Solution to Assignment questions JIF 314 Thermodynamics Based on the text book Heat and thermodynamics by Zemansky and

Dittman, 7th edition, Mcgraw-Hill. Chapter 1 Problem 1.1. Solve using Excel.
P First, calculate the value of the gas: = 273.1K PTP
PTP (kPa) P (kPa) (K) 33.331 51.19 419.5211785 66.661 102.37 419.4864944 99.992 153.54 419.4434195 133.32 204.69 419.390342

theta versus P_{TP}

440 420 400 380 360 340 320 300 33.331

theta (K)

y = -0.0436x + 419.57 the line intercepts with the vertical axis at y = 419.57

66.661 P_{TP}, kPa

99.992

133.32

vs. PTP is a straight line in the form of y = mx + c, where y , x PTP. The value of when PTP
becomes zero is the value of the temperature of the gas. This value is simply the value of intersection, c, in the formula of the straight line in the form of y = mx + c. From the formula of the straight line generated by Excell, the intersection of the straight line is c = 419.57 in the graph of vs. PTP . Hence, the temperature of the gas in the bulb is = 419.57 K.

Problem 1.3. (a) The temperature with resistance measured to be 1000 can be calculated using the relationship between R and T, as per
log R = a + b log R, a = 1.16, b = 0.675 . T

Setting R = 1000 , log R log R = a + b log R = = a 2 + b 2 (log R) 2 + 2ab log R T T log R T= 2 2 a + b (log R) 2 + 2ab log R = log (1000 ) log (1000 ) + 2 ( 1.16 )( 0.675 ) log R 0.6908 = = 1.44 2 2 2 ( 1.16 ) + ( 0.675) [0.6908] + 2 ( 1.16 )( 0.675)( 0.6908 )
2 2 2 2

( 1.16 ) + ( 0.675)

Hence, the temperature of the helium cryostat is 1.44 K.

(b) Use Excell. Plot log R vs. log T graph by forming the following table:
0 6.0 7.0

log T vs log R'

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

R 1000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

log R 6.907755 8.517193 9.21034 9.615805 9.903488 10.12663 10.30895

T = log R/(a + b log R)^2 0.563018189 0.404427271 0.360158153 0.338393713 0.32444907 0.31438398 0.306603264

log T 0.57444 0.90528 1.02121 1.08355 1.12563 1.15714 -1.1822

-0.5 -1

-1.5 -2

Problem 1.9:

( F) = 9 ( C ) + 32 = 9 ( 99.974 ) + 32 = 211.95 F (5 significant figures). 5 5

Chapter 2

Problem 2.1 (a) Given the equation of state for a ideal gas PV = n RT, show that =
Solution:

1 . T

Given equation of state for a ideal gas PV = n RT, and the definition of volume expansivity = Eq. (1)

1 V V T

, it is easily verified that = 1/T by taking the partial

derivate of Eq. (1) with respect to T: V ( PV = nRT ) P = nR T T Inserting PV = nRT into Eq. (2), we arrive at V nR PV 1 V = = = P T P T T Hence, = 1 V V T 1 V = = V T 1 = . T Eq. (2)

(b) Show that the isothermal compressivility = 1/P.

Solution

Given equation of state for a ideal gas PV = n RT, Eq. (1) and the definition of isothermal compressibility =
1 1 V = , it is easily verified that = 1/P by B V P taking the partial derivate of Eq. (1) with respect to P: V ( PV = nRT ) P + V = ( nRT ) = 0 P P P Eq. (2)

Inserting PV = nRT into Eq. (2), we arrive at V V = P P Hence, = 1 V 1 V 1 = = . V P V P P

a Problem 2.2: Given the equation of state of a van der Waals gas, P + 2 ( v b ) = RT , calculate v P P (a) , (b) . v T T v
Solution:

(a) Taking the partial derivative with respect to v, with constant T, a P + v 2 ( v b ) = v ( RT ) = 0 v T T

(v b)

a a P + 2 + P + 2 (v b) = 0 v T v v v T

(v b)

P 2a a 3 +P+ 2 = 0 v v T v a P+ 2 P v + 2a = vb v3 v T

(b) Taking the partial derivative with respect to T, with constant v,

a P + v 2 ( v b ) = T ( RT ) T v v

(v b)

a a (v b) = R P+ 2 +P+ 2 v v v T T v P T
v

(v b) (v b)

+a

a v 1 =R 2 +P+ 2 v T v T v v

P a + 0 + P + 2 0 = R v T v R P = T v v b

(c) P v P = v T T P T v P R 1 R v T V vb = = = P a P 1 + 2ab a T P P+ 2 v + 2a v3 P v 2 P v T vb v3

Problem 3.2 (a) Show that the work done by an ideal gas during the quasi-static, isothermal expansion from an initial pressure Pi to a final pressure Pf, is given by W = nRT ln (Pf /Pi).

Solution:

For isothermal process, PiVi = PfVf. Hence Vi /Vf = Pf /Pi. Substitute this into W = -nRT ln (Vf /Vi ), we get W = -nRT ln (Pi /Pf )= nRT ln (Pf /Pi). Problem 3.3 An adiabatic chamber with rigid walls consists of two compartments, one containing a gas and the other evacuated; the partition between the two compartments is suddenly removed. Is the work done during an infinitesimal portion of this process (called an adiabatic expansion) equal PdV ? Answer: NO. Because there is no work done against the expansion of the gas-filled compartment by the evacuated compartment.