EECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof.

Mark Fowler
Discussion #1
Complex Numbers and Complex-Valued Functions Reading Assignment: Appendix A of Kamen and Heck

Complex Numbers
Complex numbers arise as roots of polynomials.
Definition of imaginary # j and some resulting properties:

j = 1 j 2 = 1 ( j )( j ) = 1 ( j )( j ) = 1

Recall that the solution of differential equations involves finding roots of the characteristic polynomial So

Rectangular form of a complex number:

z = a + jb
real numbers

a = Re{z} b = Im{z}

The rules of addition and multiplication are straight-forward:

Add :

(a + jb) + (c + jd ) = (a + c) + j (b + d )

Multiply : (a + jb)(c + jd ) = (ac bd ) + j (ad + bc)

Polar Form

z = re

r>0

Polar form an alternate way to express a complex number Polar Form good for multiplication and division

Note: you may have learned polar form as r we will NOT use that here!! The advantage of the rej is that when it is manipulated using rules of exponentials and it behaves properly according to the rules of complex #s:

( a x )( a y ) = a x + y
Multiplying Using Polar Form

a x / a y = a x y
Dividing Using Polar Form

(r e )(r e ) = r r e
j1 j 2 1 2 1 2

j (1 + 2 )

z n = (re

j n

= r n e jn

(r e ) = r e (r e ) r
j1 1 j 2 1 2 2

j (1 2 )

z1 / n = r1 / n e j / n

1 1 1 j 2 = = e j 2 z 2 r2 e r2

We need to be able convert between Rectangular and Polar Forms this is made easy and obvious by looking at the geometry (and trigonometry) of complex #s: Geometry of Complex Numbers Im b r a z = a + jb Re Conversion Formulas r a b

b = r sin a = r cos

r = a 2 + b2 b = tan a
1

Q: Why the form rej for polar form?? Start with trigonometry:

z = a + jb = r cos + j ( r sin ) = r[cos + j sin ]

2
2! +

From Calc II: cos = 1

4
4!

6
6!

+ ...

j sin = j j

3
3!

+j

5
5!

7
7!

+ ...

j 3 4 cos + j sin = 1 + j + + ... 2! 3! 4!

Also From Calc II:

x2 x3 x4 e x = 1 + x + + + + ... 2! 3! 4!

j 3 4 = 1 + j + + ... 2! 3! 4!

Since cos + jsin has the same expansion as e j we can say that:

cos + j sin = e

Complex Exponentials vs. Sines and Cosines Eulers Equations: (A) (B) (C) (D)

Summary of Rectangular & Polar Forms Rect Form: Polar Form:

z = a + jb Re{z} = a = r cos Im{z} = b = r sin

z = re j

r0

( , ]

z = r = a2 + b2 b z = = tan 1 a

Warning: Your calculator will give you the wrong answer whenever you have a < 0. In other words, for z values that lie in the II and III quadrants. You can always fix this by either adding or subtracting . Use common sense looking at the signs of a and b will tell you what quadrant z is in make sure your angle agrees with that!!!

Conjugate of Z

Denoted as

z*

or

z = a + jb z = re j
Properties of z*

z * = a jb z * = re j

1. z + z * = 2 Re{z} 2. z z = ( a + jb)( a jb) = a + b = z

* 2 2 2

Unit Circle Im
1

Unit Circle: A set of complex numbers with magnitude of 1 (|z| =1) Re All z on the unit circle look like: 1e j

Four special points on the unit circle:

Im
j=e
1 = e j
j 2

Know these!!!
e
jn

1, n odd integer = 1, n even integer j, j , = 1, 1, n = 1, 5, 9, ... n = 3, 7,11, ... n = 0, 4, 8,... n = 2, 6,10,...

e jn 2 = 1 for all integers

Re
jn

1 = e j0 j=e
j

e
2

A sinusoid is completely defined by its three parameters: -Amplitude A (for EEs typically in volts or amps or other physical unit) -Frequency in radians per second -Phase shift in radians T is the period of the sinusoid and is related to the frequency

Frequency can be expressed in two common units: -Cyclic frequency: f = 1/T in Hz (1 Hz = 1 cycle/second) -Radian Frequency: = 2/T (in radians/second) From this we can see that these two frequency units have a simple conversion factor relationship (like all other unit conversions e.g. feet and meters):

= 2f

Phase shift (often just shortened to phase) shows up explicitly in the equation but shows up in the plot as a time shift (because the plot is a function of time). Q: What is the relationship between the plot-observed time shift and the equationspecified phase shift? A: We can write the time shift of a function by replacing t by t + to (more on this later, but you should be able to verify that this is true!) Then we get:

f (t + to ) = A sin( (t + to )) = A sin(t + to )
= So we get that: = to (unit-wise this makes sense!!!)

In circuits you used phasors (well call them static phasors here) the point of using them is to make it EASY to analyze circuits that are driven by a single sinusoid. Here is an example to refresh your memory!! Find output voltage of the following circuit: R = 1
x(t ) = 5 cos 1000t +

L = 2mH

y (t ) = ?

Use phasor and impedance ideas:

Impedance of Inductor : Z L = jL = j 2 Phasor of Input : x = 5e

j 4

Use voltage divider to find output:

Output phasor:

j2 j y = x = 5e 4 0.89e j 0.46 1+ j2
Output signal:

y = 4.45e j1.25

y (t ) = 4.45 cos(1000t + 1.25)

Note that in using static phasors there was no need to carry around the frequency it gets suppressed in the static phasor BUT if you have multiple driving sinusoids (each at its own unique frequency) then youll need to keep that frequency in the phasor representation that leads to: Rotating Phasors Keeping the frequency part

Ao cos(ot + o ) Ao e j (ot +o ) = Ao e jo e jot

static phasor part

e jot = cos(o t ) + j sin(ot ) Re Ao e j e jot = Ao cos(ot + o )

Ao cos(ot + o )
input rotating phasor system Modified system output rotating phasor Rotating phasor

Ao e jo e jot

~ (t ) = Ae + j [ot +o ] If x (x(t ) = A cos(ot + o ) ) What is : ~ * (t ) x = Ae

j [o t +o ] j o j o t

= Ae e ~ (t ) + ~ * (t ) x x = 2 Re{~ (t )} x 2 = 2 A cos(ot + o )
Because rotating phasors take the value of a complex number at each Instant of time they must follow all the rules of complex numbers Especially: EULERS EQUATIONS!!

Rotating Phasors Eulers Equations

Viewing rotating phasor on the complex plane