Design of Joints in Steel Structures

International Seminar
Norwegian Structural Steel Association
Oslo 20 April 2005

Design Procedures of Welded and Moment Resistant Joints

Dr.-Ing. Klaus Weynand PSP - Prof. Sedlacek & Partner

Technologien im Bauwesen GmbH, Aachen

Joints in Steel Structures

A C A A D D D A C

Joints in Steel Structures

Joints in Steel Structures

Joints in Steel Structures

Joints in Steel Structures

Joints in Steel Structures

Joints in Steel Structures

16 x M 24, 10.9 M = 660 kNm

12 x M 30, 10.9 M = 648 kNm

Contents Basics and Background

Concepts, methods, procedures

Determination of joint properties Worked Example

Beam-to-column joints with flush end plate

11

Joints in Frames

Single sided joint configuration

Double sided joint configuration

12

Design of Joints Old subject of discussion Separate design for members and joints Intensive research activities for more than 20 years Objective:

JOINTS

MEMBERS

13

Joints as Structural Element Members and joints

Resistance Ductility Stiffness Energy dissipation
/2 /2

Mb.Rd

Mj,Rd

member, e.g. beam EI/L Sj,ini

joint
14

Joints as Structural Element Joint properties

M Mj,Rd Sj

actual behaviour (simplified) design curve

cd
15

Joints in Frames Characterisation

M

? ?

Classification

1 2 3
16

Joints in Frames Modelling

Idealisation
M

17

Contents Basics and Background

Concepts, methods, procedures

Determination of joint properties Worked Example

Beam-to-column joints with flush end plate

18

Characterisation Determination of joint properties:

Experiments (test results) Curve fitting FEM calculations Mechanical models Simplified analytical models

19

Characterisation Experimental
Joint properties for one joints only Time / money consuming Databases

20

Characterisation Curve fitting

Data bases of test results Limited field of application no extrapolation possible

M
M ( ) = a + b 2 + c 3 M ( ) = a ln b

??

21

Characterisation Finite Element Method

O.K. for welded joints (open and hollow sections) very complex for bolted joints

22

Characterisation Mechanical models

Complex models (non-linearities) Research orientated

Simplified analytical models

Suitable for practical design
23

Characterisation ENV Annex J of ENV 1993

Beam-to-column joints Beam-to-beam joints

EN 1993 Part 1.8

Column bases Beam haunches M-N interaction

EN 1994
Composite joints

24

Characterisation
bolts tension zone Ft1,Rd

shear panel

Ft2,Rd h2 h1 M

compression zone

end plate

welded connection

bolted connection

Component method
25

Component Method
Step 1: Identification of components
column web in shear column web in compression column web in tension

Step 2: Determination of component properties Step 3: Assembly of components

F F1,Rd E k1

F F2,Rd E k2

F F3,Rd E k3

M Mj,Rd Sj,ini cd

Mj,Rd = min Fi,Rd z

S j,ini E z2 = 1 k i
26

( )

Component Method Determination of component properties

Component tests FEM calculations Analytical or mechanical models (complex or simplified)

Assembly
Also different levels of complexity

27

Basic Joint Components

28

Basic Joint Components

Column bases
Normal forces and bending moments

Concrete in compression

Anchor bolts in tension / shear

29

Component Properties

Ft /4

Ft /4

Ft /4 Ft /4

Ft

T-stub
m e

l eff

Resistance Stiffness
30

T-Stub Resistance
3 failure modes of T-stub

Mode1: Flange yielding

Mode 2: Combined mechanism

Mode 3: Bolt failure

31

T-Stub Stiffness
F

Separation of T-stub
Q

2B
n m m

2B
n

Q Actual behaviour F

F 0,63F
A A

0,63F

0,13F

m 1,25m

m 1,25m

0,13F 0,63F 0,63F Deformation of bolts

32

Deformation of T-Stub

T-Stub Stiffness
T-stub in bending
F 2
A 1,25 m
0,3235 Fm

Fi = k i E i

'1'

0,1765 Fm

m
33

Assembly of Components Based on the internal distribution of forces Respecting the following criteria
Equilibrium of internal and external forces Respect criterion of plasticity Respect criterion of maximum deformation Compatibility of displacements between components
thorme statique

34

Assembly of Components Application to a member section

M .y I

full elastic distribution

35

Assembly of Components

Application to a member section

fy m

max. elastic moment (class 3 section)

36

Assembly of Components Application to a member section

fy m

max. plastic moment (class 1 or 2 section)

37

Assembly of Components Joints with one bolt row only

FRd

M j, Rd = FRd .z
elastic distribution = plastic distribution
38

Assembly of Components Joints with more than one bolt row

FRd h1 h2 hi

thick end plates

M j,Rd

FRd = h1

Fc

h i2

full elastic distribution max. moment = elastic moment

39

Assembly of Components Joints with more than one bolt row

h1

h2 hi

thin end plates

elastic distribution, but not linear for all bolt rows

40

Assembly of Components Joints with more than one bolt row

FRd h1

M
FRd,i hi

thin end plates

FRd,i 1,9B t,Rd

M j,Rd = FRd,i h i
i

plastic distribution plastic moment resistance

41

Assembly of Components Joints with more than one bolt row

FRd,1 h1 hk FRd,k hj

thin end plates

FRd, k > 1,9B t,Rd

M j,Rd =

i =1, k

FRd,i h i +

FRd,k hk

j= k +1, n

h2 j

elastic-plastic distribution ductile and non-ductile bolt rows

42

Assembly of Components Joint stiffness

welded, one bolt row
k3 z k1 k 2 M

S j,ini =

Mj

= ...

S j,ini
Mj = Fz
Fi = k i E i

1 + 2 + 3 z

E z2 = 1 k i

43

Assembly of Components
Joint stiffness
two or more bolt rows
k 3,1 k4 ,1 k5,1 k10,1

h1 h 2
k1 k2

k 3,2 k4 ,2 k10,2 k5,2

a)

keff,1 k eff,2 k1 k2

keq

M
k1 k 2

b)

c)
44

Stiffness Model

M M j,Rd M j,Sd 2/3 M j,Rd

2 S j,ini Sj S* j ' * '

cd

45

Contents Basics and Background

Concepts, methods, procedures

Determination of joint properties Worked Example

Beam-to-column joints with flush end plate

46

Worked Example
Beam-to-column joint with flush end plate
4 M16 8.8 w= 30 80 30 p=60 120 60 15

+ +
140

+ +

u=10 240 10

V M
3 IPE220 HEB140 5

Determination of - Design moment resistance - Stiffness

47

Coefficients
Column
hwc = hc 2t fc 2rc = 140 2 12 2 12 = 92mm

Avc = Ac 2bc t fc + (t wc + 2rc ) = 4295,6 2 140 12 + (7 + 2 12) 12 = 1307,6mm2 m=

e=

w t fc 2

0,8 rc =

80 7 0,8 12 = 26,9mm 2

bc w 140 80 = = 30mm 2 2

mpl , fc = 0,25

t 2 f yc fc

M0

12 2 235 = 0,25 = 7691Nmm / mm , 11

48

Coefficients
Beam
4 M16 8.8 w= 30 80 30 p=60 120 60 15

+ +
140

u=10 3 240 z IPE220 5

+ 10

Lever arm:

9,2 z = hb + u p = 220 + 10 60 = 165,4 mm 2 2 t fb

( class 1 section ) M c , Rd (Klasse 1 Querschnitt) =

Wpl , yb f yb

M0

285406 235 106 = = 60,97 kNm 11 ,

49

Coefficients
End plate mp2 mp

w t wb 80 5,9 mp = 0,8 2aw = 0,8 2 3 = 33,66mm 2 2

mp 2 = p u t fb 0,8 2a f = 60 10 9,2 0,8 2 5 = 35,14mm

bp w 140 80 ep = = = 30mm 2 2

mpl , p = 0,25

2 t p f yp

M0

152 235 = 0,25 = 12017 Nmm / mm 11 ,

50

Coefficients
End plate
Coefficients for the determination of the effective length

1 =

mp mp + e p mp 2 mp + e p

33,66 = 0,529 33,66 + 30 35,14 = 0,552 33,66 + 30

2 =

= 5,14
51

Coefficients
Bolts
0,9 800 157 103 = = 90,4 kN 1,25 0,6 f ub As 0,6 800 157 103 = = 60,3kN 125 .

Ft , Rd =

0,9 f ub As

Mb

( shear plane in the thread ) Fv , Rd (Abscherflche im Gewinde) =

Mb

Lb = t fc + t p + 0,5(hbolt

1 + hnut ) = 12 + 15 + (10 + 13) = 38,5mm 2

52

Components
1. Column web in shear
Resistance

Vwc , Rd =

0,9 Avc f y ,cw 3 M0

F Vwp Vwp F M z

0,9 1307,6 235 103 = = 145,2 kN 3 11 ,

Transformation parameter

Annahme: = 1

Vwc , Rd 145,2 FRd ,1 = = = 145,2 kN 1

Stiffness

k1 =

0,385 Avc 0,385 1307,6 = 3,044mm = h 1 165,4

53

Components
2. Column web in compression
Resistance

beff ,c ,wc = min t fb + 2a f

= min 9,2 + 2 5

2 + 2t p + 5 t fc + s ; t fb + a f

2 + t p + u + 5 t fc + s

2 + 2 15 + 5 (12 + 12) ; 9,2 + 5

2 + 15 + 10 + 5 (12 + 12) = 161,27mm

)]

Reduction factors to consider normal stresses and buckling in the column web panel:

com, Ed Annahme: k wc = min 1,0 ; 1,25 0,5 = 1,0 f y ,wc

p = 0,932

beff ,c , wc d c f y ,wc E t 2 wc

= 0,932

161,27 92 235 = 0,543 0,673 210000 7 7

= 1,0

= 1=

1 + 1,3 beff ,c , wc t wc / Avc

1 + 1,3 (161,27 7 1307,6)

= 0,713

FRd ,2 = k wc beff ,c, wc t wc f y , wc / M 1 = 1 0,713 1 161,27 7 235 103 11 = 171,9 kN ,

54

Components
2. Column web in compression
Stiffness

k2 =

0,7 beff ,c ,wc t wc hwc

0,7 161,27 7 = 8,589mm 92

Fi = ki E

55

Components
2. Column web in tension
Resistance

beff ,t ,wc = min 2 m ; 4m + 1,25e = min (2 26,9 ; 4 26,9 + 1,25 30) = 145,10mm

1 =

1 + 1,3 beff ,t ,wc t wc / Avc

1 + 1,3 (145,1 7 1307,6)

= 0,749

FRd ,3 = beff ,t ,wc t wc f y ,wc / M 0 = 0,749 145,1 7 235 103 11 = 162,4 kN ,

Stiffness

k3 =

0,7 beff ,t ,wc t wc hwc

0,7 145,1 7 = 7,728mm 92

56

Components
4. Column flange in bending 5. End plate in bending

Equivalent T-Stub

57

Components
Equivalent T-Stub

Ft Ft /4 Ft /4

Ft /4 Ft /4

m l eff

58

Components
4. Column flange in bending
Resistance

leff ,t , fc = beff ,t ,wc = 131,35mm (vgl. Sttzensteg auf Zug )

n = min e ; 1,25m ; bp w / 2 = min (30 ;1,25 26,9 ; 30) = 30mm
Reduction factor to consider normal stresses in column web:

) ]

Annahme: k fc = min 1,0 ; 2 f y , fc 180 com, Ed ) / (2 f y , fc 360) = 1,0

59

Components
4. Column flange in bending
Mode 1 Flange yielding

Ffc , Rd ,t 1 =

4leff ,t , fc k fc mpl , fc m

4 145,1 1 7691 = 103 = 165,9 kN 26,9

Mode 2 Combined failure

Ffc , Rd ,t 2 = 2 leff ,t , fc k fc mpl , fc + 2 Bt , Rd n m+ n 2 145,1 1 7691 + 2 90,4 103 30 103 = 134,6kN = 26,9 + 30

Mode 3 Bolt failure

Ffc , Rd ,t 3 = 2 Bt , Rd = 2 90,4 = 180,8kN

60

Components
4. Column flange in bending
Resistance

FRd ,4 = min Ffc , Rd ,t 1 ; Ffc , Rd ,t 2 = 134,6kN

Stiffness

k4 =

0,85 leff , fc ,t t 3 fc m3

0,85 145,1 12 3 = = 10,95mm 3 26,9

61

Components
5. End plate in bending
Resistance

leff ,t , p = min 2 mp ; mp = min (2 33,66 ; 5,14 33,66) = 173,0mm

n p = min e p ; 1,25mp ; e = min (30 ; 1,25 33,66 ; 30) = 30mm

Fep , Rd ,1 =

4leff ,t , p mpl , p mp

4 173,0 12017 103 = 247,1kN 33,66

2 173,0 12017 + 2 90,4 103 30 = 103 = 150,5kN 33,66 + 30

Fep , Rd ,2 =

2 leff , p ,t mpl , p + 2 Bt , Rd n p mp + n p

FRd ,5 = min Fep , Rd ,1 ; Fep , Rd ,2 = 150,5kN

62

Components
5. End plate in bending

Stiffness

k5 =

3 0,85 leff ,t , p t p

m3 p

0,85 173,0 153 = = 13,014mm 33,663

63

Components
7. Beam flange and web in compression
Resistance

FRd ,7 = M c , Rd / hb t fb
Stiffness

60,97 = 3 = 289,2 kN 210,8 10

k7 =

64

Components
8. Bean web in tension
Resistance

beff ,t ,wb = leff ,t , p = 173,0mm

FRd ,8 = beff ,t ,wb t wb f yb / M 0 = 173,0 5,9 235 103 11 = 218,1kN ,
Stiffness

k8 =

65

Components
10. Bolts in tension
Resistance

FRd ,10 = 2 Bt , Rd = 2 90,4 = 180,8kN

T-stub mode 3 for components: Column flange in bending and End plate in bending

Stiffness

As 157 k10 = 1,6 = 1,6 = 6,525mm Lb 38,5

66

Step 3 - Assembly
Design moment resistance
Relevant component:
M j,Rd

FRd = min FRd .i = 134,6kN

( column flange in bending (Sttzenflansch auf Biegung) )

Design plastic moment resistance :

M j , Rd = FRd z = 134,6 165,4 103 = 22,26kNm

Design elastic moment resistcane :

M j ,el , Rd =

2 M j , Rd = 14,84 kNm 3
67

Step 3 - Assembly
Stiffness
Initial stiffness:
S j,ini

S j ,ini = E h 2 / 1 ki =
i

210000 165,4 2 106 = = 6413kNm / rad 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + 3,044 8,589 6,525 7,728 10,95 13,01
Idealised stiffness :

S j = S j ,ini / 2 = 3207 kNm / rad

68

Joints Properties
Design moment-rotations curve

M
Sj,ini

M j,Rd

2/3Mj,Rd

Sj

Idealised stiffness Ersatzsteifigkeit:

S j = S j,ini /

69

Further Applications Component method:

Joints in slender sections Weak axis moment resistant joints Joints in hollow sections

Standardisation
EN 1993 part 1.8 Design of joints

Future research:
Fire resistance Fatigue resistance, earth quake resistance

70

Further Applications
Haunches without flanges

Girders with slender webs (instability, buckling)

intermediate stiffeners
71

Further Applications
Additional stiffeners in extended end plates

72