Objectives

Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe Describe the the the UE the the the the the the the the the the the cell search procedure. RRC UE states and state transitions. system information broadcast procedure. and E-UTRA measurement types. idle mode procedures. random access procedure. state characteristics of RRC. NAS protocol states and state transitions. network attach procedure. LTE pooling relationships. LTE mobile identities. tracking area identities. initial context setup procedures. intra MME/S-GW handover. inter MME/S-GW handover.

9-3
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Search Procedure

Cell Search Procedure

Cell search is the procedure by which a UE acquires its frequency reference, frame timing, and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) symbol timing with the (best) cell, and also to identify the cell ID.. A scalable overall transmission bandwidth corresponding to 6 resource blocks and upwards is supported within the E-UTRA, therefore it doesnt matter whether 20 MHz or 1.4 MHz is used as the 6 resource blocks can t within any of the supported bandwidths.

Acquiring P-SCH and S-SCH

On power up the UE will scan the available LTE frequencies and detect the center frequencies of the bandwidth being used by the network(s). To be more specic the center 1.25 MHz bandwidth which corresponds to 72 subcarriers (or 6 PRBs) and there the UE will nd the P-SCH, S-SCH and PBCH. There are 504 unique physical layer cell identities available, these are grouped into 168 unique physical layer group identities with each group containing three unique orthogonal physical layer identities. Therefore a physical layer identity is identied by a number between 0167 representing the cell identity group and a number in the range 02 representing the physical layer identity within the physical layer identity groups. Two channels are used to achieve this, the P-SCH and S-SCH. The P-SCH uses the same OFDM waveform for all cells over 72 subcarriers and this is used for SCH symbol timing and frequency acquisition. A S-SCH is used to determine the cell group ID where the three cell IDs relevant to that group can be detected using reference symbols for correlation detections, where the maximum correlation peak is obtained for the correct physical cell ID. This vastly reduces the amount of correlation detections the UE has to do from 504 to 3. A one-to-one mapping between the 3 Cell IDs in each Cell ID group and downlink reference signals are applied in the system. By processing the downlink reference signals, the cell ID (one out of 3) is derived within the cell ID group. The physical cell id will give a unique combination of one orthogonal sequence and one pseudo-random sequence. It is then possible to decode the PBCH and therefore decode the Master Information Block (MIB). 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.1.0 (200711) Physical Channels and Modulation

9-4
LTE

Cell Search Procedure

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Search Procedure

2. P-SCH - SCH symbol timing and frequency acquisition 4. The three cell IDs relevant to that group can be detected using reference symbols from the downlink reference signals for correlation detections

3. S-SCH - cell group ID

1. There are 504 unique physical layer cell identities available, these are grouped into 168 unique physical layer group identities with each group containing three unique physical layer identities.

9-5
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

RRC UE States and State Transitions

RRC UE States and State Transitions

When the UE is rst switched on it will acquire the physical cell ID of a cell. At this time it will have no RRC connection (or any other type) with the eNB, the UE is then said to be in RRC_IDLE state. If the UE establishes a connection with the cell it will do it via RRC messages and hence it will move into RRC_CONNECTED state.

RRC_IDLE State
The RRC_IDLE state can be characterised as follows: Transfer of broadcast/multicast data to the UE. A UE specic DRX maybe congured by the upper layers. UE controlled mobility. The UE will: Monitor a paging channel to detect incoming calls. Performs neighbour cell measurements and cell (re-) selections. Acquires system information.

RRC_CONNECTED State
The RRC_CONNECTED state can be characterised as follows: Transfer of unicast data to/from UE, transfer of broadcast/multicast data to the UE. At the lower layers, the UE maybe congured with a UE specic DRX/DTX. Network controlled mobility. The UE will: Monitor control channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it. Provides channel quality and feedback information. Performs neighbouring cell measurements and measurement reporting. Acquires system information.

9-6
LTE

RRC UE States and State Transitions

Version 1 Rev 2

RRC UE States and State Transitions

Handover CELL_DCH

E-UTRA RRC CONNECTED

Handover

GSM_CONNECTED

GPRS Packet transfer mode CELL_FACH Connection establishment/release CCO with NACC CCO, Reselection

CELL_PCH URA_PCH Reselection Connection establishment/release

Connection establishment/release

Reselection UTRA_IDLE

E-UTRA RRC IDLE

Reselection CCO, Reselection GSM_IDLE/GPRS Packet_Idle

WCDMA 3G

LTE

GSM/GPRS 2G

9-7
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

System Information (SI)

System Information (SI)

System Information (SI) is an RRC message carrying a number of System Information Blocks (SIBs) that have the same scheduling requirements (i.e. periodicity). There may be more than one SI message transmitted with the same periodicity. Each SIB contains a set of related system information parameters. Several SIBs have been dened including the Master Information Block (MIB), that includes a limited number of most frequently transmitted parameters, and SIB type 1 containing the scheduling information that mainly indicates when the SI messages are transmitted, i.e. start times. SYSTEM INFORMATION MASTER (SI-M) and SYSTEM INFORMATION 1 (SI-1) are special versions of an SI message only carrying a single SIB, namely the MIB and SIB type 1 respectively. The SI-M message is carried on BCH while all other SI messages are carried on DL-SCH.

System Information Blocks (SIBs)

These SIBs relate to information contain in both RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED modes. Master Information Block (MIB) The MIB denes the most essential physical layer information of the cell required to receive further system information like downlink system bandwidth, number of transmit antennas and system frame number. The MIB is transmitted on the BCH. System Information Block Type 1 (SIB 1) The SIB 1 contains information relevant when evaluating if a UE is allowed to access a cell and denes the scheduling of other SIBs. System Information Block Type 2 (SIB 2) The SIB 2 contains common and shared channel information. System Information Block Type 3 (SIB 3) The IE SIB 3 contains cell re-selection information, mainly related to the serving cell. System Information Block Type 4 (SIB 4) The SIB 4 contains information about the serving neighbouring frequencies and intra-frequency neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection, covering both E UTRA and other RATs. The Information Element (IE) includes cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specic re-selection parameters. System Information Block Type 5 (SIB 5) The SIB 5 contains information about other E UTRA frequencies and inter-frequency neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection. The IE includes cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specic re-selection parameters. System Information Block Type 6 (SIB 6) The SIB 6 contains information about UTRA frequencies and UTRA neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection. The IE includes cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specic re-selection parameters. System Information Block Type 7 (SIB 7) The SIB 7 contains information about GERAN frequencies and GERAN neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection. The IE includes cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specic re-selection parameters. System Information Block Type 8 (SIB 8) The SIB 8 contains information about CDMA2000 frequencies and CDMA2000 neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection. The IE includes cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specic re-selection parameters. 3GPP TS 36.331 V8.1.0 (200803) Radio Resource Control

9-8
LTE

System Information (SI)

Version 1 Rev 2

System Information (SI)

Master Information Block (MIB) on BCH

System Information Block Type 1 to 8 (SIB 1 to 8) on DL-SCH

MIB - Essential physical layer information SIB 1 - If UE is allowed to access a cell and defines the scheduling of other SIBs SIB 2 - Common and shared channel information SIB 3 - Cell re-selection information, mainly related to the serving cell SIB 4 8 Cell reselection parameters for different types of neighbours

9-9
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Physical layer Measurements

Physical layer Measurements

With the measurement specications L1 provides measurement capabilities for the UE and E-UTRAN. These measurements can be classied in different reported measurement types: intra-frequency, inter-frequency, inter-system, trafc volume, quality and UE internal measurements. To initiate a specic measurement, the E-UTRAN transmits a RRC connection reconguration message to the UE including a measurement ID and type, a command (setup, modify, release), the measurement objects, the measurement quantity, the reporting quantities and the reporting criteria (periodical/event-triggered). When the reporting criteria are fullled the UE shall answer with a measurement report message to the E-UTRAN including the measurement ID and the results.

UE Measurement Capabilities
The following UE measurements can be initiated: Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) Is determined for a considered cell as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specic reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For RSRP determination the cell-specic reference signals R0 and if available R1 (second antenna) accordingly can be used. If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall be equivalent to the linear average of the power values of all diversity branches. This is applicable for: RRC_IDLE intra-frequency. RRC_IDLE inter-frequency. RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency. RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) comprises the total received wideband power observed by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc. Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is dened as the ratio NRSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource. This is applicable for: RRC_IDLE intra-frequency. RRC_IDLE inter-frequency. RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency. RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency. UTRA FDD CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) , the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH. This is applicable for: RRC_IDLE inter-RAT. RRC_CONNECTED inter-RAT. UTRA FDD carrier RSSI The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver for 3G cells, . This is applicable for: RRC_IDLE inter-RAT. RRC_CONNECTED inter-RAT. UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band for 3G cells. This is applicable for: RRC_IDLE inter-RAT. RRC_CONNECTED inter-RAT. GSM carrier RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wide-band received power within the relevant channel bandwidth. Measurement shall be performed on a GSM BCCH carrier. This is applicable for: RRC_IDLE inter-RAT. RRC_CONNECTED inter-RAT. CDMA2000 1x RTT Pilot Strength CDMA2000 1x RTT Pilot Strength measurement. CDMA2000 HRPD Pilot Strength CDMA2000 HRPD Pilot Strength Measurement.

9-10
LTE

Physical layer Measurements

Version 1 Rev 2

Physical layer Measurements

WCDMA 3G Neighbours
UTRA FDD CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) UTRA FDD carrier RSSI UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No

GSM Neigbours
GSM carrier RSSI

CDMA2000 Neighbours
CDMA2000 1x RTT Pilot Strength CDMA2000 HRPD Pilot Strength RRC connection reconfiguration message

Measurement report message E-UTRAN Measurements DL RS TX power Received Interference Power Thermal Noise Power

UE Serving and E-UTRA Neighbour Cell Measurements

Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)

E-UTRAN Measurement Abilities

The following E-UTRAN measurements can be initiated: DL RS TX power Downlink reference signal transmit power is determined for a considered cell as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specic reference signals which are transmitted by the eNode B within its operating system bandwidth. For DL RS TX power determination the cell-specic reference signals R0 and if available R1. Received Interference Power The uplink received interference power, including thermal noise, within one physical resource blocks bandwidth of resource elements. Thermal Noise Power The uplink thermal noise power within the UL system bandwidth.

9-11
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Idle Mode Procedures

Idle Mode Procedures

When an UE is switched on, it attempts to make contact with a PLMN. The particular PLMN to be contacted may be selected either automatically or manually. The UE looks for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as "camping on the cell". The MS will then register its presence in the registration area of the chosen cell if necessary, by means of a Location Registration (LR), GPRS attach or International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) attach procedure. If the UE loses coverage of a cell, or nd a more suitable cell, it reselects onto the most suitable cell of the selected PLMN and camps on that cell. If the new cell is in a different registration area, an LR request is performed. If the UE loses coverage of a PLMN, either a new PLMN is selected automatically, or an indication of which PLMNs are available is given to the user, so that a manual selection can be made. Registration is not performed by UEs only capable of services that need no registration. The purpose of camping on a cell in idle mode is fourfold: It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN. If the UE wishes to initiate a call, it can do this by initially accessing the network on the control channel of the cell on which it is camped. If the PLMN receives a call for the UE, it knows (in most cases) the registration area of the cell in which the MS is camped. It can then send a "paging" message for the UE on control channels of all the cells in the registration area. The UE will then receive the paging message because it is tuned to the control channel of a cell in that registration area, and the UE can respond on that control channel. It enables the UE to receive cell broadcast messages.

If the UE is unable to nd a suitable cell to camp on, or the SIM is not inserted, or if it receives certain responses to an LR request (e.g., "illegal MS"), it attempts to camp on a cell irrespective of the PLMN identity, and enters a "limited service" state in which it can only attempt to make emergency calls. The idle mode tasks can therefore be subdivided into three processes: PLMN selection. Cell selection and reselection. Location registration.

3GPP TS 23.122 V8.1.0 (200803) NAS functions in Idle Mode 3GPP TS 36.304 V8.1.0 (200803) UE procedures in Idle Mode

9-12
LTE

Idle Mode Procedures

Version 1 Rev 2

Idle Mode Procedures

Manual Mode

Automatic Mode

PLMN Selection
Indication to user Location area response PLMNs selected PLMNs available NAS Control

Cell Selection and Reselection

Radio measurements Registration area changes

Service requests

Location Registration

9-13
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Selection and Reselection

Cell Selection and Reselection

Cell Selection Process
The UE uses one of the following two cell selection procedures: 1. Initial Cell Selection This procedure requires no prior knowledge of which RF channels are E-UTRA carriers. The UE scans all RF channels in the E-UTRA bands according to its capabilities to nd a suitable cell. On each carrier frequency, the UE searches for the strongest cell. Once a suitable cell is found this cell shall be selected. Stored Information Cell Selection This procedure requires stored information of carrier frequencies and optionally also information on cell parameters, from previously received measurement control information elements or from previously detected cells. Once the UE has found a suitable cell the UE shall select it. If no suitable cell is found the Initial Cell Selection procedure shall be started.

2.

Service Types in Idle Mode

The action of camping on a cell is necessary to get access to some services. The levels of service are dened for the UE: Limited service (emergency calls on an acceptable cell);. Normal service (for public use on a suitable cell). Operator service (for operators only on a reserved cell).

The cells themselves are then categorized according to which services they offer. Acceptable Cell An "acceptable cell" is a cell on which the UE may camp to obtain limited service (originate emergency calls). Such a cell shall full the following requirements, which is the minimum set of requirements to initiate an emergency call in a E-UTRAN network: The cell is not barred. The cell selection criteria are fullled.

Suitable Cell A "suitable cell" is a cell on which the UE may camp on to obtain normal service. Such a cell shall full all the following requirements: The cell is part of either: the selected PLMN, or; the registered PLMN, or; a PLMN of the Equivalent PLMN list. according to the latest information provided by the NAS. The cell is not barred. The cell is part of at least one Tracking Area (TA) that is not part of the list of "forbidden LAs for roaming", which belongs to a PLMN that fulls the rst bullet above. The cell selection criteria are fullled. For a cell identied as Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) cell by system information, the CSG ID is part of the CSG white list.

If more than one PLMN identity is broadcast in the cell, the cell is considered to be part of all TAs with Tracking Area Identities (TAIs) constructed from the PLMN identities and the Tracking Area Code (TAC) broadcast in the cell. Barred and Reserved Cells A cell is barred or reserved if it is so indicated in the system information 3GPP TS 36.304 V8.1.0 (200803) UE procedures in Idle Mode

9-14
LTE

Cell Selection and Reselection

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Selection and Reselection

Go here whenever a new PLMN is selected Cell information stored for PLMN

No cell information stored for PLMN

Stored information cell selection No suitable cell found Cell selection when leaving connected mode Return to idle mode

No suitable cell found

Initial cell selection

2
Suitable cell found Suitable cell found No suitable cell found

Suitable cell found

Camped normally

NAS indicates that registration on selected PLMN is rejected

Leave idle mode

Trigger

Suitable cell found

Connected mode

Cell selection Evaluation process

No suitable cell found Go here when no USIM in the UE

No acceptable cell found Acceptable cell found

Any cell selection

USIM inserted

1
Cell selection when leaving connected mode Return to idle mode Acceptable cell found Camp on any cell Suitable cell found

Leave idle mode

Trigger Suitable cell found Cell reselection Evaluation process

Connected mode (emergency calls only)

No acceptable cell found

9-15
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Selection Criteria

Cell Selection Criteria

The cell selection criterion S is fullled when: Srxlev > 0 Where: Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin Pcompensation

Parameter Srxlev Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin Pcompensation

Meaning Cell selection RX level value (dB) Measured cell RX level value (RSRP) Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm) (FFS)

The Qrxlevmin parameter is found in the SIB Type 1 and is broadcast to the UE in its control channel. The parameter Pcompensation is labeled as For Further Study (FFS) in the current version in the 3GPP specication listed below. 3GPP TS 36.304 V8.1.0 (200803) UE procedures in Idle Mode

9-16
LTE

Cell Selection Criteria

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Selection Criteria

SIB Type 1 on DL-SCH

Srxlev > 0

Where: Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation

9-17
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Reselection Criteria

Cell Reselection Criteria

Once the UE performs selection onto a particular cell the UE will continue to take measurements on the serving cell. There are parameters to decide whether the UE should begin to take measurements of other LTE intra or inter frequency neighbours or indeed other RATs. Of course the user/network may decide to force the UE onto another cell and this is taken into consideration too.

Intra-frequency Measurement Rules

The following rules are used by the UE to limit needed measurements by the UE: If SServingCell > Sintrasearch, UE may choose to not perform intra-frequency measurements; If SServingCell <= Sintrasearch, UE shall perform intra-frequency measurements.

Non Intra-frequency Measurement Rules

The UE applies the following rules for E-UTRAN inter-frequencies and inter-RAT frequencies which are indicated in system information and for which the UE has priority: For an E-UTRAN inter-frequency or inter-RAT frequency with a reselection priority higher than the reselection priority of the current E-UTRA frequency the UE shall perform measurements of higher priority E-UTRAN inter-frequenc or inter-RAT frequencies. For an E-UTRAN inter-frequency with a equal or lower reselection priority than the reselection priority of the current E-UTRA frequency and for inter-RAT frequency with lower reselection priority than the reselection priority of the current E-UTRA frequency: If SServingCell > Snonintrasearch UE may choose not to perform measurements of inter-RAT frequencies or inter-frequencies of equal or lower priority. If SServingCell <= Snonintrasearch the UE shall perform measurements of inter-RAT frequencies or inter-frequencies cells of equal or lower priority.

Where SServingCell is the S-value of the serving cell.

Mobility States of a UE
There are also parameters broadcast in system information to detect whether the UE is in: Normal mobility state. Medium mobility state. High mobility state.

If for instance the UE is detected in high mobility state then cells which have been designated as small cells (micro and pico cells) shall be discouraged for reselection purposes by using speed dependant scaling rules. The exact implementation of this is FFS at the time of writing. 3GPP TS 36.304 V8.1.0 (200803) UE procedures in Idle Mode

9-18
LTE

Cell Reselection Criteria

Version 1 Rev 2

Cell Reselection Criteria

Intra F requency

Inter F requency or Inter R AT

SServingCell > Sintrasearch SServingCell<= Sintrasearch

SServingCell > Snonintrasearch SServingCell<= Snonintrasearch

System Information Sintrasearch Snonintrasearch

UE speed dependant rules also apply

9-19
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Intra-frequency Cell Reselection Criteria

Intra-frequency Cell Reselection Criteria

Once the criteria has been met to measure intra-frequency neighbours then the UE will rank all cells that meet criterion S. It might be that the operator either wants to apply a hysteresis to the serving cell to prevent numerous unnecessary reselections. Or an offset might be applied to the neighbour to either make the neighbour more or less attractive.

Cell Ranking Criterion

The intra-frequency neighour cells are ranked according to the R criteria. Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts Rn = Qmeas,n Qoffset Where: Qmeas Averaged RSRP measurement quantity used in cell reselections. Qoffset Qoffsets,n + Qoffsetfrequency

Qoffsets,n This species the offset between two cells. Qoffsetfrequency Frequency specic offset for equal priority frequencies. The cell that is ranked highest by the R criterion will cause the UE to reselect if the following is true: The new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval Treselections. Detect whether the UE is in high mobility state, if so apply scaling factor to this cell. More than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell.

3GPP TS 36.304 V8.1.0 (200803) UE procedures in Idle Mode

9-20
LTE

Intra-frequency Cell Reselection Criteria

Version 1 Rev 2

Intra-frequency Cell Reselection Criteria

1.

Rank cells by criterion S Ranked by Rs < Rn for Treselection UE has been camped on serving cell for > 1 sec Speed taken into account

Intra F requency

2. 3. 4.

Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts Rn Qmeas,n Qoffset Qoffset = Qoffsets,n + Qoffsetfrequency

System information Treselection, Qhysts, Qoffsets,n, Qoffest frequency

9-21
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Criteria

Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Criteria

It might be the case that the UE needs to move to a different LTE frequency or other RAT. The other RAT maybe WCDMA 3G, GSM or CDMA2000. The criteria to detect whether a reselection to these cells is different to that of intra-frequency reselections and this procedure is explained here.

Cell Ranking Criterion

In this the inter-frequency and inter-RAT cell reselection may occur, but it has a dependency on whether the neighbour cell is: Higher priority RAT or frequency. Lower priority RAT or frequency. Equal priority RAT or frequency.

Higher Priority RAT or Frequency In this case the UE will reselect if: The SnonServingCell,x of a cell of a higher priority RAT or frequency is greater than Threshx, high during a time interval TreselectionRAT; and more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell.

Lower Priority RAT or Frequency In this case the UE will reselect if: No cell of a higher priority RAT or frequency fullls the criteria above; and SServingCell < Threshserving, low and the SnonServingCell,x of a cell of a lower priority frequency RAT or frequency is greater than Threshx, low during a time interval TreselectionRAT; and more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell.

Equal Priority RAT or Frequency Cell reselection to a cell on an equal priority frequency shall be based on ranking for Intra-frequency Cell Reselection. SnonServingCell,x is the S-value of a non-serving inter-RAT or inter-frequency cell. In all the above criteria the value of TreselectionRAT is scaled when the UE is in the medium or high mobility state. If more than one cell meets the above criteria, the UE shall reselect a cell ranked as the best cell on the highest priority RAT among the cells meeting the criteria. 3GPP TS 36.304 V8.1.0 (200803) UE procedures in Idle Mode

9-22
LTE

Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Criteria

Version 1 Rev 2

Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Criteria

Higher Priority RAT or Frequency 1. 2. SnonServingCell,x > Threshx, high for TreselectionRAT UE has been camped on serving cell for > 1 sec

Inter F requency or Inter R AT

Lower Priority RAT or Frequency 1. No cell of a higher priority RAT or frequency fulfills the criteria above; and SServingCell < Threshserving, low and SnonServingCell,x > Threshx, low for TreselectionRAT UE has been camped on serving cell for > 1 sec

2.

3.

Equal Priority RAT or Frequency Based on ranking for Intra-frequency Cell Reselection

System information TreselectionRAT, Threshx, high, Threshserving, low, Threshx, low

9-23
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Random Access Procedure

Random Access Procedure

The random access procedure is common between FDD and TDD and the size of the cell is irrespective to the procedure. The random access procedure is performed for the following ve events: Initial access from RRC_IDLE. Initial access after radio link failure (sending RRC connection re-establishment). Handover requiring random access procedure. DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access procedure (UL sync status non-synchronized). UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access procedure (UL sync status non-synchronized or there are no PUCCH resources for scheduling resources available). Contention based (applicable to all ve events). In this case a signature is chosen by the UE that may also be chosen by other UEs in the network at the same time. Non-contention based (applicable to only handover and DL data arrival). In this case a signature is assigned to the UE that is unique, so it cannot be duplicated by any other UE in that cell at the same time.

Furthermore, the random access procedure takes two distinct forms:

This can be thought of in a different way: the random access procedure is utilized when ever UE is not uplink synchronized and it wants to exchange data with the eNode B. There are two distinct scenarios: 1. 2. UE is not UL synchronized and not authenticated (RRC_IDLE). UE has lost UL synchronization, but it is authenticated (RRC_CONNECTED).

Normal DL/UL transmission can take place after the random access procedure.

Initial Access from RRC_IDLE

For the purposes of this discussion we shall concentrate on the initial access from RRC_IDLE. This is a contention based procedure and is shown in the slide opposite and described in the four numbered bullets below: 1. Random access preamble on the RACH in the uplink: 5 bits random ID. 1 bit to indicate the size of the scheduled transmission (from a group of signatures broadcast on SI). Random access response generated by MAC on DL-SCH: Semi- synchronous with the random access preamble as it must arrive within a exible window. No HARQ. It contains the random ID transmitted on random access preamble, timing alignment info, initial uplink grant and temporary (could become permanent) Cell Radio Network Temporary Identier (C-RNTI); This message could be delivered to multiple UEs in one DL-SCH message. First scheduled transmission on UL-SCH. In this case it is a RRC Connection Request: Uses HARQ. Size of transport block depends on the UL grant conveyed in random access response. Conveys NAS UE identier (SAE- TMSI (S-TMSI) if there is one). Contention resolution on DL-SCH: In this case it is the RRC Connection Setup. Addressed to C-RNTI. UE with correct C-RNTI responds with HARQ feedback.

2.

3.

4.

3GPP TS 36.300 V8.4.0 (2008-03) Overall Description

9-24
LTE

Random Access Procedure

Version 1 Rev 2

Random Access Procedure

RRC_IDLE

UE monitoring System Information and Paging

No uplink synchronization with network Random access procedure used to synchronize with the eNB

Random Access Preamble PRACH 2 Random Access Response DL-SCH (RRC Connection Request) Scheduled transmission UL-SCH 4 (RRC Connection Setup) Contention resolution DL-SCH (RRC Connection Setup Complete) (NAS PDU) UL-SCH

9-25
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Physical Random Access Procedure

Physical Random Access Procedure

The physical random access procedure is carried out within the transmission of the random access preamble and the random access response. The remaining messages shown on the previous slide are delivered by the higher layers on the shared data channel and are not considered part of the L1 random access procedure. However the L1 physical random access procedure must receive its parameters of operation from the higher layers to operate.

L1 Physical Random Access Parameters

The UE will discover the parameters by listening to downlink SI and radio resource control information messages. The content of these messages includes: Number of non-dedicated/dedicated random access preambles. Size of the random access preambles groups. Power ramping step. The maximum number of preamble transmissions in an attempt. Value of backoff timer. Parameters to indicate the TTI window for random access response.

This information is then stored by the UE so when a random access procedure is required the MAC layer can use these parameters to initialize the random access procedure. Random Access Procedure Initialization If the Random Access Preamble and PRACH resource are explicitly signalled (non-contention based) the UE may proceed with the transmission. In the case where the UE is making initial access this will not be the case and the random access preamble will be selected by the UE as follows: Select one of the two groups of random access preambles congured by RRC. Randomly select a random access preamble within the selected group. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections can be chosen with equal probability.

Random Access Preamble Transmission The random access procedure will be performed as follows: Set the initial access power using a open loop power control mechanism. Determine the next available random access occasion. Set the preamble transmission counter to zero. Instruct the physical layer to transmit a preamble using the selected PRACH resource, corresponding RA-RNTI, preamble index and transmit power.

Random Access Response Reception Once the random access preamble is transmitted, the UE shall monitor the [PDCCH] in the TTI window for random access response(s). The UE may stop monitoring for random access response(s) after successful reception of a random access response corresponding to the random access preamble transmission. The random access response may contain an overload indication in which case the UE will start a backoff timer that makes the UE wait before attempting another access. If no Random Access Response is received within the TTI window, or if all received random access responses contain random access preamble identiers that do not match the transmitted random access preamble, the random access response reception is considered not successful and the UE shall: If the preamble transmission counter is less than maximum allowed transmissions, then increment the preamble transmission counter by 1. Increase the power of the UE by the power ramping step. Retransmit the preamble.

If the preamble transmission counter is equal to the maximum allowed transmissions, then indicate to higher layers that the access attempt has failed.

9-26
LTE

Physical Random Access Procedure

Version 1 Rev 2

Physical Random Access Procedure

Start
Obtain random access parameters from system information Send NACK to L3 Select the random access preamble from the random access group Set initial power and determine the next available RACH occasion Y Counter equals max count? Set the preamble transmission counter to zero Process the received timing alignment value If an UL grant was received, process the UL grant value If the UE does not have a C-RNTI, a Temporary C-RNTI shall be set

N Increment counter and increase the power N

Transmit preamble

Y Response from eNB

If a successful access is made because the UE received the random access preamble identier corresponding to the transmitted random access preamble then the UE shall include these procedures: Process the received timing alignment value. If an UL grant was received, process the UL grant value. If the UE does not have a C-RNTI, a Temporary C-RNTI shall be set to the value received in the random access response message no later than at the time of the rst transmission corresponding to the UL grant provided in the random access response message.

3GPP TS 36.321 V8.1.0 (2008-03) E-UTRA MAC Protocol Specication

9-27
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

State Characteristics of the RRC

State Characteristics of the RRC

The physical random access procedure showed how the UE makes initial contact with the network and is able to send the RRC Connection Request message. The slide opposite summarises the states; idle and connected available within the RRC and what services and procedures can be accessed by the UE in both of these states.

RRC Idle
The following services and procedures can be accessed in RRC_IDLE: Paging. Cell selection and reselection. BCCH information read. No S1 connection. No measurement control. UE not known by the eNB.

The following characteristics are applied to RRC_IDLE:

RRC Connected
The following services and procedures can be accessed in RRC_CONNECTED: Data can be received and transmitted using the C-RNTI. Unicast (and multicast) services. Handovers. Measurement of neighbour cells. S1 connected. UE is known by C-RNTI.

The following characteristics are applied to RRC_CONNECTED:

What is required now is to be registered with the network and to be able to access services from the network. This is achieved by the UE initiating an Attach Procedure when it sends the RRC Connection Request message. The attach procedure and mobility management states for the NAS are described next.

9-28
LTE

State Characteristics of the RRC

Version 1 Rev 2

State Characteristics of the RRC

RACH

RRC_IDLE Paging Cell (Re)selection

UE Power On

RRC_CONNECTED
Data is rx/tx using C-RNTI Unicast and multicast services

BCCH Information No S1 Connection No Meas Control UE not known in eNB

RRC Messages

Handovers Meas of neighbour cells S1 Connected

UE is known by C-RNTI

RRC NAS Messages

9-29
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

NAS Protocol States and State Transitions

NAS Protocol States and State Transitions

The NAS state model is based on a two-dimensional model which consists of EPS Mobility Management (EMM) states describing the mobility management states that result from the mobility management procedures e.g. Attach and Tracking Area Update procedures, and of EPS Connection Management (ECM) states describing the signalling connectivity between the UE and the EPC. The ECM and EMM states are independent of each other and when the UE is in EMM-CONNECTED state this does not imply that the user plane (radio and S1 bearers) is established.

NAS and AS State Characteristics

The relation between NAS and AS states is characterised by the following principles: EMM-DEREGISTERED & ECM-IDLE RRC_IDLE: In this condition the UE is not known by the network. It has to select a PLMN and signal to the network for its IMSI to become registered. This is achieved during the attach procedure, until this occurs the location of the UE is unknown. EMM-REGISTERED andECM-IDLE RRC_IDLE: In this condition the UE has registered with the network, hence it has a SAE-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (S-TMSI) and its position is known at Tracking Area (TA) level so it has a Tracking Area Identity (TAI) Code. An IP address will have been allocated to the UE by the P-GW selected by the MME. The UE will be able to perform cell reselections. EMM-REGISTERED and ECM-CONNECTED with RBs established RRC_CONNECTED: In this state the UE has a full context for data transmission and data reception. It is known by the EPC on a cell level. In the case of an inter MME handover the EPC will be involved in the handover.

9-30
LTE

NAS Protocol States and State Transitions

Version 1 Rev 2

NAS Protocol States and State Transitions

Registration
Service Request TA-update paging etc

EMM-DEREGISTERED & ECM-IDLE RRC: Null

No RRC or EPC Context

EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-IDLE RRC: IDLE

EPC Context S-TMSI, TA-ID & IP-Addr UE known at TA level

EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-CONNECTED RRC: CONNECTED

RRC & EPC Context S-TMSI, TA-ID & IP-Addr UE known at Cell level

UE Power On

IMSI identifier UE unknown PLMN selection No data transfer

TA Update DRX on DL
Periodic TA-update timeout out of area

Handovers UL/DL data transfer

Inactivity

De-Registration

9-31
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

Network Attach Procedure

Network Attach Procedure

A UE/user needs to register with the network to receive services that require registration. This registration is described as Network Attachment. The always-on IP connectivity for UE/users of the SAE system is enabled by establishing a basic IP bearer during Network Attachment. It is assumed that the random access procedure described on the previous page has already taken place and the rst message to be transmitted on the DCCH will be the UL information transfer containing the attach request message. The procedure indicated on the slide opposite shows the information ow for the attach procedure.

Network Attach Information Flow

The procedure indicated on the slide opposite shows the information ow for the attach procedure. The sequence of steps may change because of solutions for key issues as the specications evolve. The steps are describe below: 1. 2. The UE discovers the SAE/LTE access system(s) and performs access system and network selection. If network sharing is present, a shared network may be selected. The UE sends an attach request to the MME/UPE, including its old registration information, e.g. temporary identity. If the UE has no old registration information it includes its permanent identity. In case network sharing is applied the attach request includes information for selecting network or MME/UPE. The Evolved RAN selects the MME/UPE. The attach request may include information on Default IP Access Bearer (e.g. user preferred IP address and APN). If old registration information was sent by the UE the MME/UPE tries to retrieve user information from the old MME/UPE by sending the old registration information. The old MME/UPE sends user information, e.g. the permanent user identity, to the MME/UPE. The user/UE is authenticated in the new MME/UPE. The MME/UPE registers itself as serving the UE in the HSS. The user/UE information in the old MME/UPE is deleted or the user/UE is marked as not present. The HSS conrms the registration of the new MME/UPE. Subscription data authorising the default IP access bearer are transferred. Information for policy and charging control of the default IP access bearer is sent to the MME/UPE. An S-GW/P-GW is selected. The IP address conguration is determined by user preferences received from the UE, by subscription data, or by HPLMN or VPLMN policies. The S-GW/P-GW congures the IP layer with the determined user IP address. The user plane is established and the default policy and charging rules are applied. The user plane establishment is initiated by the UE or by the MME/UPE. The MME/UPE provides the E-UTRAN with QoS congurations for the default IP access bearer, e.g. the upper limits for transmission data rates. The MME/UPE accepts the UEs network attachment and allocates a temporary identity to the UE. Also the determined user IP address is transferred. Roaming restrictions are checked and if violated the network attachment is rejected. The UE acknowledges the success of the network attachment.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

3GPP TR 23.882 V1.1415.0 (2008-0102) 3GPP SAE Technical Options and Conclusions

9-32
LTE

Network Attach Procedure

Version 1 Rev 2

Network Attach Procedure

UE

eNB

MME

HSS

Old MME/UPE

RRC_IDLE EMM Deregistered and ECM_IDLE

Random Access
RRC_CONNECTED DCCH UL-SCH UL INFORMATION TRANSFER NAS: ATTACH REQUEST Old S-TMSI, TAI (if none IMSI) UE capabilities IP version support

S1-AP INITIAL UE MESSAGE

Collect old registration information

NAS: ATTACH REQUEST Old S-TMSI, TAI (if none IMSI) UE capabilities IP version support AUTHENTICATION DATE REQ IMSI MCC+MNC Network Type AUTHENTICATION DATE RES MME Security context(s) RAND, XRES, CK, IK, AUTH (AVs) DCCH DL-SCH DL INFORMATION TRANSFER Calculate AUTN, RES & keys Authenticate network NAS: Authentication Request RAND, AUTH, KSIASME DCCH UL-SCH UL INFORMATION TRANSFER NAS: Authentication response RES

Register MME
S1-AP DL NAS TRANSPORT NAS: Authentication Request RAND, AUTH, KSIASME S1-AP UL NAS TRANSPORT Check RES NAS: Authentication response RES Select S-GW and P-GW

Delete registration

UE

eNB

MME
CREATE DEF. BEARER REQ IMSI MME context ID P-GW address Supported IP versions

S-GW

P-GW

CREATE DEF. BEARER REQ

S-GW address S5 TEID Supported IP versions Allocate user IP

CREATE DEF. BEARER RESP CREATE DEF. BEARER RESP S-GW address S1 TEID User IP INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP REQ Calculate E-UTRA keys RRC CONN. RECONFIG NAS: Attach Accept EMM Registered and ECM_CONNECTED Default IP Connectivity established i.e. always on IP connectivity S-TMSI Equivalent TA list User IP Security configuration RRC CONN. RECONFIG COMPL INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP RESP RRC_IDLE NAS: Attach Complete NAS: Attach Complete S1 UE id eNB address S1 TEID UPDATE BEARER REQ eNB address S1 TEID UPDATE BEARER RESP NAS: Attach Accept S-TMSI UE capabilities Security context S-GW address S1 TEID P-GW address S5 TEID User IP

EMM Registered and ECM_IDLE

9-33
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

LTE Pooling Relationships

LTE Pooling Relationships

A pool area is dened in LTE/SAE as an area within which a UE may roam without need to change the serving MME node. A pool area is served by one or more MMEs (pool of MMEs) in parallel. All the cells controlled by a eNB belong to the same one (or more) pool area(s). Connectivity between eNBs and UPEs may follow the MME-pool/pool area conguration or be independent of it.

MMEs and eNodeBs within Pool Areas

In SAE/LTE the entity that controls roaming activities of a UE across tracking areas within a pool area and across pool areas is the MME. Actually, a pool area can be regarded as an area consisting of a list of Tracking Areas and hence a list of eNBs that control cells within these tracking areas. The relation between eNBs and MMEs along the pool area denition in the context of the S1-ex concept is realised by conguration that enables e.g. an eNB to contact the MME in case of initial access/attach, further it allows an MME to contact the relevant set of eNBs in case of paging. The slide opposite depicts the pool area concept. As shown, a Pool Area in LTE/SAE is served by a corresponding pool of MMEs. Pool areas might overlap, hence the RAN nodes (eNBs) within the overlapping area may be served by more than one pool of MMEs.

UPEs and eNBs within Pool Areas

Selection of the UPE will take place at initial attach (after the authentication procedure has been performed) or in course of an MME relocation with UPE involvement. In both cases, UPE selection has to be regarded as a MME function, whereas the eNB is informed about the UPE to contact by means of S1 signalling. The slide opposite depicts the pool area concept with UPEs. As shown, there might be different kinds of connectivity restrictions on S1 between eNBs and UPEs. Scenario 1 These restrictions might follow the MME Pool / Pool Area conguration, i.e. a pool of MMEs constitutes a service area that corresponds to the service area of a pool of UPEs Scenario 2 There might be no restrictions at all, i.e. a pool of UPEs has full connectivity to all RAN nodes and can be selected by all MMEs in a PLMN Scenario 3 Or the UPE pool conguration is de-coupled from the MME pool/pool area denition. In any case, it is the MME that should have knowledge about the UPE nodes that can be selected and consequently the MME should be in the position to trigger a UPE relocation if needed.

9-34
LTE

LTE Pooling Relationships

Version 1 Rev 2

LTE Pooling Relationships

MME Pool A MME MME MME MME

MME Pool B MME MME MME MME

eNB 1

eNB 2

eNB 3

eNB 4

eNB 5

eNB 6

eNB 7 Pool Area Y

eNB 8

eNB 9

Pool Area X

MME Pool A
MME Pool A MME MME MME MME MME Pool B MME MME MME MME

MME Pool B MME MME MME MME

Scenario 1

MME MME MME MME

Scenario 2

UPE Pool 1 UPE UPE UPE

UPE Pool 2 UPE UPE UPE

UPE Pool 1 UPE UPE UPE

eNB1

eNB2

eNB3

eNB4

eNB5

eNB6

eNB7

eNB8

eNB9

eNB 1

eNB 2

eNB 3

eNB 4

eNB 5

eNB 6

eNB 7

eNB 8

eNB 9

Pool Area X

Pool Area Y

Pool Area X

Pool Area Y

MME Pool A MME MME MME MME

MME Pool B MME MME MME MME

Scenario 3

UPE Pool 1 UPE UPE UPE

UPE Pool 2 UPE UPE UPE

UPE Pool 3 UPE UPE UPE

eNB 1

eNB 2

eNB 3

eNB 4

eNB 5

eNB 6

eNB 7 Pool Area Y

eNB 8

eNB 9

Pool Area X

9-35
LTE

Version 1 Rev 2

LTE Mobility Identities

LTE Mobility Identities

When the UE is in EMM-Registered state it will be identied by a S-TMSI within the MME and can be reached within a Tracking Area Identity (TAI).

Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity

The MME shall allocate a Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI) to the UE. The GUTI has two main components: one that uniquely identies the MME which allocated the GUTI; and one that uniquely identies the UE within the MME that allocated the GUTI.

Within the MME, the mobile is identied by the M-TMSI. The Globally Unique MME Identier (GUMMEI) is constructed from MCC, MNC and MME Identier (MMEI). In turn the MMEI is constructed from an MME Group ID (MMEGI) and an MME Code (MMEC). The MMGEI is the MME pool ID and the MMEC is the MME within that pool. The GUTI is constructed from the GUMMEI and the M-TMSI. The operator needs to ensure that the MMEC is unique within the MME pool area and, if overlapping pool areas are in use, unique within the area of overlapping MME pools.

SAE-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (S-TMSI)

For paging, the mobile is paged with the S-TMSI. The S-TMSI is constructed from the MMEC and the M-TMSI. The GUTI is used to support subscriber identity condentiality, and, in the shortened S-TMSI form, to enable more efcient radio signalling procedures (e.g. paging and Service Request).

Tracking Area Identity (TAI)

This is the identity used to identify tracking areas. The Tracking Area Identity is constructed from the Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC) and Tracking Area Code (TAC). The TAI is assigned to a number of cells grouped together for paging purposes.

9-36
LTE