, Stats & OR Network. March 2009. Copies of the Refresher are available for use in mathematics departments. For more details regarding obtaining paper copies of A Calculus Refresher please visit www.mathstore.ac.uk/ refreshers. At this web address you will also find a PDF of the document for download. The Maths, Stats & OR Network University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham, B15 2TT Tel: 0121 414 7095 email: info@mathstore.ac.uk Web: http://mathstore.ac.uk
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult. Remember seek help with these when you arrive at your university.
Tables
The following tables of common derivatives and integrals are provided for revision purposes. It will be a great advantage to know these derivatives and integrals because they are required so frequently in mathematics courses.
Table of derivatives
f (x) xn ln kx ekx ax sin kx cos kx tan kx f (x) nxn1 1 x kekx ax ln a k cos kx k sin kx k sec2 kx
Table of integrals
f (x) (n = 1) 1 x f (x) dx xn+1 + c n+1 ln |x| + c
x1 = ekx
2. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to (a) cos (g) sin(8) (b) cos 4 (h) tan 4 (c) sin (i) cos 3 (d) sin 2 3 5 2 (e) tan (k) sin 0.7 (f) tan
(j) cos
3. Find the following derivatives. (a) (e) d x (e ) dx d 2z/ ) (e dz (b) (f) d 2y (e ) dy d 1.4x ) (e dx (c) (g) d 7t (e ) dt d x (3 ) dx (d) d x/3 (e ) dx
4. Find the following derivatives. (a) d (ln x) dx (b) d (ln 5z) dz (c) 2x d ln dx 3
2. Linearity in dierentiation
The linearity rules enable us to dierentiate sums and dierences of functions, and constant multiples of functions. Specically d d d (f (x) g(x)) = (f (x)) (g(x)), dx dx dx (b) 2x x2 1 (f) 4 3 ln x x (c) cos x sin x (g) 4x5 3 tan 8x 2e5x d d (kf (x)) = k (f (x)). dx dx (d) 3x3 + 4 sin 4x
1. Dierentiate each of the following with respect to x. (a) 3x + 2 (e) 2ex + e2x
2. (a)
Find the following derivatives. t8 d 5t1/5 + dt 8 d 2 3x 3 tan cos 8x dx 9 2 4 (b) d 2 cos 3e/4 d 4 d dz 1 4/3 1 4z/3 z e 4 3 (c) d dx 3e3x/5 5
(d)
(e)
In Questions 3-5 you dont need the product rule, quotient rule or chain rule to dierentiate any of these if you do the algebra rst! 3. Expand the powers or roots and hence nd the following derivatives. (a) d dy 2y (b) d 1 (2x)3 dx (2x)3 (c) d dy 1 y e 2
4
(d)
d 2t 3 5e dt
4. Simplify or expand each of the following expressions, and then dierentiate with respect to x. (a) x x2 x3
2x
(b) x( x x2 )
3x
(c) 2x
2 x
3 +x x2
(d) (e
1)(3 e )
5. Use the laws of logarithms to nd the following derivatives. d ln x9/2 (a) dx d 1 (b) ln dx 6x d t3 (c) ln 3t dt e (d) d ln te2t dt
1/3
3. Higher derivatives
1. Find the following second derivatives. (a) (d) (g) d2 5 (x ) dx2 d2 (8 13y) dy 2 1 d2 x3/2 3/2 2 dx x (b) (e) (h) d2 (cos 3x) dx2 d2 dx2 1 3x 3x3 x (c) (f) (i) d2 2z (e e2z ) 2 dz d2 (ln 2t 6t) dt2 d2 dt2 1 1 sin 2t ln 4t 2 4
2. (a) (e)
Find the following derivatives. d (sin cos ) d d 6x (e ln 6x) dx (b) (f) d (sin 2t tan 5t) dt d (cos cos 3) d (c) (g) d (sin z ln 4z) dz d (ln t ln 2t) dt (d) x d ex/2 cos dx 2
10
11
2. (a)
Find the following derivatives. d sin x dx x (b) d dx ln x x4/3 (c) d d 2 tan 2 (d) d dz ez z (e) d dx x2 ln 2x
3. Find the following derivatives. (a) d sin 2t dt sin 5t (b) d dx e2x tan x (c) d dx ln x cos 3x (d) d dx ln 3x ln 4x
12
(c) (g)
1 (1 2x)2 x2 x
(d)
1 + x2 1 4x2 x4
(h)
13
2. Find the following derivatives. (Remember the notation for powers of trigonometric functions: sin2 x means (sin x)2 , etc.) (a) (e) d (sin2 ) d d (cos5 5z) dz (b) (f) d (sin 2 ) d 1 d dx cos3 x (c) (g) d (sin(sin )) d d (sin(2 t 3t2 )) dt (d) d (tan(3 4x)) dx
3. Find the following derivatives. (The notation exp x is used rather than ex where it is clearer.) (a) (e) d exp(y 2 ) dy d (sin(ln 4x)) dx (b) (f) d (exp(cos 3x)) dx d (ln(ex ex )) dx d (cos(e3x )) dx d 3t (g) e 3 cos 3t dt (c) (d) d (ln(sin 4x)) dx
14
(a) x = y y 3
(b) x = y 2 +
1 y
(c) x = ey + e2y
(d) x = ln(y ey )
2. Find equations.
dy dx
in terms of x and/or y when x and y are related by the following (b) x + y 2 = y x2 (e) x + ey = ln x + ln y (c) y sin y = cos x (f) y = (x y)3
15
y = cos t y = et + t2
1 (b) x = t , y = 1 t2 t (d) x = ln t + t, y = t ln t
2. Find dx in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric dy equations. (a) x = 3t + t3 , y = 2t2 + t4 (b) x = cos 2t, y = tan 2t
16
(d) (h)
d d
3 tan 4
1 d dx ln x x
d (ln(ln t)) dt
2. Find the following derivatives, which require both the product and quotient rules. (a) x cos x d dx 1 cos x (b) d dz ez z ln z (c) d d sin 3 cos 2 tan 4
17
3. Find the following derivatives, which require the chain rule as well as either the product rule or the quotient rule. d (a) (et ln(et + 1)) dt (d) d (exp( cos )) d d dy 1 y2 1 d (sin2 3 cos4 3) (b) d (e) d (x ln x)3 dx d 1 x2 (c) dx 1 + x2 (f)
3/2
d 1x exp dx 1+x
(g)
y2
4. Find the following derivatives, which require use of the chain rule more than once. d d 1 d ( 1 cos3 x) (b) exp (x x2 )1/4 (c) ln tan (a) dx dx d
18
5. (a)
Find the following second derivatives. d2 ( 1 + x2 ) dx2 (b) d2 (exp(z 2 )) dz 2 (c) d2 (sin3 ) d2 (d) d2 dx2 1 (1 x4 )4
1 cos x 1 , sec x = and cot x = , nd the 6. Remembering that cosec x = sin x cos x sin x following derivatives. (a) (d) d (cosec 2x) dx d (cosec 2 cot3 ) d (b) (e) d (sec2 ) d d (ln(sec x + tan x)) dx (c) (f) d ( 1 + cot z) dz d (tan(sec )) d
19
(g)
(n) x4/3
2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x (d) cos (a) cos 5x (b) sin 2x (c) sin 1 x 2 2 1 (g) e2x (h) ex/3 (i) e0.5x (j) x e
1 x 1 (k) 2x e (e)
20
1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. (a) 7x4 (g) x3 + (b) 4x7 1 1 (h) 3 2 x 7x (c) x1/2 + x1/3 (i) 11 (d) 17x1/3 (j) 11 x0.3 (e)
(f) x2 +
(k) 2x
(l) 7x 11
2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x x x (a) 3x + cos 4x (b) 4 + sin 3x (c) + sin (d) 4ex + cos 2 2 2 4 1 , k constant (h) 1 (f) 3 sin 2x + 2 sin 3x (g) (e) e2x + e2x kx x 1 7 (k) 1 cos 1 x (j) (l) 1 x2 3x1/2 (i) 1 + x + x2 2 2 2 3x
21
3. Simplify each of the following expressions rst and then integrate them with respect to x. (a) 6x(x + 1) (b) (x + 1)(x 2) e3x e2x ex x3 + 2x2 (c) x (g) x+4 x (d) ( x + 2)( x 3) (h) x2 + 3x + 2 x+2
22
(a)
0 3
7x4 dx
(b)
2 5 1
4t7 dt
(c)
1
(d) (h)
1 2
17t1/3 dt cos 2x dx
(e)
1
1/2
(i)
0
1 dx x2 1 x dx e
/4 0
(g)
0
/4
(k)
0
(2 + sin )d (l)
0
(ex + ex )dx
f (x)dx +
0 2
f (x)dx =
0
f (x)dx
3.
1 1
f (x)dx =
1 1
f (x)dx.
23
(a)
0
x cos x dx
(b)
1
4xex dx
(c)
5te2t dt (d)
1
x ln x dx
3. In the following exercises it may be necessary to apply the integration by parts formula more than once. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. x (a) x2 ex (b) 5x2 cos x (c) x(ln x)2 (d) x3 ex (e) x2 sin 2
24
(a)
0
x2 cos x dx
(b)
0
7x2 ex dx
(c)
t2 e2t dt
5. By writing ln x as 1 ln x nd
ln x dx.
7. Let I stand for the integral et sin t dt. Using integration by parts twice show that ( plus a constant of integration ) I = et sin t et cos t I et (sin t cos t) +c Hence deduce that et sin t dt = 2
25
e9x7 dx, u = 9x 7 x 4x 3 dx, u = 4x 3 1 dt, (3 t)5 sin x cos3 x dx, u=3t u = cos x
u = x2 u = 1 + t2
t dt, 1 + t2
x dx, u = 2x + 1 2x + 1
26
2. Find each of the following integrals using the given substitution. x (b) (x 5)4 (x + 3)2 dx, u=x5 dx, z = x3 (a) x3
3. Evaluate each of the following denite integrals using the given substitution.
/4
(a)
0 3
cos(x )dx,
z =x
(b)
8
u=x8
(c)
2 2
t t 2 dt,
(d)
(e)
0 2
u = tan x
(g)
1
e t dt, u = t t
27
4.
5. The result of the previous exercise is a particular case of a more general rule with which you should become familiar: when the integrand takes the form derivative of denominator denominator the integral is the logarithm of the denominator. Use this rule to nd the following integrals, checking each example by making an appropriate substitution. 1 1 3 2 dx (b) dx (c) dx (d) dx (a) x+1 x3 3x + 4 2x + 1
6. Use the technique of Question 5 together with a linearity rule to nd the x dx we note that the numerator can following integrals. For example, to nd 27 x be made equal to the derivative of the denominator as follows: x 2x 1 1 dx = dx = ln |x2 7| + c. 27 27 x 2 x 2 x sin 3 3e2x dx dx (b) d (c) (a) x2 + 1 1 + cos 3 1 + e2x
28
2. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following denite integrals.
2
(a)
1
2 8x dx x2 + 2x
(b)
0
5x + 7 dx (x + 1)(x + 2)
(c)
1 x2
7x 11 dx 3x + 2
29
3. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following integrals. (a) x2 x dx 2x + 1 (b) 4x + 6 dx (x + 1)2 (c) x2 7x 23 dx 6x + 9
4. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, nd the following denite integrals.
1
(a)
0
x+8 dx x2 + 6x + 9
(b)
2x + 19 dx x2 + 18x + 81
(c)
0
8x dx x2 + 2x + 1
30
5. Find
6. Find
7. Find
31
8. In this example note that the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree x3 of the denominator. Find dx. (x + 1)(x + 2)
9.
Show that
Hence nd
10. Find
32
2.
sin2 x dx.
3.
33
4.
Find (a)
2 sin 7t cos 3t dt
(b)
8 cos 9x cos 4x dx
(c)
sin t sin 7t dt
5.
Find
tan2 t dt.
(Hint: use one of the identities and note that the derivative of tan t is sec2 t).
6.
Find
7.
(a) Use the substitution u = cos x to show that sin x cosn x dx = 1 cosn+1 x + c n+1 sin5 t dt. Start by writing
the integrand as sin4 t sin t. Take the identity sin2 t = 1 cos2 t and square it to produce an identity for sin4 t. Finally use the result in part (a) to nd the required integral, sin5 t dt.
34
2. Find
1 dt. t+1
3. Find
t4 ln t dt.
4. Find
(5 t 3t3 + 2) dt.
35
5. Find
6. By taking logarithms to base e show that ax can be written as ex ln a . Hence nd ax dx where a is a constant.
7. Find
xe3x+1 dx.
8. Find
2x dx. (x + 2)(x 2)
36
9. Find
tan sec2 d.
/2
10. Find
0
sin3 x dx.
1 x2 dx.
12. Find
ex sin 2x dx.
37
13. Find
14. Find
xn e2x n In1 . This result is known as a reduction formula. Use it repeatedly 2 2 to nd I4 , that is x4 e2x dx.
16.
Find
0
38
Answers
Section 1. Derivatives of basic functions
1. (a) 1 (e) x2 (i) 1.3x0.3 2. (a) sin (e) sec2 (h)
1 4
(b) 6x5 (f) 1 x6/7 7 (j) 1 x4/3 3 (b) 4 sin 4 (f) sec2
4
(c) 0
3 (g) x4
(d)
1 2 x
(h) 79x78
(d)
2 3
cos 2 3
sec2
(i) 3 sin 3
(k) 0.7 cos 0.7 3. 4. (a) ex (b) 2e2y (c) 7e7t (d) 1 ex/3 3 (a)
1 x 2 (e) e2z/
(f) 1.4e1.4x
(g) 3x ln 3
(b)
1 z
(c)
1 x
c) sin x cos x
d) 9x4 + 16 cos 4x
(d)
1 3
sec2
3x 2
+ 6 sin 8x
(b) 24x2 +
1 x2
3 8x4
3 (d) 2 5e2t 3
18 x4
2 (a) x3 +
(b)
3 x 2
6 (c) x2 +
(c)
3 t
(d)
1 3t
2 3
(b) 9 cos 3x
6 3/2 t 4 1 4t2
18x (f) t1 + 2
(i) 2 sin 2t +
39
ln 4x +
1 x 1 3x
sec2
x 3
+ sin x 3
(b) 2 cos 2t tan 5t + 5 sin 2t sec2 5t (d) 1 ex/2 cos x + sin x 2 2 2 (f) sin cos 3 3 cos sin 3
(g) 1 (ln 2t + ln t) t
(b)
(c)
2 cos 2t sin 5t5 cos 5t sin 2t sin2 5t (cos 3x)/x+3 ln x sin 3x , cos2 3x
(b) (d)
(c)
1 x 4/3
4 (12x)3
(g) 1 2.
(d)
4 cos 4x sin 4x
= 4 cot 4x
cos(ln 4x)
40
(b)
y2 2y 3 1
(c)
1 ey +2e2y
(d)
sin x 1cos y
yey 1+ey
2.
(a) (f)
(b)
2x1 2y1
(c)
(d)
ex 1 2e2y +2
(e)
1 x
1 / ey
1 y
(c)
et +2t 2e2t +1
(d)
t1 1+t
(b)
(b) 6 sin 3 cos5 3 12 sin3 3 cos3 3 (d) (cos sin ) exp( cos ) (f)
2 (1+x)2 1x 1+x
exp
41
+ c,
(b) (g)
x8 8
+ c, + c,
(c)
2x3/2 3
+c
+ c,
(f) 2x1/2 + c,
4x5/4 5
1 (h) 2x2 + c,
+ c, +c
+c
3x7/3
2.
(a)
1 5
sin 5x + c,
(b) 1 cos 2x + c (c) 2 cos 1 x + c (d) 2 sin x + c 2 2 2 (f) 1 e2x + c 2 (j) ex + c (g) 1 e2x + c 2 (k) same as (g) (h) 3ex/3 + c (l) 1 sin(7x) + c = 1 sin 7x + c 7 7
+ c,
(b) x + c, 2
x3
(c) (g)
2x3/2 3 x4 4
+
1 x
3x4/3 4
+c
(d)
51x4/3 4
+ c,
2x3/2
3 11x0.7 0.7
+ ln |x| + c +c
+c
1 (h) 14x2 + c
(l)
7x2 2
11x + c
+ 1 sin 4x + c 4
2 cos x + c 2
2 cos 3x 3
e2x 2
+c
+c
x3 3
+c
6x1/2 + c +
4x5/2 5
x2 2
2x + c
2x7/2 7 e2x 2
+c
2x3/2 3
6x + c (e) (h)
ex + c +x+c
ex + c
(g) x + 4 ln |x| + c
(c) (h)
+1
2
2 3 1 2 1
8+
3 4
16
17 12
(d) (i)
51 (1 3 16) 4 1 3/2 (e 1) 3
2. 3.
33 , 2 0 1 8 f (x) dx = , 3 1 f (x) dx =
f (x) dx =
2
71 14 71 33 . Then + = . 6 3 6 2
42
2.
(b) 4e2 (d) 9 ln 3 2 2 (b) 5x2 sin x 10 sin x + 10x cos x + c (d) ex (x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 6) + c
3.
x ln x x + c.
sin(t + ) + c +c
+ 8)4 + c +c
+c
(k) (1 + t2 )1/2 + c
2x+1 4
1 ln |2x + 1| + c 4
2(x 3)3/2 +6 x3+c 3 (x 5)7 8(x 5)6 64(x 5)5 + + +c (b) 7 3 5 7 39 5 1025 3 1 x + 55 x4 x 375 x2 + 5625 x + c which can be expanded to x7 x6 + 7 3 5 3 (a) 1 2 2 (c) (e)
26 15 1 2
3.
(b) (d)
907 56 5265 8
(g) 2(e 5. 6.
(f) 2
2
(a) ln |x + 1| + c (a)
1 2
(d) ln |2x + 1| + c.
ln |1 + e2x | + c
43
ln |s 1| 1 ln |s + 1| + c 2 (b) 2 ln 3 + 3 ln 2
(a) 9 ln 3 17 ln 2 (c) 3 ln 3 ln 2
3.
1 (a) ln |x 1| x1 + c 2 (c) 7 ln |x 3| + x3 + c
(b) 4 ln |x + 1|
2 x+1
+c
4.
(a) ln 3 + 2 ln 2 + (c)
16 3
5 12
(b) 2 ln 5 4 ln 2 +
1 40
8 ln 3
1 x+1
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
ln |x + 2| + ln |x + 1|
+ c.
ln |x + 4| + 2 ln |x 3| + 2 ln |x 2| + c. ln |x 3| + 1 ln |2x + 1| 2 ln |x + 1| + c. 2
1 2 x 2
3x ln |x + 1| + 8 ln |x + 2| + c.
15 x+2
2x ln |x + 1|
9 ln |x + 2| + c.
x2 x + 4 ln |x| + 3 ln |2x + 1| + c 2
sin 6x 6
+c
sin 2x 4
+ c.
1 cos 2t + c. 4
1 (a) 10 cos 10t 1 cos 4t + c 4
(b)
4 5
sin 5x +
4 13
sin 13x + c
(c) 5. 6. 7.
1 12
sin 6t
1 16
sin 8t + c
tan t t + c.
3 t 8
+ 1 sin 2t + 4
1 32 3
sin 4t + c.
ln |t|
1 5 t 25
+ c.
e3x+1
1 2
x 3
1 9
+c
+ c.
2 cos 2x) + c c.
3 ln |x| 2 ln |x 1| ln |x + 3| + c.
1 2 x + 2x 2 ln |x + 3| + ln |x 3| + 2 1 2x e [2x4 4x3 + 6x2 6x + 3] + c. 4 3 . 12
45