6

toa
There is geometry in the humming of the strings, there is music
in the spacing of spheres - Pythagoras

6.1 mKf

mKf

gntW toa cUtf gfis Muh
fj X nt toa (Geometry) MF.
Jakhd msf cj gtifahd toa
nfhz Urkbto
totf gfis wafis vLnfhf

njw
(Axioms) kW njwfSl (Theorems) fwtnj
tobthj mKiw
toa (Theoretical Geometry) vnwh.

Knfhzf
toa fgdh, xUtUila jUf mogil
bjhLnfhL - eh F w tsU.

njw

.K. 300- thj
(Euclid) toa
jij vd fUjgLwh. %gz njitaw
jhfu njw
btgil
cikfshd
vLnfhf
myJ
monfhf kW Vfdnt %fgl Kof
Madtiw mogilahf bfhL jUF
Kiw toa Kofis Muht a t
F Kiwia Fdh.
mogil jrk

njw

(Euclid)
( .K 300)

Elements

vD , fj tuyh
midtlK bgUjhfij
VgLa xU f wj
gilghF. fjij
Fghf m xU thd
toaiy fg Ka
ghlyhf sFwJ. bgU
bghJ

tFviz

(GCD)

fzl o tKiw
xU wj gaDs KiwahF.

fllfiy kW bgha nghw Jiwf
toa Ka gF twJ. vLJfhlhf, e
th Kakhf sF gy ghyf, rtrk kW
tobthj Knfhzf Matiw gagL
mikfglit. cWahf, mf Rik kW
mGj Matiw jhF w bfhlitahf
cs ghyfis fLtjF, tobthj kW rtrk
Knfhzf gf cjwd. fllfis
fLnghJ toa U tiff gadhwJ. xW
fllfis nkY cWahFwJ. kbwhW mj
mHid nkY TLwJ. toa totfis
neahf gagLJnghJ mit, fllf kW
jh{kfh nghw flikf Mad midtU
UggLw milahs dfshf khW.
fj gy f thfY, mtiw
J bfhSjY toa %gzf Ka
gF twd.

mogil jrk njw ff nuf
fj nkij nj (Thales) vgtuh mfglJ. J
mt bgauh nj njw vW miHfgLwJ.
181

njwij fl braghL _y J bfhsyh.

brJ gh
+ XAY vw VnjD xU nfhzij tiuf. P1, P2, D, P3 kW B
Ma fis (5 f) AX vw f J

AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 D = DP3 = P3 B = 1 (myF) vUFkhW Ff.

B- tahf VjhtJ xU nfhoid f AY I C- btLkhW tiuf. L
D- tna BC-F izahf AC -I E- btLkhW xU nfhL tiuf.
Y

bghJ, AD = AP1 + P1 P2 + P2 D = 3 myFf.

nkY,

DB = DP3 + P3 B = 2 myFf.

AD = 3
DB
2
AE kW EC- sfis msf.
`

AE = 3 vd mayh.
2
EC
nj ngh, DABC - DE < BC v,
AD = AE vd mayh.
A
P2
D
P3
B
X
P1
DB
EC
gl 6.1
j Koid mogil jrk njw myJ nj njwkhf %fyh.
njw tUkhW:

6.2

mogil jrk kW nfhz Urkbto njwf

(Basic proportionality and Angle Bisector theorems)

njw 6.1

mogil jrk njw myJ nj njw

(Basic Proportionality theorem or Thales Theorem)

xU nenfhL xU Knfhz xU gfF

izahf kw uL gffis btLkhW
tiuaglh mnfhL mU gffis
rkj F.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC - BC-F izahf
cs l vw nenfhL ABI D-Y ACI E-Y
btLwJ.
AD = AE
%f :
B
DB
EC
mik :
BE, CD I nr.

G
E

gl 6.2

EF = AB kW DG = CA tiuf.
%gz
EF = AB . vdnt Knfhzf ADE kW DBE MaitfSF EF
FJaukhfmikwJ.
= 1 # mogf # cau = 1 AD # EF
DADE - gu
2
2
= 1 # mogf # cau = 1 DB # EF
DDBE - gu
2
2
182 10M tF fj

1 AD EF
#
DADE - gugs
AD

= 2
`
=
DDBE - gugs
DB
1 DB EF
#
2

thnw,
1 AE DG
#
#
DADE - gugs
AE

= 2
=
DDCE - gugs
EC
1 EC DG
#
#
2

(1)

(2)

Mdh, DDBE , DDCE vgd de vw xnu mogfij bfhL BC kW
DE Ma iz nenfhLfSF ilY mikJsd.

(3)
` DDBE - gugs = DDCE - gugs
(1), (2) , (3)-UJ AD = AE vd bgWnwh. Mfnt, njw %fglJ.
DB
EC
isnjw (Corollary)
DABC - BC- iznfhL DE MdJ AB-I D-Y AC -I E-Y btLwJ v,

(i) AB = AC
(ii) AB = AC
AD
AE
DB
EC
kh?
%gz:
bj

(i) nj njwUJ

(

( 1 +

cf

SF

AD = AE
DB
EC
DB = EC
AD
AE
DB = 1 + EC
AD
AE

( AD + DB = AE + EC
AD
AE

a = c v, a + b = c + d .
b
d
b
d

J Tl jrk vdgL.

DB = EC
AD
AE
Tl jrk go
F,

AD + DB = AE + EC
AD
AE

Mfnt, AB = AC
AD
AE

(ii)

thnw,

AB = AC vd %fyh.
DB
EC

j kWjiy njwK cikahFkh? jid nrhJ ghf, tU
braghoid brJ ghngh.
brJ gh

AX vw f J + XAY tiuf. mf nk P1, P2, P3, P4 kW B vw
fis AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 P3 = P3 P4 = P4 B = 1 myF, vwthW Ff.

ij nghnw, f AY- nk Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 kW C fis

AQ1 = Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 = Q3 Q4 = Q4 C = 2 myFf, vwthW Ff.

6. toa 183

nghJ P1 Q1 kW BC Matiw izf.

nghJ

Q4

AP1 = 1 .
P1 B
4

Q3
Q2

AQ1
= 2 = 1.
Q1 C
8
4
AP1 = AQ1 .
vdnt,
P1 B
Q1 C

nkY,

Q1
A

P2

P1

P1 Q1 kW BC vgd iznfhLf vgjid fhnwh.


mjhtJ, P1 Q1 < BC .

P3

P4

gl 6.3

(1)

ijnghnw, P2 Q2, P3 Q3 P4 Q4 vgdtiw izg _y

AP2 = AQ2 = 2 kW P Q < BC

(2)
2
2
P2 B
Q2 C
3
AP3 = AQ3 = 3 kW P Q < BC
(3)
3
3
P3 B
Q3 C
2
AP4 = AQ4 = 4 kW P Q < BC
(4)
4
4
P4 B
Q4 C
1
(1), (2), (3), (4)-UJ, xU Knfhz xU nenfhL U gffis xnu
j F v, mnfhL _whtJ gfF izahf UF
vd mayh.

nj nghW, nj njw kWjiyia T %ngh.
njw 6.2
mogil jrk njw kWjiy (nj njw kWjiy)

Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Converse of Thales Theorem)

xU nenfhL xU Knfhz U gffis
xnu j Fkhdh, mnfhL _whtJ gfF
izahf UF.

bfhLfgLsit: l vw nfhL, Knfhz T ABC-

gff AB, AC Matiw Kiwna D, E-
AD = AE vUFkhW btLwJ.

(1)
DB
EC
%f: DE < BC

F
l

B
gl 6.4

mik: DE MdJ BC-F izahf iyba, DF < BC vUFkhW DFI tiuf.

%gz

DF < BC . vdnt, nj njwgo,

AD = AF

(2)
DB
FC

(1), (2) MaitfUJ AF = AE ( AF + FC = AE + EC
FC
EC
FC
EC

AC = AC
FC
EC

` FC = EC

F kW E vgd xnu ahf mikjh kLnk FC = EC bkahF.

vdnt, DE < BC

184 10M tF fj

njw 6.3

nfhz Urkbto njw (Angle

Bisector Theorem)

xU Knfhz xU nfhz cw (btw) UrkbtoahdJ
mnfhz v gfij cwkhf (btwkhf), mnfhzid mla
gff j F.
iy( i ) (cw nfhz Urkbto)

bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC - +BAC - cw Urkbto AD .

mJ BC -I D - rwJ.

%f:

BD = AB
DC
AC

>

mik : DA-F izahf C- tahf xU

>

iznfhL tiuf.mnfhL BA- ia E-

rfL. vdnt, CE < DA

%gz CE < DA kW AC xU FWFbto (Transversal).

vdnt, +DAC = +ACE

kW +BAD = +AEC

D
gl 6.5

(xWl nfhzf)

(1)
(2)

(xj nfhzf)
+A - cw nfhz Urkbto AD. Mjyh,

+BAD = +DAC

(3)

(1), (2) ,(3)-UJ +ACE = +AEC vd bgWnwh.

vdnt, 3 ACE - AE = AC (rk nfhzfSF vnu cs gff rk)

3 BCE - CE < DA . vdnt,

BD =
DC
BD =
DC

BA (nj njw)
AE
AB
(a AE = AC )
AC

Mfnt, njw %f glJ.

f (ii) (btw nfhz Urkbto) (njF mW)

bfhLfgLsit: 3 ABC - AD vgJ +BAC -

btw nfhz Urkbto kW BC id

A
E

D- btLwJ.

%f : BD = AB

DC

AC

gl 6.6

DA-F izahf C- tahf xU nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA-it

rF E vf. vdnt, CE < DA .

mik :

%gz CE < DA kW AC xU FWF bto,

+ECA = +CAD

(xW l nfhzf)

(1)

6. toa 185

nkY, CE < DA kW BP xU FWFbto vgjh,

+CAD = +DAP

(3)

+CEA = +ECA

vdnt, 3 ECA - AC = AE (rknfhzfSF vnu mikj gff rk)

3 BDA - EC < AD .
BD = BA
DC
AE

BD = BA
DC
AC
njw %fglJ.
(

njw 6.4

(2)

(1), (2), (3)-UJ,

(xj nfhzf)

Mdh, AD vgJ +CAP - nfhz Urkbto vgjh,

+CEA = +DAP

(nj njw)

(a AE = AC )

nfhz Urkbto njw kWjiy (Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem)

xU Knfhz xU c t brY xU nenfhL, mj

vgfid cwkhf (btwkhf), kw U gff j Fkhdh,

mnfhL c mikj nfhzid cwkhf (btwkhf) U rkghffshf
F.
iy (i ) : (cwkhf)
bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC -, AD vw nenfhL, vgf BC -I cwkhf

BD = AB vwthW wJ.
DC
AC

(1)
a

%f : +BAC - cw Urkbto AD .

mjhtJ, +BAD = +DAC vd %f ntL

b

mik :

gl 6.7

C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA- id

rF E vf. Mfnt, CE < AD

CE < AD vgjh, nj njwgo, BD = BA

DC
AE
AB
BA
(1), (2)-UJ,
=
AC
AE

%gz

AE = AC

( a AE = AC )

nghJ, 3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC

iznfhLf AD kW CE- FWF bto AC.

186 10M tF fj

(2)

(3)

vdnt, +DAC = +ACE

(xW lnfhzf rk)

(4)

nkY, iznfhLf AD kWCE Mat FWF bto BE.

vdnt, +BAD = +AEC

(xjnfhzf rk )

(3), (4) ,(5)-UJ ilgJ,

(5)

+BAD = +DAC

AD vgJ +BAC - Urkbto MF.

njw %fglJ.
iy (ii

btwkhf (njF mW)

bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC - nfhL AD MdJ

BD = AB
DC
AC

(1)

vd mikkhW vgf BC- id btwkhf D- wJ.

%f : +PAC - Urkbto AD.

A

mjhtJ, +PAD = +DAC vd %f ntL.

E

mik : C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL

tiuf. mnfhL BA-it rF id E-vd
Ff. vdnt, CE < DA

C
gl 6.8

CE < DA . vdnt, nj njwgo, BD = BA

DC
EA

%gz

(1), (2)-UJ,

AB = AB
AE
AC

3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC

(2)

` AE = AC
(a AE = AC )

(3)

iznfhLf AD kW CE Madt FWFbto AC MF.

vdnt, +ACE = +DAC (xW l nfhzf)

(4)

iznfhLf AD kW CE- FWF bto BA.

vdnt, +PAD = +AEC (xj nfhzf)

(3) , (4), (5)-UJ,

(5)

+PAD = +DAC

+PAC - Urkbto AD. Mfnt, +BAC - btw Urkbto AD

MF.
njw %fglJ.

vLJfhL 6.1

3 ABC - DE < BC kW AD = 2 . AE = 3.7 br. v, EC-I fhf.

DB
3
3 ABC -, DE < BC .
6. toa 187

AD = AE
(nj njw)
DB
EC
(
EC = AE # DB
AD
thwhf, EC = 3.7 # 3 = 5.55 br. .
2
`

3.7 br.
E

B
gl 6.9

vLJfhL 6.2

3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR- f J mikj f S kW T
vf. nkY, ST < QR , PR = 5.6 br. kW PS = 3 v, PT- I fhf.

SQ

3 PQR - ST < QR . nj njwgo,

(1)-UJ PT = TR c PS m

SQ

x = (5.6 - x)` 3 j
5
5x = 16.8 - 3x
x = 16.8 = 2.1. Mfnt, PT = 2.1 br.
8

br.

PS = PT
(1)
SQ
TR
PT = x vf. ` TR = PR PT = 5.6 x

5.6

vdnt,

Q
gl 6.10

vLJfhL 6.3

3 ABC - gff AB kW AC- Mat nk mikj f D kW

E vf. nkY, AD = AE kW +ADE = +DEA v, 3 ABC xU Urkgf

DB

EC

Knfhz vd Wf.

AD = AE vd bfhLfgLsJ.
DB
EC

Mjyh, nj njw kWjiy go DE < BC .

` +ADE = +ABC

(1)

kW +DEA = +BCA

(2)

nkY, +ADE = +DEA

(3)

(1), (2) , (3)-UJ

` AC = AB ( rk nfhzfSF vnu mikj gff rk)

vdnt 3 ABC xU U rkgfKnfhz MF.

(bfhLfgLsJ)

+ABC = +BCA

gl 6.11

vLJfhL 6.4
3 ABC - gff AB, BC kW CA Mat mikj f D, E kW F
vf. nkY, DE < AC kW FE < AB v, AB = AC vd Wf.
AD
FC

188 10M tF fj

3 ABC - DE < AC .
` BD = BE (nj njw)
DA
EC
nkY, FE < AB vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(1)

BE = AF (nj njw)
(2)
EC
FC
E
B
(1), (2)-UJ, BD = AF
gl
6.12
AD
FC
(Tl jrk )
( BD + AD = AF + FC
AD
FC
AB = AC .
vdnt,
AD
FC
`

vLJfhL 6.5

3 ABC - +A vw nfhz cw Urkbto AD MdJ, gf BCI D-
rwJ. BD = 2.5 br. , AB = 5 br. kW AC = 4.2 br. v, DC-I fhf.
A

3 ABC -, AD vgJ +A - cw Urkbto.

`

BD = AB
DC
AC

DC = BD # AC

Mfnt,

4.2

(nfhz Urkbto njw)

5b
r.

br.

AB
DC = 2.5 # 4.2 = 2.1br..
5

2.5br. D
gl 6.13

vLJfhL 6.6

3 ABC -, +A - btw Urkbto MdJ BC- id E- rwJ.
AB = 10 br. , AC = 6 br. kW BC = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.
3 ABC - +A - btw Urkbto AE vf. nkY AE MdJ BC-
id E- rwJ.
CE = x br.. vf. nfhz Urkbto njw go,
BE = AB ( 12 + x = 10
A
.
AC
6
CE
x
br

3^12 + xh = 5x. vdnt, x = 18.

Mjyh, CE = 18 br. .

10

12 br.

D
6 br.
C

gl 6.14

vLJfhL 6.7

3 ABC - gf BC- eL D vf. P kW Q vgd AB kW AC-f

nk mikj f MF. nkY, +BDA kW +ADC Ma nfhzfis Kiwna
DP kW DQ vgd U rkghffshf F v, PQ < BC vd Wf.

3 ABD - +BDA - nfhz Urkbto DP vf.

6. toa 189

AP = AD (nfhz Urkbto njw)

PB
BD

3 ADC - +ADC - nfhz Urkbto DQ vf.

AQ
= AD (nfhz Urkbto njw)
`
QC
DC

Mdh, BD = DC

nghJ, (2) (

Mfnt, PQ < BC .

(2)
B

(a D vgJ BC- eL)

AQ
= AD
QC
BD
AQ
AP
=
(1),(3)-UJ,
PB
QC

(1)

D
gl 6.15

(3)

(nj njw kWjiy)

g 6.1

1.

D kW E Ma f Kiwna DABC - gff AB kW AC-f DE < BC

vUFkhW mikJsd.

AD = 6 br. , DB = 9 br. kW AE = 8 br. v, AC-I fhf.

(i)

(ii) AD = 8 br. , AB = 12 br. kW AE = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.

(iii) AD = 4x3, BD = 3x1, AE = 8x7 kW EC = 5x3 v, x- kig fhf.

2.

gl AP = 3 br. , AR = 4.5 br. , AQ = 6 br. , AB = 5 br.

kW AC = 10 br. . v, AD- kig fhf.

3.

E kW F vw f Kiwna 3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR Mat

J mikJsd. tUtdtF EF < QR vgjid rghf.
PE = 3.9 br. ., EQ = 3 br.., PF = 3.6 br. kW FR = 2.4 br. .

(i)

(ii) PE = 4 br. , QE = 4.5 br.., PF = 8 br. kW RF = 9 br. .

4.

gl AC < BD kW CE < DF .

O
E

OA =12 br. , AB = 9 br. , OC = 8 br. .

kW EF = 4.5 br. v, FO- it fhf.
5.

ABCD vw ehfu, AB-F iz CD vf. AB-F izahf tiuagl xU

BQ
vd Wf.
nenfhL AD-I P-Y BC-I Q-Y rwJ v, AP =
PD

6.

gl PC < QK kW BC < HK . AQ = 6 br. , QH = 4 br. ,

HP = 5 br., KC = 18 br. v, AK kW PB-fis fhf.

QC

Q
H
P
B

190 10M tF fj

K
C

7.

gl DE < AQ kW DF < AR

v, EF < QR vd Wf.

D
Q

8.

gl

DE < AB kW DF < AC
v, EF < BC vd Wf.

D
E

9.

AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - cw nfhz Urkbto. mJ BCI D- rwJ.

(i) BD = 2 br., AB = 5 br., DC = 3 br. v, AC fhf.
(ii) AB = 5.6 br., AC = 6 br. kW DC = 3 br. v, BC fhf.

(iii) AB = x, AC = x 2, BD = x + 2 kW DC = x 1 v, x- kig fhf.

10.

tUtdtW AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - nfhz Urkbto MFkh vd

nrhf.

(i) AB = 4 br. , AC = 6 br. , BD = 1.6 br. , kW CD = 2.4 br. ,

(ii) AB = 6 br. , AC = 8 br. , BD = 1.5 br. . kW CD = 3 br. .

11.

MP vgJ 3 MNO - +M - btw Urkbto.

nkY, J NO- id P- rwJ.

12.

MN = 10 br., MO = 6 br.,
NO = 12 br. v, OP-I fhf.

br

12 br.

6 br.

AB = AD vd Wf.
BC
DC

TABC - +A - cw Urkbto BC-I D-Y, +A - btw Urkbto

BC- id E-Y rwd v, BD = CD vd Wf.

BE

14.

10

ABCD vw ehfu +B kW +D Mat Urkbtof AC-I E-

btLwd v,

13.

CE

ABCD vw ehfu AB =AD. AE kW AF vgd Kiwna +BAC kW

+DAC Mat cw Urkbtof v, EF < BD vd Wf.

6.3 tobthj Knfhzf (Similar Triangles)

vlh tF rtrk Knfhzfis g thf fnwh. U toa
cUtf xnu ms kW xj tot bfhlitahf U mit rtrk
(Congruent) vd mnjh. gF tot xjitahf Mdh msf
ntWglitahf U mikj toa cUtfis g fngh. jifa
totfis eh tobthjit (Similar) vnwh.

eik Rs cUtfis fhQ nghJ, Xnu tot cs, rk myJ
khWgl msf bfhl gy bghUfis ghnwh. vLJfhlhf, xU
6. toa 191

kuYs iyf, xj totY xnu myJ

ntWgl msfis bfhlitahf csd.
ijnghnw, xnu glRUis bfhL vLfgL
gntW msfyhd bkahd Hglf ah
xj totfY Mdh ntWgl msfY
UF. itah
tobthj bghUf
vdgL.

nuf eho
toaiy
mKf
vyh
gLatuhf brhy
Knfhz
-fS to
gL nj, v
bth
cs
uLf
-jit
c a u f i s
mt Hfis,
tobthj Knfhzf gfis gagL
fljt vd fUjgLwh. thW tobthj
Knfhzf gaghL cauf, uf Ma
msLfis fzl VJthwd. t, Urkgf
Knfhz rkgffSF vnu cs nfhzf
rk vd flh. brKiw toa, tobthj
Knfhzf, brnfhz Knfhzf Mat
gfis gagLdh.

l nj
(Thales of Miletus)
(624-546 .K.)

jJt mP, Ph
kW fja z vd
magltfS, Kjik
ahdtuhf fgt nj
Mth.
fhuzfis
bfhL jUF Kiwia
Kj
Kj
toa
gagLatU
tnu.
nkY
t,
toa
gy njwfis bfhL
oJsh. fj gy
fzFfis f t
ifahl Kiw midt
ftdij <jJ. .K. 585-
Na ufzij KTona
bjj bgUik tiu
rhU.

rtrk tot glf, tobthjitahf
UF. Mdh j kWjiy bkahf Uf njitiy. j gF,
eh Knfhzf tobthj jikfis g mnth. nkY, mitfis
gagL fzFfSF fhngh. tU va braghL, tobthj
Knfhzfis kdjs ma ekF cj.
brJ gh
bka mil xU Knfhz totij bto vL.
jiuF nk 1 l cau j milia Na x fhl.
bjhltir Knfhz totfis jiu fhz VJthf j
milid jiuia neh efJ.
jiuia, mil beUf beUf, g ajh bfhL brwJ. jiuia
L nkneh yf yf, g bgajh bfhnl brwJ.
Knfhz tot ms khWglhY, mj Kidf mik nfhz
msf vnghJ xnu ms Ugij ghfyh.
192 10M tF fj

tiuaiw
U Knfhzf
(i)

xj nfhzf rk (myJ)

(ii)

xj gff sf rk j (myJ jrk) UF

v, mKnfhzfis tobthj Knfhzf vngh.

mjhtJ, xU Knfhz kbwh uhd thf v, uL

Knfhzf tobthjit (similar) MF.
Mfnt, 3 ABC kW 3 DEF Ma uL Knfhzf,

(i) +A = +D , +B = +E , +C = +F

(myJ)

(ii) AB = BC = CA vd Ujh,

mitf tobthj KnfhzfshF.

DE

EF

FD

gl 6.16

gl 6.17

F A, B, C Ma cf Kiwna D, E kW F Ma cfSF xjit
ahF. tobthj Knfhzfis Fplhf 3ABC + 3DEF vd vGJnwh.
+ vD FpL tobthjJ vgij FF.
Fiu

3 ABC, 3DEF Mat tobthj jikia bghUjkhd xj cfis

bfhl Fplhf 3 BCA + 3 EFD kW TCAB + TFDE vd Ffyh.

6.3.1 tobthj KnfhzfSfhd Kiwf

tU _W mogil Kiwf, Knfhzf tobthjit vgij

%f nghJkhdit.

(i) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd AA-Kiw (Angle-Angle similarity criterion)

xU Knfhz uL nfhzf Kiwna kbwhU Knfhz uL
nfhzfSF rkkhdh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit MF.
F

xU Knfhz uL nfhzf Kiwna kbwhU Knfhz
uL nfhzfSF rkkhdh, mt _whtJ nfhzfS Kiwna
rkkhF. vdnt tobthj KnfhzfSfhd AA-Kiwia, AAA-Kiw
vW Ffyh.

(ii)

tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SSS-Kiw (Side-Side-Side similarity criterion)

U Knfhzf, xj gff jf rkkhdh, mt xj
nfhzf rk. vdnt U Knfhzf tobthjit.
6. toa 193

(iii) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SAS-Kiw (Side-Angle-Side similarity criterion)

xU Knfhz xU nfhz kbwhU Knfhz xU nfhzF
rkkhf, mU Knfhzf mnfhzfis csla xj gff
jrkY Ujh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit.

tobthj Knfhzf Kof ytiw %gz goaLnth.

(i)

U tobthj Knfhzf gugsf j mt xj gff

tff jF rk.

(ii)

xU brnfhz Knfhz brnfhzij

bfhl c tna fzF brFJnfhL
tiujh, mnfho U wK mik U
Knfhzf kW bga Knfhz Mad
xWbfhW tobthjitahf mik.
F, (m) T DBA + T ABC

TABC + TEFG v AB = BC = CA = AD
EF
FG
GE
EH

gl 6.18
E

(iii) U Knfhzf tobthjit v, xj

gff j mt xj FJauf
jF rk.

(M) 3 DAC + 3 ABC

() 3 DBA + 3 DAC

gl 6.19

gl 6.20

(iv) U Knfhzf tobthjitahf U, xj gff j xj

Rwsf jF rk. mjhtJ,

T ABC + T DEF v, AB = BC = CA = AB + BC + CA .
DE
EF
FD
DE + EF + FD

vLJfhL 6.8

A, B vgd TPQR - gff PQ, PR-f nk mikj f vf. nkY,
AB < QR , AB = 3 br. , PB = 2 br. kW PR = 6 br. v, QR- sid fhf.

AB = 3 br., PB = 2, br., PR = 6 br. kW AB < QR .

P

DPAB kW DPQR -

+PAB = +PQR

(xj nfhzf)
A

+P vgJ U KnfhzfSF bghJ.

` DPAB + DPQR

Mjyh, xj gff jf rk.

vdnt,

Mfnt,

AB = PB
QR
PR
QR = AB # PR = 3 # 6
PB
2
QR = 9 br. .

194 10M tF fj

6
B

(AA-Kiw)

R
gl 6.21

vLJfhL 6.9

1.8 cauKs xUt xU uo (pyramid) mUnf W bfhoUwh.
xU Fl neu mtUila H s 2.7 kW uo H s 210
v, uo cau fhf.
A
ab, de vgd Kiwna uL kW
kj cauf vf.
BC, EF vgd Kiwna uL kW
kj Hf sf vf.

DABC kW DDEF -

210
gl 6.22

+ABC = +DEF = 90o

+BCA = +EFD
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf rk)
1.8

(AA-Kiw)

` DABC + DDEF

vdnt, AB = BC
DE
EF
( AB = 210 ( AB = 210 # 1.8 =140.
1.8
2.7
2.7
uo cau = 140 .

2.7

gl 6.23

vLJfhL 6.10
xU nfhu cid, xUt nfhuUJ 87.6 u jiu cs

xU fzho ghwh. fzho nk nehathW csJ. mt fzhoUJ
0.4 uY mt iliy ghit nfho kl jiuUJ 1.5
cauY csJ v, nfhu cau fhf. (kj mo, fzho kW
nfhu mo Mait xnu nenfho csd)
AB, ED vgd Kiwna kj cau, nfhu cau vf. C vgJ
fzho nfhu c gL (Point of incidence) vf.

DABC kW DEDC - +ABC = +EDC = 90 ,

+BCA = +DCE
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf
rk. mjhtJ gLnfhz, vbuh nfhzF
rk)

1.5

` DABC + DEDC (AA-Kiw)

B
0.4
ED
DC
=
(xj gff rkj UF)
`
AB
BC
( ED = DC # AB = 87.6 # 1.5 = 328.5 .
BC
0.4
nfhu cau = 328.5 .

87.6

gl 6.24

6. toa 195

vLJfhL 6.11

xU Hgl fUYs gl RU xU ku g s 35 ..
byF glRUSF ilgl u 42 .. nkY, byUJ kuJF
cs u 6 v, Hgl
A
vLfgL ku gF s
F
fhf.
H

by

35.

AB, EF vgd Kiwna

Hgl
vLfgL
ku
gF s kW glRU
g s vf. C vD
byi[ FfL. CG,
CH vgd DACB kW DFEC -
FJauf MF.

E
42.

AB || FE vgJ bj.

DACB kW DFEC - +BAC = +FEC

+ECF = +ACB

` DACB + DECF

B
gl 6.25

(Fbjnfhzf rk)

(AA-Kiw)

vdnt, AB = CG
EF
CH
AB = CG # EF = 6 # 0.035 = 5
(
CH
0.042
H gl vLfgl ku gF s 5 MF.

g 6.2
1.

tU glf xbthY bjahjdt kfis fhf. vyh

sfS bro l bfhLfgLsd. (msf mslgo iy)

(i)
y

A
A

(ii)
G

B
8

4
D 3 E
5

24

F
G

6
B

2.

8
D

(iii)

6
y
D

xU Hgl fU glRU, 1.8 cauKs xU kj g s

1.5 br.. vf. fU byUJ glRU 3 br. u Ujh, mt
Hgl fUUJ vts u Ugh?

196 10M tF fj

3.

120 br.. cauKs xU W xU sF fg moUJ y,

mjF nebuuhf 0.6 ./ ntf elJ bfhoUwh. sF,
jiu klUJ 3.6 . cau csJ v, W H sij
4 dhofSF wF fhf.

4.

xU W flfiu mt jijl Uwh.

fl J xUt bjhlJ j Koahk

jjJ
bfhoUgij
flh.
mt clnd nk 50 bjhiy UF
j jijia cj brkhW TFulh.
tis l t jij xU glFF 10
mUUjh.
t
mglif
gagL
_ bfhoUgtid mila ntLbk, 126 mgl bry
ntL. mnj rka mW C x glUJ
98 u brY xUtid fhwh. C Ugt _
bfhoUgtUF H csh. mtiu fhghw C cst vts
bjhiy bry ntL? (glij ghf) (dh kL njFajW)

5.

DABC - gff AB kW AC- Kiwna P kW Q vw f csd.

AP = 3 br., PB = 6 br., AQ = 5 br. kW QC = 10 br. v, BC = 3 PQ vd
Wf.

6.

DABC -, AB = AC kW BC = 6 br. vf. nkY, AC- D vgJ AD = 5 br.

kW CD = 4 br. vW UFkhW xU v, DBCD + DACB vd Wf.
j _y DB-ia fhf.

7.

DABC - gff AB kW AC-f nk mikj f Kiwna D kW

E vf. nkY, DE || BC, AB = 3 AD kW DABC - gugs 72 br.2 v,
ehfu DBCE- gugsit fhf.

8.

3 ABC- gf sf 6 br., 4 br., 9 br. kW 3 PQR + 3 ABC . 3PQR-

xU gf 35 br. v, 3PQR- Rws f mfkhf vts Uf TL?
A

9.


10.

gl DE || BC. nkY, AD = 3 v,
BD 5
DADE - gugs
,
(i)
DABC - gugs

D
B

rtf BCED - gugs

(ii)
Madt kfis fhf.
DABC - gugs

E
C

muR, xU khef gagLjglhj ygF

x a bjhngilid Wt
lLwJ.
Hl
gF
ajhf
mikfgL
bjhngil
gF
gugsit FwJ. gF gugsit
fhf.
6. toa 197

11.

xU Wt itu FWF btL njhw to, gl

fhoathW xU gl brjh. F AE = 16 br., EC = 81 br..

mt BD vw FWF Fid gagLj Uwh.
B

mF s vts UfntL?

12.

E
C

xU khzt bfhofg cauid fzl Uwh.

bfhofg c vbuhig fzho fhQ tif, xU
W fzhoia jiu itwh. mfzho mtlUJ 0.5
bjhiy csJ. fzhoF bfhofgF ilna cs bjhiy
3 kW mtDila ilkl ghit nfhL jiuUJ 1.5 cau
csJ v, bfhofg cauij fhf. (khzt, fzho kW
bfho fg Mad xnu nenfho csd.)
Y

13.

njhwij bfhLsJ.

(i) tobthj Knfhzfis bjbjLf.

(ii) Tiu cau h-I fhf.

njw 6.5

xU nkTiu gl fhoathW FWF btL

h

Z
10

jhfu njw (bgsja njw)

(Pythagoras theorem (Baudhayan theorem))

xU brnfhz Knfhz fz tf kw U gff

tff TLjYF rk.
bfhLfgLsit :
2

brnfhz 3 ABC-, +A = 90c.

%f : BC = AB + AC
mik : AD = BC tiuf.
%gz

Knfhzf ABC kW DBA-f, +B bghJthd nfhz.

nkY, +BAC = +ADB = 90c.

` 3 ABC + 3 DBA

(AA - Kiw)

vdnt, mt xj gff jf rk.

Mfnt, AB = BC
DB
BA
2
( AB = DB # BC

ij nghnw, 3 ABC + 3 DAC .

vdbt, BC = AC
AC
DC

AC = BC # DC

(1) kW (2) Matiw Tl,

AB + AC = BD # BC + BC # DC

198 10M tF fj

gl 6.26

(1)

(2)

= BC^ BD + DC h

= BC # BC = BC
2
2
2

Mfnt, BC = AB + AC . jhfu njw %fglJ.
Fiu
jhfu njw uL mogil fUJfis bfhLsJ. xW
gugsfis gaJ. kbwhW sfis gaJ. vdnt, j w njw
toaiy, afjij izwJ. jhfu njw kWjiy
bkahF. njw KjKj vgtuh FlgL %fglJ.

jhfu njw kWjiy TW nH bfhLfgLsJ. (%gz gfhf

lgLsJ)

njw 6.6

jhfu njw kWjiy (Converse of Pythagoras theorem)

xU Knfhz, xU gf tf, kw U gff tff
TLjYF rk v, Kj gfF vnu cs nfhz brnfhz.

6.4 tlf kW bjhLnfhLf (Circles and Tangents)

tlJl bjhls xU nenfhL mtlid xnubahU
kL bjhLkhdh, mnfhL tlF xU bjhLnfhL (Tangent) vdgL.
toa tl bjhLnfhLf, toa mikf kW UgzfY
Ka gfhWwd. j ghlgFa tlf, bjhLnfhLf Matiw
mogilahf bfhl y Kofis sFnth. mt _y, bjhLnfhLeh njw (Tangent-Chord Theorem) vdgL Ka njwid %ngh. xU
nenfhL kW xU tl Matiw xU js vLJ bfhlh, mit _W
tiff mik. mit xid kbwhW btlhk nghfyh; mit uL
f btlyh. Wahf, xiw kbwhW xnu xU kL bjhlyh.
P

P
B

A
Q

gl 6.27

gl 6.28

gl 6.29

gl. 6.27-, tlF nenfhL PQ-F bghJ iy.

gl. 6.28-, nenfhL PQ vgJ tlid A, B vw U btntW f
btLwJ. iy PQ MdJ tlF xU btLnfhL (Secant)MF.

gl. 6.29-, nenfhL PQ- tlK xnu xU bghJ ia bfhLsd.
mjhtJ, nenfhL tlid xnu xU bjhLwJ. nenfhL PQ MdJ
tlF A- bjhLnfhL (Tangent) vdgL.
6. toa 199

tiuaiw:
xU nenfhL tlid xnu xU kL bjhLkhdh mnfhL
tlF bjhLnfhL vdgL. m bjhL (Point of Contact) vdgL.
tlf kW bjhLnfhLfis mogilahf bfhl njwf ( %gz )
1. tl VnjD xU tiuagl bjhLnfhL, bjhL t
brY MuF brFjhF.
2. tl xU xnu xU bjhLnfhL kLnk tiua Ko.
3. tlF btna cs xU UJ, mtlF U bjhLnfhLf
tiuaKo.
4. tlF btYs VnjD xU UJ mtlF tiuagl
U bjhLnfhLf sf rk.
5. U tlf xiwbahW bjhLkhdh bjhL ahdJ tlf
ikafis izF nenfho mik.
6. U tlf btwkhf bjhLkhdh, tl ikafSF ilna cs
ukhdJ mt Muf TLjYF rkkhF.
7. U tlf cwkhf bjhLkhdh, tl ikafSF ilna cs
ukhdJ mt Muf ahrF rkkhF.

njw 6.7

bjhLnfhL - eh njw (Tangent-Chord theorem)

tl bjhLnfho bjhL tna xU eh tiuaglh, mj eh

bjhLnfhLl VgLJ nfhzf Kiwna xbthW jjahf khW
tl JLf mikj nfhzfSF rk.

bfhLfgLsit : O-it ikakhf cila tl A vD ST xU

bjhLnfhL, AB xU eh.

P, Q vgd AB vw eh vbu gff cs VnjD U f.
C

%f : (i) +BAT = +BPA

(ii) +BAS = +AQB

mik : tl AC vw lid tiuf.

B, C Matiw izf.
%gz

TW

+ABC = 90c

fhuz

gl 6.30

miu tl c mik nfhz 90c

brnfhz T ABC- Knfhz U

+CAB + +BCA = 90c
)
FWnfhzf TLj.
(1)



bjhL l bjhLnfhoF brFjhF.
+CAT = 90c

( +CAB + +BAT = 90c

+CAB + +BCA = +CAB + +BAT

200 10M tF fj

(1) , (2)-UJ

(2)

+BCA = +BAT

+BCA = +BPA

+BAT = +BPA .

(3)

xnu tlJoYs c miknfhzf rk (4)

(3), (4)-UJ

(5)

Mfnt, (i) %fglJ.

nkY, + BPA + +AQB = 180c

tl ehfu vbu nfhzf.

+BAT + +AQB = 180c

(5)-UJ

(6)

nkY, +BAT + +BAS = 180c

nenfho mikj nfhzf.

(7)

+BAT+ +AQB = +BAT + +BAS (6), (7)-UJ

+ BAS = + AQB. vdnt, (ii) %fglJ.
Mfnt, njw %fglJ.

njw 6.8

bjhLnfhL - eh njw kWjiy

(Converse of Tangent-Chord Theorem)

xU tl xU eh xU Kid tna tiuagl nenfhL mehQl
clhF nfhzkhdJ kW tl JoYs nfhzF rkkhdh, m nenfhL
tlF xU bjhLnfhlhF.
tiuaiw

AB vw nfhL Jo P vgJ xU . PA # PB A
P
B
vgJ PA, PB-I gffshf bfhl brtf
gugsitFwJ. jbgUfgyvgJABvwnfhLJogFfsha
PA kW PB M mikfgl brtf gugs vW miHfgLwJ.

njw 6.9
A

C

xU tl U ehf
P
xiwbahW cwkhf (btwkhf)
P
B
D
O
bto bfhlh xU eh btL D
O
JLfsh mikfgL brtf
C
gugs kbwhU eh btL
JLfsh mikfgL brtf
gl 6.31
gl 6.32
gugsF rk.

gl.6.31-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW cwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.
gl 6.32-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,

xiwbahW btwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.

vLJfhL 6.12

xU tl A- tiuagL bjhLnfhL PQ vf. AB vgJ tl
eh vf. nkY, +BAC = 54c kW +BAQ = 62c vW mikkhW tl nk
cs C v, +ABC -I fhf.
6. toa 201

: A- PQ xU bjhLnfhL kW AB xU eh.

vdnt, +BAQ = +ACB = 62c. (bjhLnfhL - eh njw)

nkY, +BAC + +ACB + +ABC = 180c.

54c

(xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180c)

+ABC = 180c - (+BAC + +ACB)

= 180c (54c+ 62c) = 64c.
vLJfhL 6.13

fhQ xbthU glY x- kig fhf.
A

(i)
(ii)
A
D

3 P

8
x

62c
Q

A
gl 6.33

C
B

62c

D 2

gl 6.35

gl 6.34

(i) F PA PB = PC PD
(ii) F PA PB = PC PD
9 # 4 = (2+x) 2
( PB = PC.PD
(
PA
vdnt,
x = 8 # 3 = 6.
x + 2 = 18 vdnt, x = 16.

4
vLJfhL 6.14

gl PA, PB vgd O-it ikakhf bfhl tlF bt
P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLfshF. CD vgJ tlF
A
E vD tiuagl bjhLnfhL. AP = 15 br. v, T
C
PCD - Rwsit fLo.
O

btna cs UJ tlF tiuagl

bjhLnfhLf sf rk vgjid eh mnth.
PA = PB.

` CA = CE, DB = DE,

` T PCD - Rws = PC + CD + DP

= PC + CE + ED + DP

= PC + CA + DB + DP

= PA + PB = 2 PA
(a PB = PA )

Mfnt, T PCD - Rws = 2 # 15 = 30 br..

E
B

gl 6.36

vLJfhL 6.15

ABCD vw ehfu, mj vyh gffS xU tlij bjhLkhW mikJsJ.
AB = 6 br., BC = 6.5 br. kW CD = 7 br. v, AD- sij fhf.
ehfukhdJ tlij bjhL f P, Q, R kW S vf.

AP = AS (1),

202 10M tF fj

BP = BQ (2),

CR = CQ (3),

DR = DS (4).

(1), (2), (3) kW (4) Matiw TlilgJ,

AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
= AS + DS + BQ + CQ

AB + CD = AD + BC.
(

AD = AB + CD BC = 6 + 7 6.5 =6.5

Mfnt, AD = 6.5 br..

7 br.

P
A

6 br.

gl 6.37
B

gl TP xU bjhLnfhL. A, B vgd tl Js
f. + BTP = 72c kW + ATB = 43c v + ABT-I

43c

72c

fhf.

2.

g 6.3
1.

6.5br.

xU tl AB, CD vD U ehf xiwbahW cwkhf P-

bto bfhwd.

(i) CP = 4 br., AP = 8 br.., PB = 2 br. v, PD-I fhf.

(ii) AP = 12 br., AB = 15 br., CP = PD v, CD-I fhf.

3.

AB kW CD vw U ehf tlF btna P vD bto

bfhwd.

4.

5.
6.

7.

(i) AB = 4 br., BP = 5 br. kW PD = 3 br. v, CD-I fhf.

(ii) BP = 3 br., CP = 6 br. kW CD = 2 br. v, AB-I fhf.
xU tl, TABC- gf BC-I P- bjhLwJ. mtl AB kW AC-f
fis Kiwna Q kW R- bjhLwJ v, AQ = AR = 1 (TABC- Rws)
2
vd Wf.
xU izfu vyh gffS xU tlid bjhLkhdh
mizfu xU rhrJukhF vd Wf.
xU jhkiu thdJ j klF nk 20 br. cau csJ. jo
gF j klF nH csJ. fhW RnghJ jL jsgL,
jhkiu thdJ jo Mug iyUJ 40 br. u jiu
bjhLwJ. Mug iy j klF nH cs jo s fhf?
brtf ABCD- cw O-UJ brtf Kidf A, B, C, D
2

izfgLsd v, OA + OC = OB + OD vd Wf.

g 6.4
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.

9 ABC- gff AB kW AC Matiw xU nenfhL Kiwna D kW

E-f btLwJ. nkY, mnfhL BC-F iz v AE =
AC
(A) AD
(B) AD
(C) DE
(D) AD
DB
AB
BC
EC
6. toa 203

2.

9ABC- AB kW AC-fYs f D kW E vgd DE < BC vwthW

csd. nkY, AD = 3 br., DB = 2 br. kW AE = 2.7 br. v, AC =

3.

(B) 4.5 br.

(C) 3.5 br.
(A) 6.5 br.
9 PQR- RS vgJ +R - nfhz cw Urkbto.
PQ = 6 br., QR = 8 br.,
RP = 4 br. v, PS =
(A) 2 br. (B) 4 br. (C) 3 br. (D) 6 br.

(D) 5.5 br.

P

r.
6b S
Q

8 br.

4.

gl AB = BD , +B = 40c kW +C = 60c v, +BAD =

AC
DC

(A) 30c

5.

gl x- kghdJ

(B) 50c

(C) 80c

(B) 3 $ 2 myFf
(D) 0 $ 4 myFf

60c
D

A
56c

4
E
10

(A) 4 $ 2 myFf
(C) 0 $ 8 myFf

6.

TABC kW TDEF -f +B = +E kW +C = +F v,

7.

(A) AB = CA
(B) BC = AB
(C) AB = BC
(D) CA = AB
DE
EF
EF
FD
DE
EF
FD
EF
A
bfhLfgl glF, bghUjhj Tid flf.

(A) TADB + TABC

(B) TABD + TABC

(C) TBDC + TABC

(D) TADB + TBDC

8
B

56c

8.

40c

(D) 40c
x

4 br.

12 sKs xU neFjhd F, 8 sKs Hiy jiu VgLJwJ.

mnj neu xU nfhu 40 sKs Hiy jiu VgLJwJ v,
nfhu cau

(A) 40

(B) 50

(C) 75

(D) 60

9.

U tobthj Knfhzf gff j 2:3 v, mt

gugsf j

(A) 9 : 4

(B) 4 : 9

(C) 2 : 3

(D) 3 : 2

10.

Knfhzf ABC kW DEF tobthjit. mt gugsf Kiwna

100 br. 2, 49 br. 2 kW BC = 8.2 br. v, EF =

(A) 5.47 br.
(B) 5.74 br.
(C) 6.47 br.

11.

U tobthj Knfhzf Rwsf Kiwna 24 br., 18 br. vf. Kj

(D) 6.74 br.

Knfhz xU gf 8 br. v, kbwhU Knfhz mjF xj gf

(A) 4 br.
204 10M tF fj

(B) 3 br.

(C) 9 br.

(D) 6 br.

12.

AB, CD vgd xU tl U ehf. mit lgLnghJ P-

rwd kW AB = 5 br., AP = 8 br., CD = 2 br. v, PD =

(A) 12 br.

13.

gl ehf AB kW CD vgd P- btLwd

(B) 5 br.

(C) 6 br.

(D) 4 br.
D

AB = 16 br., PD = 8 br., PC = 6 kW AP >PB v, AP =

(A) 8 br.

(B) 4 br.

(C) 12 br.

(D) 6 br.

14.

P vD , tl ika O-UJ 26 br. bjhiy csJ. P-UJ

tlF tiuagl PT vw bjhLnfho s 10 br. v, OT =

(A) 36 br.

15.

gl, +PAB = 120c v, +BPT =

(A) 120o
o

(B) 20 br.

(C) 18 br.
C

(C) 40

16.

O-it ikakhf cila tlF PA, PB vgd bt P-UJ

tiuagl bjhLnfhLf. bjhLnfhLfSF il cs nfhz 40 o
v, +POA =
(A) 70o
(B) 80o
(C) 50o
(D) 60o

17.

gl, PA, PB vgd tlF btnas

D
Q

P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLf.

nkY CD vgJ Q vw tlF

(B) 5 br.

(C) 24 br.

brnfhz DABC - +B = 90c kW BD = AC .

v, CD =
(B) 16 br.

C
B

bjhLnfhL. PA = 8 br., CQ = 3 br. v, PC =

(A) 11 br.
18.

(D) 60

120
c

(B) 30o
o

(D) 24 br.

(D) 38 br.
BD = 8 br., AD = 4 br.

(A) 24 br.

19.

uL tobthj Knfhzf gugsf Kiwna 16 br. 2, 36 br. 2.

Kj Knfhz FJau 3 br. v, kbwhU Knfhz mjid
xj FJau

(A) 6.5 br.

20.

U tobthj Knfhzf DABC kW DDEF Mat Rwsf

Kiwna 36 br., 24 br.. nkY, DE = 10 br. v, AB =

(A) 12 br.

(B) 6 br.

(B) 20 br.

(C) 32 br. (D) 8 br.

(C) 4 br.

(C) 15 br.

(D) 4.5 br.

(D) 18 br.
6. toa 205

Knfhza
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the middle position of
mathematics as trigonometry J.F. Herbart

7.1 mKf
mKf
KbwhUikf
caufS ufS

ghr
(Hipparchus)

(190 - 120 .K.)

(Greece)

t Knfhzaiy
nkgLdh. Knfhz
a gagLjgL ml
tizfis cUthdh. nfhs
Knfhza gy fzF
fSF id flh.
Na kW ru ga
jkJ nfhghLfdhY kW
mt flj Knfhza
dhY, Na ufzij K
Tona mtjF egfkhd
Kiwia
Kj
Kj
ghr cUthdh.
th elF ffis
btWfzh TJ M
bra l fhykhf gagl
gy thda fUfis
ajhf
fLojJ
kL, jifa gy
fUfis
nkgLa
bgUik tiu rhU.

tlf f msf kW mfis
tiugLJ ehf msf Ma tF ilna
cs bjhlid tgjfhf Knfhza
cUthfglJ. Knfhza, 15 M whoF
wF xU Knfhz nfhzf msfis mj
gff sfSl bjhlgLj gaLjglJ.
.K. 2M who thj nuf ehil nrj
ghr (Hipparchus) Knfhza gilghs vd
TwgLwJ. Knfhz msf vd bghUgL
Knfhza (Trigonometry) vD brhYFa
bgUik ghnjhnyhk of (Bartholomaus Pitiscus)
(1561-1613) vgtiu rhU.
xgjh tF, btntW Knfhza
jf, mtilnaahd j bjhlf kW
Knfhza mltizia gagL fzF
fSF fhQ Kiw Madtiw fwnjh.

Knfhza KbwhUikf g, kiyf,
fllf nghwt caufis, mitfSF
ilgl ufis neilahf msJ ghuhk,
Knfhza jfis kL gagL mtiw
fl Kiwfis g j maha eh
ff cnsh.

7.2 Knfhza KbwhUikf

(Trigonometric identities)

xU rkghlhdJ tiuaWfgl kh myJ
khf vyh kfSF bkahdh, mrkghL
xU KbwhUikahF vgjid eh mnth.
2
2
vLJfhlhf, ^a + bh2 = a + 2ab + b vw rkghL
xU KbwhUikahF. Vbd, midJ bkbaf
a, b fSF rkghL bkahF.

nj nghW xU nfhzkh, Knfhz
j fis bfhl rkghlhdJ, mYs
t i u aWfgl nfhzf vyh kfSF
bkahdh, mrkghL Knfhza KbwhUik
vdgL.
206


vLJfhlhf ^sin i + c osi h2 - ^sin i - cos i h2 = 4 sin i cos i vw rkghL
rkghL xU Knfhza
i - midJ kfSF bkahjyh,
2
KbwhUikahF. UD (sin i + cos i) = 1 vw rkghL KbwhUik
MfhJ. V b d , r k g h L i = 0c - F bkahwJ. Mdh, i = 45c v,
2
^sin 45c + cos 45ch2 = c 1 + 1 m = 2 ! 1 vgjh, rkghL bk MfhJ.
2
2
j maha, midJ Knfhza KbwhUikf kW
rkghLf Mad khf vbjj kfSF bghUSilajhf
mikwdnth, mkfSF mit eF tiuaWfgljhf fUjgLwd.

jhfu KbwhUikf (Pythagorean identities) vd miHfgL gaDs
_W KbwhUikfis jUJ, mtiw gagL ntW y KbwhUikfis
bgWnth.
2

brnfhz 3 ABC - AB + BC = AC

rkghL (1)- xbthU cWig AC M tFf ilgJ,

(1)

AB + BC = AC
2
2
2
AC
AC
AC

( AC ! 0 )
i

AB 2
BC 2
` AC j + ` AC j = 1

gl 7.1

vdnt,
cos A + sin A = 1
+A = i vf. 0c < i < 90c vd cs i - vyh kfSF

cos i + sin i = 1

(2)

nkY, cos 0c + sin 0c = 1 kW cos 90c + sin 90c = 1 vgJ bjthwJ.

2

vdnt, (2) MdJ 0c # i # 90c vw vyh i kF bkahF.

(1)-I AB M tFf ilgJ,

2

AB + BC = AC 2
` AB j
2
2
AB
AB

AB 2
BC 2
AC 2
` AB j + ` AB j = ` AB j

(a AB ! 0)
2

( 1 + tan i = sec i .

(3)

i = 90c vw kF tan i kW sec i tiuaWfglhjjh,

KbwhUik (3)MdJ 0c # i < 90c vw i - vyh kfSF bkahF.

L (1)- xbthU cWig BC2 M tFf ilgJ,

AB + BC = AC 2 (a BC ! 0)
` BC j
2
2
BC
BC
2
2
AB 2
BC 2
AC 2
` BC j + ` BC j = ` BC j ( cot i + 1 = cosec i .

(4)

i = 0cvw kF cot i kW cosec i tiuaWfglhjjh,

KbwhUik (4) MdJ 0c < i # 90cvw vyh i - kfSF bkahF.

7. Knfhza 207

nkfl KbwhUikfSF rkkhd y Kof nH jugLsd.

KbwhUik

rkkhd totf

(i) sin2 i + cos2 i = 1

sin2 i = 1 - cos2 i (myJ) cos2 i = 1 - sin2 i

(ii) 1 + tan2 i = sec2 i

sec2 i - tan2 i = 1 (myJ) tan2 i = sec2 i - 1

(iii) 1 + cot2 i = cosec2 i

cosec2 i - cot2 i = 1 (myJ) cot2 i = cosec2 i - 1

Fiu

nkny cs KbwhUikfis eh FWnfhz i - UJnsh.

Mdh KbwhUikf,
i - vkfSF Knfhza rhf
tiuaWfgLsnjh
mkfSF
KbwhUikf
bkahF.
ghl nfhz i - FWnfhz kfis kL vLJbfhnth.
bghJthf, Knfhza rhf cs KbwhUikfis %f xU bghJthd
tKiw VJ iy. UD nH jugLs y cf, Knfhza
KbwhUikfis %f gaDsjhf mik.

(i) bfhLfgLsit, %fgl ntoait Matiw ftd bfhL

KbwhUikfis ftdkhf gof.
(ii) va gFia vLJ thFtJ myJ RUFtijl KbwhUik
fyhd gFia vLJbfhL RUFtJ RygkhdJ.
(iii) y rkaf KbwhUik U gffY nfhitf fyhf U,
U gFfis jjahf vLJ RU, xnu nfhitahf jjahf
bgw ntL.
(iv) dfis xizFnghJ gYWnfhitf Tl gagL
afj cfis gagLj.
(v) njit v, xbthU cWig mjF rkkhd sine, cosine MadtF
kh RUFtjF Ka bra.
2
2
2
2
(vi) xU KbwhUik MdJ, tan i, cot i, cosec i, sec i MaitfSl Toa
2
2
2
2
cWfis bfhoUjh sec i = 1 + tan i kW cosec i = 1 + cot i
vgdtiw gagLJtJ eik gaF.
vLJfhL 7.1
sin i + cos i = 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.
cosec i sec i

sin i + cos i = sin i + cos i

1
1
cosec i sec i
` sin i j ` cos i j

= sin i + cos i = 1.

208 10M tF fj

vLJfhL 7.2
1 - cos i = cosec i - cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
1 + cos i

^1 - cos i h ^1 - cos i h
#
^1 + cosih ^1 - cosih

1 - cos i =
1 + cos i

^1 - cos i h2

^1 - cos i h2
2

1 - cos i
sin i
= 1 - cos i = 1 - cos i
sin i
sin i
sin i
= cosec i - cot i .

(a 1 - cos i = sin i )

vLJfhL 7.3

6cosec ^90c - i h - sin ^90c - i h@ [cosec i - sin i] [tan i + cot i] = 1

vw KbwhUikia Wf.

6cosec ^90c - i h - sin ^90c - i h@ [cosec i - sin i] [tan i + cot i]

sin i
cos i

= ^sec i - cos i h^cosec i - sin i h c cos i + sin i m (a cosec (90c - i) = sec i,
sin (90c - i) = cos i )
2
2
1
1
sin
i
cos
i
+

=`
m
- cos i j`
- sin i jc
cos i
sin i
sin i cos i
2

1
= c 1 - cos i mc 1 - sin i m`
j
cos i
sin i
sin i cos i

1
= c sin i mc cos i m`
j = 1.
cos i
sin i sin i cos i

(sin2 i + cos2 i = 1)

vLJfhL 7.4
tan i + sec i - 1 = 1 + sin i vd Wf.
tan i - sec i + 1
cos i

tan i + sec i - 1
tan i - sec i + 1
^sec2 i - tan2 i h
tan
i
sec
i
+
=

tan i - sec i + 1

^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h

2
2
= ^tan i + sec ih - ^sec i + tan ih^sec i - tan ih ^ a a - b = ^a + bh (a - bh )

tan i - sec i + 1

= (tan i + sec i) 61 - ^sec i - tan i h@

tan i - sec i + 1
^tan i + sec i h^tan i - sec i + 1h
=
tan i - sec i + 1

= tan i + sec i = sin i + 1 = 1 + sin i .

cos i cos i
cos i
7. Knfhza 209

vLJfhL 7.5
tan i + cot i = 1 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
1 - cot i 1 - tan i

tan i + cot i
1 - cot i 1 - tan i

1
1
i
tan
tan
i
i
tan
tan
i
=
=
+
+
1
i
1
tan
tan
1
1
tan
i
i
1tan i
tan i
2

tan i +
1
1
= tan i +
tan i - 1 tan i^1 - tan i h
tan i - 1 ^- tan i h^tan i - 1h

tan i 1
tan i - 1
^tan i h^tan i - 1h

=
=

2
1
tan i - 1 j
`
tan i
^tan i - 1h

1
^tan i - 1h

^tan3 i - 1h

tan i

2
2
^tan i - 1h^tan i + tan i + 1 h

^a a3 b3 = ^a bh^a2 + ab + b2hh

(tan i - 1) tan i
2

= tan i + tan i + 1
tan i

= tan i + tan i + 1 =tan i + 1 + cot i

tan i
tan i tan i
= 1 + tan i + cot i .
vLJfhL 7.6
2

^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2 = 7 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2

2

= sin i + cosec i + 2 sin i cosec i + cos i + sec i + 2 cos i sec i

2
2
2
2
= sin i + cos i + cosec i + sec i + 2 sin i 1 + 2 cos i 1
sin i
cos i
2
2
= 1 + ^1 + cot i h + ^1 + tan i h + 2 + 2

= 7 + tan i + cot i .

210 10M tF fj

vLJfhL 7.7

^sin6 i + cos6 i h = 1 - 3 sin2 i cos2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

sin i + cos i

= ^sin i h + ^cos i h
2

= ^sin i + cos i h - 3 sin i cos i ^sin i + cos i h

2

(a a + b = ^a + bh3 - 3ab^a + bh )

= 1 - 3 sin i cos i .

^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 h

vLJfhL 7.8
3
sin i - 2 sin i = tan i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

3
2 cos i - cos i

2
3
sin i - 2 sin i = sin i^1 - 2 sin i h
3
2
2 cos i - cos i
cos i^2 cos i - 1h
2

= c sin i me sin 2i + cos i2 - 2 sin 2 i o

cos i 2 cos i - ^sin i + cos i h

= ( tan i ) e cos2 i - sin2 i o = tan i .

cos i - sin i

^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1h

vLJfhL 7.9

sec i - tan i = 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

sec i + tan i

sec i - tan i
sec i + tan i

= c sec i - tan i m # c sec i - tan i m

sec i + tan i
sec i - tan i

= ^sec i - tan i h2 = sec i + tan i - 2 sec i tan i

= ^1 + tan i h + tan i - 2 sec i tan i

= 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan i.

^sec i - tan i h2
2

sec i - tan i
^sec i - tan i h2

^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h
2

^a sec2 i = 1 + tan2 i h

7. Knfhza

211

vLJfhL 7.10
2
1 + sec i = sin i vd Wf.

sec i
1 - cos i


1+ 1
(cos i + 1)
1 + sec i
cos i
(cos i)
=
=

1
sec i
cos i


cos i

= 1 + cos i

= (1 + cos i) #

= 1 - cos i
1 - cos i
2
= sin i .
1 - cos i

(1 - cos i)

(1 - cos i)

vLJfhL 7.11

^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h =

1
vw KbwhUikia Wf.
tan i + cot i

Kj, lJ gf csij vLJbfhnth.

^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h

= ` 1 - sin i j` 1 - cos i j
sin i
cos i

= c 1 - sin i mc 1 - cos i m
sin i
cos i

= cos i sin i = sin i cos i (1)

sin i cos i

mLjjhf, tyJ gf csij fUJnth.

1
1
tan i + cot i = sin i


+ cos i
cos i
sin i

(1) kW (2) MatUJ,

(cosec i - sin i)^sec i - cos i h =

212 10M tF fj

1

2
sin
i
cos
i
+
c
m
sin i cos i

sin i cos i

= sin i cos i

(2)

1
.
tan i + cot i

= sin i cos i
1
= sin i cos i
sin2 i + cos2 i
1
=
sin2 i + cos2 i
sin i cos i
1
=
sin2 i + cos2 i
sin i cos i sin i cos i
1
=
tan i + cot i

vLJfhL 7.12
2

tan i + sin i = m , tan i - sin i = n kW m ! n v, m - n = 4 mn vd fhLf.

m = tan i + sin i , n = tan i - sin i vgd bfhLfgLsd.
2

m - n = ^tan i + sin i h2 - ^tan i - sin i h2

= tan i + sin i + 2 sin i tan i - ^tan i + sin i - 2 sin i tan i h

= 4 sin i tan i

nkY,

(1)

(2)

4 mn = 4 ^tan i + sin i h^tan i - sin i h

2

= 4 tan i - sin i = 4
= 4

sin i c

sin i - sin2 i
o
2
cos i

1 -1
m
2
cos i

= 4 sin i (sec i - 1)
2

= 4 sin i tan i
= 4 sin i tan i.
2

(a sec2 i - 1 = tan2 i)

(1) kW (2)-UJ, m - n = 4 mn .

vLJfhL 7.13
tan2 a = cos2 b - sin2 b v, cos2 a - sin2 a = tan2 b vd Wf.

cos2 b - sin2 b = tan2 a vd bfhLfgLsJ.

2
cos2 b - sin2 b
= sin 2a
1
cos a
2
2
cos b - sin b
sin2 a
=
cos2 b + sin2 b
cos2 a

Tl-fj jrk

a = c v, a + b = c + d
b
d
a-b
c-d

Tl fj jrk ia gagLj ilgJ,

2
2
(cos2 b - sin2 b) + (cos2 b + sin2 b)
= sin2 a + cos2 a
2
2
2
2
(cos b - sin b) - (cos b + sin b)
sin a - cos a

2 cos2 b
1
=
(
2
2
sin a - cos2 a

- 2 sin b

( -

sin2 b
= sin2 a - cos2 a
2
cos b

( tan2 b = cos2 a - sin2 a vd WtglJ.
F : Tl-fj jrk ia gagLjhkY nkny cs
fzF fhzy.
7. Knfhza 213

g 7.1
1.

tUtd xbthW KbwhUik MFkh vd fhf.

(i) cos i + sec i = 2 +sin i

2.

tU KbwhUikfis Wf.

(i) sec i + cosec i = sec i cosec i

(iii)

(ii)

sin i = cosec i + cot i

1 - cos i

(iv)

cos i
= 1 + sin i
sec i - tan i
2

(vi) 1 + cos i - sin i = cot i

sin i ^1 + cos i h
sin i
(vii) sec i ^1 - sin i h^sec i + tan i h = 1 (viii)
= 1 - cos i
cosec i + cot i
tU KbwhUikfis Wf.
(v)

3.

1 - sin i = sec i - tan i

1 + sin i

(ii) cot i + cos i = sin i

sec i + cosec i = tan i + cot i

(i)

sin ^90c - i h
cos i
= 2sec i .
+
1 + sin i
1 - cos ^90c - i h

(ii)

tan i + cot i = 1 + sec i cosec i .

1 - cot i 1 - tan i

(iii)

0
0
sin ^90 - i h cos ^90 - i h
+
= cos i + sin i .
1 - tan i
1 - cot i

(iv)

0
tan ^90 - i h cosec i + 1
+
= 2 sec i.
cosec i + 1
cot i

(v) cot i + cosec i - 1 = cosec i + cot i.

cot i - cosec i + 1

(vi) ^1 + cot i - cosec i h^1 + tan i + sec i h = 2 .

1
(vii) sin i - cos i + 1 =
.
sin i + cos i - 1
sec i - tan i

(viii)

0
tan i = sin i sin ^90 - i h
2
2
0
1 - tan i
2 sin ^90 - i h - 1
1
1
(ix)
.
- 1 = 1 cosec i - cot i sin i
sin i cosec i + cot i

(x)

cot i + sec i = (sin i cos i)^tan i + cot i h .

2
2
tan i + cosec i
2

4.

x = a sec i + b tan i kW y = a tan i + b sec i v, x - y = a - b vd Wf.

5.

2
tan i = n tan a kW sin i = m sin a v, cos i = m2 - 1 , n ! +1, vd Wf.
n -1

6.

sin i, cos i kW tan i vgd bgUF bjhl (G.P.) U

cot i - cot i = 1 vd Wf.

214 10M tF fj

7.3 caufS ufS (Heights and Distances)

nfhfSFilnas u, vtbu fu

cau, f bjhiy cs Na, ru, ... nghwtF
ilnas u Mad vthW msfgLwd myJ
fzlgLwd vgJ ekF aghf csJ. tiw
ms ehlhit bfhL msl Kokh?

cik, mthW msj vgJ ayhJ.
Knfhza jfis bfhL j l ufis
fzl Ko vgJ ekF Mtij mwJ. nkY
Knfhza jf, njrglfis tiua kW
gl 7.2
mrnuif, fnuifia bfhL xU miklij fhz gagLwd.

nahliy (Theodolite) vw fU ( gl 7.2) xU bghUis cWnehFgt
iliy ghitnfhoF, mbghUSF ilgl nfhzij msf
gagLwJ. nahliy fU, msf Ff bgw xWbfhW
brFjhf cs uL rfufS, xU bjhiyneh csd. rfuf,
ilklnfhzf kW neFJ nfhzf Matiw msf cjwd.
njitahd nfhzij msgjF, bjhiynehia mia nehathW
itfntL. mnfhz msit bjhiyneh msnfh fhzyh.

e g bfhofg cauij neuoahf msJ ghfhk, mj
cauij fhngh.

bfho fg mo B-UJ 10 u jiu A vw xU
khzt W bfhoUwh vf. mt bfhofg c Dia 60c nfhz
ghwh. mtUila iliy ghit nfho kl E MdJ (Eye level) jiu
D
klUJ 1.2 cau csJ vdbfhnth. (gl.7.3I ghf)
brnfhz TDEC - +DEC = 60c

tan 60c = CD
EC

bghGJ,

CD = EC tan 60c

vdnt,

CD = 10 3 = 10 # 1.732

= 17.32

bfhofg cau, BD = BC + CD

= 1.2 + 17.32 = 18.52

60
1.2

10
10

C
B

gl 7.3

thW, neuoahf msJ ghfhknyna e g bfhofg

cauij ekh fhz KowJ. vdnt, xU brnfhz Knfhz xU gfK,
xU FWnfhzK bjjh, Knfhza jfis gagL kw gf
msfis fLof aY. caufis kW ufis fhg
mofo eh gagLJ y fiy brhfis nghGJ tiuaWngh.
7. Knfhza 215

ghit nfhL (Line of sight)

eh xU bghUis ghF nghJ, ekJ fUJ mbghUSF cs

nenfhL ghitnfhL vdgL. F fzL u myJ rkjgl u f
mfkhf csjh, bghUis xU ahf fUJnwh.
wf nfhz kW Vw nfhz (Angle of depression and angle of elevation)

iliy ghit nfhL

wf
nfhz
ghit

nfhL

gl 7.4

xU bghU e iliy
ghitnfhoF nkny Ujh, eh
jiyia ca mbghUis ghf
ntoUF.
j fnghJ
e ff xU nfhz nkyhf
efwd. thW VgL nfhz
Vw nfhz vdgL. mjhtJ,
iliy
ghit
nfhoF
nknys
ghit
nfhoF
ilnas nfhz Vw nfhz
vdgL. (gl 7.5).
F

xU bghU iliy ghit

nfhoF nH U, mbghUis
ghf eh e jiyia jhj ntL.
j f nghJ ekJ ff xU
nfhz Hhf efwd. thW
VgL nfhz wf nfhz
vdgL. mjhtJ, iliy ghit
nfhoF nH bghU UFnghJ
ghit nfhoF iliy ghit
nfhoF
ilnas
nfhz
wf nfhz vdgL. (gl 7.4).

ghi

tn

fhL

Vw nf

hz

iliy ghit nfhL

gl 7.5

(i) ghitahs cau juglho ghitahsiu xU ahf vLJ

bfhnth.
(ii) ghitahs xU bghUis ghF nghJ VgL Vw nfhzkhdJ,
mbghUUJ ghitahsiu ghF nghJ VgL wf nfhzF
rk.

cauf kW uf bjhlghd fzFfSF fhz tU
gof gagL.
(i) dhid ftdkhf gojmjnfwthW xU va kh glij tiuf.
(ii) gl jf milahsf bfhLJ jugl kfis Ff.
(iii) fzl ntoa cauij h vd bfhf. uij x vd bfhf.
(iv) fzF fhz cj Knfhza jij njbjLf.
(v) bfhLfgl kfis uL, njitahd kid fhf.
216 10M tF fj


tU braghL, kw Kiwfis l bghU cauij, va Kiw
fla cj.
brJ gh

xU cR FH (straw) ika xU xU
Kidia fl.
kbwhU Kidia fhj gW
fUl (paper clip) fLf.

cR FH

j cR FH ikaid xU nfhzkh
(protractor) mow Wfkhf xl. yhdJ vjj
jlf yhk bjh xU FJnfhil, VgLJjiy
cW brf.

neuoahf msf ayhj btnas xU caukhd bghUis
mjhtJ, TilgJ tisa, bfhofg myJ g
fll cau t VjhtJ xid nj brf.

fhjgW
fU

gl 7.6

cR FH _y mbghU cia ghf. yhdJ nfhzkh
msLfis bjhL l VgL nfhzij msf. Vw nfhz
fhz, mnfhz msid 90c- UJ ff. nfhzij i vf.

iliy ghit nfhoF, jiuklF cs uij msJ mij x
vf. c fhyoUJ mbghU mogFF cs bjhiyit msJ
mij y vd bfhs.

t msfis xU gl Ff.

bghU cau (h) fhz, h = x + y tan i vw rkghil gagLj.

vLJfhL 7.14

200 sKs dh xU fhwho flgL gwJ bfhoUwJ. mj
jiuklJl 300 nfhzij VgLdh, fhwho jiuklUJ vts
cau gwwJ vd fhf. (F xU nenfho csjhf fUJf)
jiuklUJ fhwhoF cs u h vf.

gl AC vgJ s vf.

+CAB = 30c kW AC = 200

vd bfhLfgLsJ.

brnfhz 3 CAB- sin 30c = h

200

h = 200 sin 30c

200

30
A

gl 7.7

h = 200 # 1 = 100
2
mjhtJ jiu klUJ fhwho u 100 .
`

7. Knfhza 217

vLJfhL 7.15

Rt rhJ itfgl xU VahdJ jiul 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ.

V mo RtUJ 3.5 u csJ v, V sij fhf.

AC vgJ Via, B vgJ Rt moia FfL.

V s ac = x vf.

+CAB = 60c kW AB = 3.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

brnfhz 3 CAB -, cos 60c = AB
AC
AC = AB

(
cos 60c

` x = 2 # 3.5 = 7

60
A

3.5

gl 7.8

vdnt, V s 7 MF.

vLJfhL 7.16

30

sKs xU fg H s 10 3 v,

Na Vw

nfhz (jiu klUJ Vw nfhz) msid fhf.

s vgJ Na iy vd Bc vgJ fg vd
bfhf.

S
C

AB = 10 3 vgJ fg H s vf. A-
Na Vwnfhz i vf.

BC = 30

brnfhz 3 CAB-, tan i = BC = 30 =

AB
10 3


tan i = 3
(

30

3
3

i = 60c

jiu klUJ Na Vw nfhz 60c.

10 3

vLJfhL 7.17

gl 7.9

xU nfhu moUJ 30 3 bjhiy F xU ghitahs,

mnfhu cid 30c Vw nfhz fhwh.

jiuklUJ

mtUila iliy ghitnfhoF cs u 1.5 v, nfhu

cauij fhf.

BD vgJ nfhu cau vf. AE vgJ jiuklF ghitahs

iliy ghitnfhoF ilna cs u vf.

218 10M tF fj

AB = EC vUFkhW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf.

AB = EC = 30 3 kW

AE = BC = 1.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
brnfhz 3 DEC-,

tan 30c = CD
EC

30

1.5

30 3
B

30 3

gl 7.10

CD = EC tan 30c = 30 3
3
CD = 30

`
Mjyh, nfhu cau, BD = BC + CD
= 1.5 + 30 = 31.5
vLJfhL 7.18

neFjhd xU ku nkghf fhdh KJ, mKj gF nH
GJlhk, ku c jiul 30c nfhzij VgLJwJ. ku c mj
moUJ 30 bjhiy jiuia bjhLwJ v, ku KG cauij fhf.
(

C vw ku KJsJ
vd ku c jiuia bjhL
A vd bfhf. ku B mo vf.
AB = 30 kW +CAB = 30c vd
bfhLfgLsd.

brnfhz 3 CAB -,

tan 30c = BC
AB

BC = AB tan 30c
(

30
B
30
gl 7.11

BC = 30
3
= 10 3
bghGJ,

cos 30c = AB
AC
AB

( AC =
cos 30c

vdnt,
AC = 30 # 2 = 10 3 # 2 = 20 3 .
3

Mfnt, ku cau = BC + AC = 10 3 + 20 3

(1)

(2)

= 30 3 .
vLJfhL 7.19

X mntf ngh khd, jiu klUJ 3000 cau, kbwhU
mntf ngh khdij ne nkyhf flwJ. mthW flF nghJ jiu
kl xU Fl UJ mt Vw nfhzf Kiwna 60c
kW 45c v, mj neu ulhtJ ngh khd kW Kj ngh khd
MatF ilgl uij fzLf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
7. Knfhza 219

 O vw U ngh khdfis cW nehFtjhf

bfhnth.

Fl neu mntf ngh khdf uL
xF nkyhf kbwhW neFjhf gwF nghJ mt
iyf A, B vf.

AC = 3000 vd UFkhW jiu cs C vf.

A
h

jnghJ, +AOC = 60c kW +BOC = 45c.

mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u h vf.

brnfhz 3 BOC -, tan 45c = BC
OC
%

(a tan 45 = 1)
( OC = BC

3000 - h

45 60
O

gl 7.12

OC = 3000 - h

brnfhz 3 AOC , tan 60c = AC
OC
AC
3000

( OC = tan 60% = 3
= 3000 # 3 = 1000 3
3
3

vdnt,

(1)

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ ekF ilgJ,

3000 h = 1000 3

( h = 3000 - 1000 # 1.732 = 1268

uL mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u 1268 .
vLJfhL 7.20

xU nfhu moUJ xU F c Vwnfhz 60c vf.
F moUJ nfhu c Vwnfhz 30c kW nfhu cau
50 v, F cauij fhf.
AD vgJ nfhu cau kW BC vgJ F cau vf.
jnghJ, +CAB = 60c, +ABD = 30c kW AD = 50 vd bfhLfgLsd.

BC = h l vf.

brnfhz TDAB - tan 30c = AD

AB
( AB = AD
tan 30c

` AB = 50 3
nkY, brnfhz 3 CAB- tan 60c = BC
AB

(1)

( BC = AB tan 60c

h = BC = (50 3 ) 3 = 150 ( (1) - UJ )

vdnt, F cau 150 .

220 10M tF fj

h
D

50

60
A

30

gl 7.13

vLJfhL 7.21
xU brFjhd RtU, xU nfhuK xU Fl ilbt csd.

nfhu cUJ ghF nghJ, Rt c kW mo Mat wf
nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 60c MF. nfhu cau 90 v, Rt
cauij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )

AE kW BD vgd Kiwna Rtiu nfhuij Fwd.

AB=EC vwthW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf. vdnt, AE = BC.

AB = x kW AE = h vf.

BD = 90 , +DAB = 60c kW +DEC = 45c (bfhLfgLsJ)

vdnt, CD = BD - BC = 90 - h .

AE = BC = h

3 DAB-, tan 60c = BD = 90

AB
x

x = 90 = 30 3
(
3

brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 45c = DC = 90 - h
EC
x



x = 90 - h

(1) kW (2) MatUJ, 90 - h = 30 3

brnfhz

Mfnt, Rt cau

(1)
gl 7.14

(2)

h = 90 - 30 3 = 38.04 .

vLJfhL 7.22
flfiu cs brFjhd ghiw x J flgLs xU fyfiu

sf WbfhoUF xU W, HFir U glFfis ghwh.
mglFf wfnfhzf Kiwna 30c, 60c kW U glFfSilnas
u 300 v, fl klUJ fyfiu sf c uij fhf.
( glFfS, fyfiu sfK xnu nenfho csd)

A kW D vgd Kiwna ghiw moghf kW fyfiu sf c

vf. B kW C vgd U glFf vf.

fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u h vf.

+ABD = 60c, +ACD = 30c kW BC = 300 .

brnfhz TABD -, tan 60c = AD
AB
AB = AD
(
tan 60c
vdnt,
(1)
x = h
3

AB = x vf.
bfhLfgLsit :

D
30
60
h

60

30

300

gl 7.15
7. Knfhza 221

nkY, brnfhz 3 ACD -,

tan 30c = AD
AC

AC = AD ( x + 300 =
(
tan 30c

x + 300 = h 3

h
1
c
m
3

(1)-I (2)- ul ilgJ

fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u = 150 3 .

(2)

h + 300 = h 3
3

h 3 - h = 300
3
2h = 300 3 .

vdnt, h = 150

3.

vLJfhL 7.23
xU Wt, jiuUJ 88.2 cau iliy nfho fh efU
xU gid 60c Vw nfhz ghwh. jiuF mtdJ iliy ghit
nfhoF ilna cs u 1.2 . J neu fJ, mnj lUJ mt
gid ghF nghJ Vwnfhz 30cMf FiwwJ v, fhy ilbt
g efj uij fhf.
A-UJ Wt gid ghgjhf

bfhnth.

E, D vgd gdhdJ A- Kiwna 60c, 30c Vw

nfhzij VgLJ g iyf vf.

B, C vgd BE = CD = 87 vd mik il-

iy ghit nfho cs f vf.

Al , Bl kW C l vgd Al A = Bl B = C l C = 1.2

vwthW mik, jiu cs f vf.

+EAB = 60c, +DAC = 30c

C l D = 88.2 .
vdnt, BE = CD = 87 .
nkY, brnfhz 3 EAB-,
tan 60c = BE
AB

AB =

87 = 87 = 29 3
tan 60c
3

brnfhz 3 DAC- tan 30c = DC

AC
222 10M tF fj

60c
30c

Cl

Al

Bl

gl 7.16

87 = 87 3 .
tan 30c
Mfnt, g efj u ED = BC = AC - AB


= 87 3 - 29 3 = 58 3

AC =

vdnt,

vLJfhL 7.24

xU fll nk xU bfho fg wJ. jiuYs xU UJ
bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vwnfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c
vf. nkY bfho fg cau 10 v, fll cauij fhf.

( 3 = 1.732 )

A vD UJ bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vw
nfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c vf.

B vgJ fll mo vf.

BC kW CD vgd Kiwna fll cau kW bfhofg cauij

Fwd.

bfhLfglit: +CAB = 45c , +DAB = 60c kW CD = 10

jnghJ, BC = h kW AB = x vf.

brnfhz 3 CAB-,

tan 45c = BC .
AB
vdnt, AB = BC mjhtJ, x = h MF.
nkY, brnfhz 3 DAB-,

tan 60c = BD
AB
AB = h + 10%
(
tan 60

(1)
gl 7.17

( x = h + 10
3

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ, h = h + 10
3



=
10
3h-h
(

h = c

10
3 + 1 = 10^ 3 + 1h
m
mc
3-1
3 -1
3 +1

= 5^2.732h = 13.66

vdnt, fll cau 13.66 .
vLJfhL 7.25
xUt flklUJ 14 cauKs cs xU fg nk js W

bfhL brFjhd xU ghiw Kfo cid 60c Vw nfhzY mj
moid 30c wf nfhzY fhwh v, brFjhd ghiw cau ahJ?
7. Knfhza 223

 BD vgJ brFjhd ghiw cau vf. A vgJ fg mo vf. fg

nk js E vD UJ ghiw ghfgLwJ vf. AE = 14 .
D

AB-F izahf AB = EC vwthW EC-I tiuf.

bfhLfglit: +ABE = 30c, +DEC = 60c kW AE =14 .

brnfhz 3 ABE -,

AB =

AE
tan 30c

( AB = 14 3

EC = 14 3
brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 60c = CD
EC

( a AB = EC )

vdnt,

60

C
30

14

14

tan30c = AE
AB

30

gl 7.18

CD = EC tan 60c ( CD = (14 3 ) 3 = 42

Mfnt, ghiw cau BD =

BC + CD = 14 + 42 = 56 .

vLJfhL 7.26

iliy gwJ bfhoUF xU Mfha khdij A vD
UJ ghFnghJ mj Vw nfhz 60c. mkhd iliy 15
dhof gwj mnj UJ mj Mfha khd Vw nfhz 30c
Mf khWwJ. khd 200 / ntf gwJ bfhoUjh, khd gwJ
bfhoUF khwhj iliy cauij fhf.


A vD UJ Mfha khdij
ghgjhf bfhnth. mj Mugiy E vf.
15 dhofSF Mfha khd iy
D vf. BE kW CD vgd Mfha khd
gwF khwhj cau vf.

+DAC = 30c kW +EAB = 60c vd

bfhLfgLsJ.

BE = CD = h vf.

AB = x vf.

30

60

gl 7.19

15 dhof khd brw u,
ED = 200 # 15 = 3000 ( u = ntf # fhy )
BC = 3000 .

mjhtJ,

brnfhz 3 DAC -,

tan 30c = CD
AC

CD = AC tan 30c

224 10M tF fj

mjhtJ, h = (x + 3000) 1 .
3

brnfhz 3 EAB -,

tan 60c = BE
AB



BE = AB tan 60c ( h = 3 x
(
3 x = 1 ^ x + 3000h

(1) kW (2)-UJ
3

3x = x + 3000 ( x = 1500 .
(

(1)

(2)

h = 1500 3 .

(2)-UJ

Mfha khd gwF khwhj iliy cau = 1500 3 .

g 7.2
1.

xU Rik CUJ (truck) Rikia wf VJthf 30c Vw nfhz xU

rh js (ramp) csJ. rh js, c jiuUJ 0.9 cau
csJ v, rh js s ahJ?

2.

cau 150 br. cs xU W xU sF fg K wthW 150 3 br.

sKs Hiy VgLJwh v, sF fg c Vw
nfhzij fhf.

3.

A kW B vw fSF ilgl u 2 UF tiu, xW vG

xia kwJ nff aY. RtUJ 1 u jiuYs A MdJ
xU yah czgL iy cs B-ia Rt fhwJ.
A-UJ B-F Vw nfhz 30c Mf UFnghJ A MdJ B-F
vrif x Ljh, yF iu ilFkh myJ ilfhjh?
(A- vrif xia B nfFnghJ mJ jL vd bfhf)

4.

u neu xUt ml nkf_l jsid

(cloud ceiling) fhz ufhrkhd xU s xid
nkfij
neh
brFjhf
brYJwh.
msUJ
100
u,
jiuUJ
1.5 cau bghUjgl nahliy (Theodolite)
_y nkf_lij ghFnghJ Vwnfhz 60c
v, ml nkf_l js vts cau csJ?
(gl 7.20).

60

1.5

100

gl 7.20

(F: ml nkf_l js vgJ f Fiwj

cau ytToa ml nkf_lkhF. Mfha khd ghJfhghf nkny
cau, jiu wf nghJkhd cau ml nkf_ljs mika ntL.
u s xid brFjhf nk neh brY ml nkf_l
jsid xu brJ js cauij fhwhf).
7. Knfhza 225

5.

40 br. sKs xU CryhdJ (pendulum), xU KG miy nghJ, mj

c 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ. mj miy, Cr Fo Jtf
iyF, W iyF ilna cs f Fiwj uij fhf.

6.

xWbfhW nebuuhf cs U kuf J A, B vw U fhiff 15 kW

10 cauf mkJ bfhoUjd. mit jiuUF xU tilid
Kiwna 45c kW 60c wf nfhz ghwd. mit xnu neu s
Fiwthd sKs ghij rkntf gwJ, mtilia vLf Kajh
vj gwit bt bgW? (U kuf mo, til Mad xnu nenfho csd)

7.

tl to cs xU fh ika xU sF fg wJ.
tl g mikj P, Q vD U f sF fgdo 90c
nfhzij VgLJwd. nkY, P-UJ sF fg c
Vw nfhz 30c MF. PQ = 30 v, sF fg cauij fhf.

8.

700 cau gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhlUJ xUt X M

U fiuf nebuuhf cs U bghUfis 30c, 45c wf nfhzf
fhwh v, M mfyij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )

9.

rkjs W bfhoUF X vgt, mtlUJ 100 u gwJ

bfhoUF xU gwitid 30c Vw nfhz ghwh. mnj neu,
Y vgt 20 cauKs xU fll c W bfhL mnj gwitia
45c Vw nfhz ghwh. UtU W bfhL mtfSilnas
gwitia vbuuhf ghwd v, Y-UJ gwit cs uij fhf.

10.

tFgiw mkJ bfhoUF xU khzt fUgyif iliy

ghit nfhoUJ 1.5 cau cs Xaij 30c Vw nfhz
fhwh. Xa mtDF bjthf bjahjjh neuhf fUgyifia
neh efJ L mj Xaij 45c Vw nfhz bjthf
fhwh v, mt efj uij fhf.

11.

xU Wt 30 cauKs fllF vnu Fl u wh.

mtDila iliy ghitnfhL jiuklUJ 1.5 cau csJ.
mt fllij neh elJ brY nghJ, mfll c Vw
nfhz 30c-UJ 60cMf cawJ. mt fllij neh elJ brw
uij fhf.

12.

200 mo cauKs fyfiu sf cUJ, mj fhghs xU

njh kW xU glF Matiw ghwh. fyfiu sf mo, njh
kW xU glF Mad xnu ir xnu nenfho mikwd. njh,
glF Mat wf nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 30c vf. uL
ghJfhghf Uf ntLbk, mitfSF ilgl u FiwjJ 300
moahf Uf ntL. ilbt Fiwjh fhghs vrif x vGg
ntL. mt vrif x vGg ntLkh?

226 10M tF fj

13.

jiu WbfhoUF xU Wt fh, iliy nfho khwhj

cau efJ bfhoUF xU gid fhwh. xU Fl
iy Wt 60c Vw nfhz gid fhwh. 2 lf fj
d mnj iyUJ Wt L gid ghFnghJ Vwnfhz
30c Mf FiwwJ. fh ntf 29 3 /l v, jiuUJ g
cau fhf.

14.

xU neuhd beLrhiy xU nfhuij neh brwJ. nfhu c

W bfhoUF xUt uhd ntf tJbfhoUF xU Cia
30c wf nfhz fhwh. 6 lf fj d mj C
wf nfhz 60cv, nfhuij mila C nkY vjid lf
vLJ bfhS?

15.

xU braif nfhSF xnu ir mikJs U fLghL

iyafUJ mbraif nfh Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW
60c vd csd. mU iyaf, braifnfh Ma it _W
xnu brFJ js mikwd. U iyafSF ilna cs
u 4000 . v, braifnfhSF, F ilna cs uij
fhf . ( 3 = 1.732 )

16.

60 cauKs xU nfhuUJ xU fll c kW mo Mat

wf nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW 60c v, fll cauij fhf.

17.

40 cauKs xU nfhu c kW mo MatUJ xU fyfiu

s c Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30ckW 60c v, fyfiu
s cauij fhf.
fyfiu s cUJ nfhu
moF cs uij fhf.

18.

xU V nkgu xU UJ fhQnghJ, 45 cau

gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhl Vw nfhz 30c Mf csJ.
mUJ mnj neu j bAfhl H wf
nfhz 60c v, bAfhlUF V nkguF ilgl uij
fhf.

g 7.3
rahd ilia njbjLf.
^1 - sin2 i h sec2 i =
1.

(A) 0

2.

^1 + tan2 i h sin2 i =

(A) sin i

3.

^1 - cos2 i h^1 + cot2 i h =

(A) sin i

4.

sin ^90c - i h cos i + cos ^90c - i h sin i =

(A) 1

(B) 1
2

(B) cos i
(B) 0
(B) 0

(D) cos i

(C) tan i

(D) cot i

(C) 1

(D) tan i

(C) 2

(D) 1

(C) tan i

7. Knfhza 227

sin i =
1 + cos i
(A) cos i

(B) tan i

(C) cot i

(D) cosec i

6.

cos x - sin x =

(A) 2 sin x - 1

(C) 1 + 2 sin x

7.

tan i = a v,
x

5.

1-

(B) 2 cos x - 1

(D) 1 - 2 cos x.

x
- k
a + x2
(A) cos i

(B) sin i

(C) cosec i

(D) sec i

8.

9.

y
x2
x = a sec i , y = b tan i v, 2 - 2 - k
a
b
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) tan2 i

(D) cosec2 i

sec i
=
cot i + tan i
(A) cot i

(C) sin i

(D) cot i

(C) 1

(D) sin i

(B) tan i

10.

sin ^90c - i h sin i cos ^90c - i h cos i

=
+
tan i
cot i

(A) tan i

11.

gl, AC =

(A) 25

(B) 25 3

(C) 25
3

(D) 25 2

(B) 1

60c
A

25

gl +ABC =

(A) 45c

(B) 30c

(C) 60c

(D) 50c

13.

xU nfhuUJ 28.5 u W bfhoUF xUt nfhu

100 3

12.

100

cia 45c Vw nfhz fhwh. mtUila iliy ghit nfhL

jiuUJ 1.5 cau csJ v, nfhu cau

(A) 30

(B) 27.5

(C) 28.5

(D) 27

228 10M tF fj

(C) 95

15.

^1 + tan2 i h^1 - sin i h^1 + sin i h =

(A) cos2 i - sin2 i

(B) sin2 i - cos2 i

(C) sin2 i + cos2 i

(D) 0

16.

^1 + cot2 i h^1 - cos i h^1 + cos i h =

(A) tan2 i - sec2 i

(C) sec2 i - tan2 i

17.

^cos2 i - 1h^cot2 i + 1h + 1 =

(A) 1

18.

1 + tan2 i =
1 + cot2 i

(A) cos2 i

19.

sin2 i +

(A) cosec2 i + cot2 i

(C) cot2 i - cosec2 i

20.

9 tan2 i - 9 sec2 i =

(A) 1

(D) 75

85

gl, sin i = 15 v, BC =
17
(B) 65
(A) 85

14.

(B) sin2 i - cos2 i

(D) cos2 i - sin2 i

(B) 1

(C) 2

(D) 0

(B) tan2 i

(C) sin2 i

(D) cot2 i

1
=
1 + tan2 i

(B) 0

(B) cosec2 i - cot2 i

(D) sin2 i - cos2 i

(C) 9

(D) 9

cfSF bjkh?
gh vnlh (Paul Erdos) (kh 26, 1913 brlg 20, 1996) vgt
Anf ehil nrj fja mP Mth. fja tuyh
mf vif M fLiufis btl mP bgUkf
Kjikahdtuhf t fUjgLwh. j tif fj nkij nahdhL
My (Leanhard Euler) vgt kLnk tUl xljft. vnlh 1475
Muh fLiufis, nahdhL My 800 Muh fLiufis
fj vGsd. vnlh j theh 511 fja mPfnshL
nrJ M brJsh. nkY, fj M brtij xU r_f
nritahf fUdh.

7. Knfhza 229

msa

Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so

8.1 mKf

KDiu

tisgu kW

fd ms

v cUis
v T
v nfhs

izj fd cUtf

kW khwh fdmsf

-Galileo Galilei

nenfhL JLf sf, js totf
Rwsf
kW
guf,
kbghUf
tisguf kW fd msf Madtiw
g tF toa xU gFia msa
(Mensuration) vnwh. mwhl th gy iyfY
msa gagLtjh bghUf msfis g
fgJ f mtakhwJ. mogil toa js,
gKf wguf kW k cUtf (v.fh.
nfhsf) tisguf kW mitf fd
msf Madtiw fU bfhnwh.

wguF fdmsF cs j MdJ
ehndh ma (Nano Science) Ka nfhghLf
xwhf fUjgLwJ. Vbd, mj ehndh
ma ms kW bjh EQfij gagLJ
ms rhj gfis mJ bfhs mogilah
mikwJ.

eh j maha cUis, T, nfhs kW
izj fd cUtf wguf kW fdmsf
Madtiw vthW fhgJ vd ff cnsh.

8.2 wgu myJ nkgu (Surface Area)

uhf efuij rhj fwj
fja
mPuhd
Mbko
Mbko
(Archimedes) vgt cUis xD
(Archimedes)
midJ wfis bjhLkhW f
(287 .K. - 212 .K.)
rahf
csla
nfhs

fdmsthdJ, mj RW cUis
gl 8.1

gilfhy fja fdms _ uL gfhf
UFbkd
%jh.
jid
jDila
f
wj
mPf f f fj
nkijahf Mbko fUj rhjid vd fUdh. mt iw br Kiwia
gagL xU gutisa mikj gF

gLwh.

guig fljh.

toa
jstotf,
xU k cUt wgu myJ nkgu
mt gu kW Kgkhz vgJ mjDila btw gu MF.
k bghUf wguf Mfnt,
xU Kgkhz bghU
kW fdmsf bjhlghf btgf guf nrJ ilgJ
mt Fljf tif mj wgu MF. y fd cUtf
gfhsh.
wguid mU cs glf 8.1
gl 8.2
kW 8.2 Mad sFwd.
230

8.2.1 ne tl cUis (Right Circular Cylinder)

xnu tot kW xnu msit bfhl tltot jhfisnah myJ

milfisnah xU Fl vif vLJ bfhL brFjhf xJ
xW rahf bghUJgo mLF nghJ ilF fdcUt netl cUis vdgL.
tiw tltot mogfF brFjhf UFkhW itfgl ntL vgij
id bfhf. (ghf gl 8.3 )

gl 8.3

tiuaiw

xU brtfij mj VnjD xU gfij mrhf bfhL xU
KGRW RHWnghJ clhF k cUt ne tl cUis vdgL.
brJgh

ABCD xU brtf vf. brtfkhdJ
AB vw gfij bghUJ xU KGRW
RHwgLtjhf fUJnth RHahdJ gl
fhoaJ nghw X netl cUisia cUthFwJ.
F AB vgJ cUis mR vdgL. AB-
s cUis s (cau) vd AD(= BC)- s
cUis Mu vd miHfgL.

gl 8.4

F
m

mR

(i) cUis moghf tlto iyba,

mJ rh cUis (Oblique cylinder) vdgL.
(ii) cUis
mrhdJ
mj
tltot
moghfF brFjhf iyba, mJ
tl cUis (Circular cylinder) vdgL.
(iii) cUis
mrhdJ
mj
tl
tot
moghfF brFjhf U mJ netl
cUis (Right circular cylinder) vdgL.

gl 8.5

mR

(i) netl cUis tisgu (Curved Surface area of a right circular cylinder)

mUYs gl, netl cUis mo kW cyikj xnu msthd
tl gFf xWbfhW izahf csd. nkY,
cUis neFJ nkgu tisthf csjh, mj
gu cUis tisgu (lateral surface area or curved surh
face area (CSA) ) myJ wgu vdgL.
cUis tisgu = moRws # cau

CSA = 2rr # h = 2rrh r. myFf.
2rr
gl 8.6

8. msa 231

(ii) k netl cUis bkhj wgu

rr 2

(Total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder)

bkhj wgu (TSA) = tisgu + mogf gu + nk gf gu

= tisgu + 2 (mogf gu)

2rrh

= 2rrh + 2 # rr2

Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 2rr (h + r) r. myFf.

rr

gl 8.7

(iii) netl clw cUis (Right circular hollow cylinder)

U FHh, ugFHh nghw k cUtf clw netl cUis

to csd. h cau bfhl clw cUis bt Mu kW c Mu
Kiwna R kW r vf.

j tisgu = btw tisgu + cw tisgu

= 2rRh + 2rrh

Mfnt, tisgu = 2rh (R + r) r.myFf

bkhj wgu = tisgu + 2 # mogf gu

= 2rh (R + r) + 2 # [rR2 - rr2]

= 2rh (R + r) + 2r (R + r) (R - r)
vdnt, clw cUis bkhj wgu

= 2r (R + r) (R - r + h) r. myFf

gl 8.8

nkY, clw cUis jok, w = R - r MF.

F
ghlgF njitgLnghJ r - njhuha kghf 22 vd bfhnth.
7
vLJfhL 8.1

xU k ne tl cUis (solid right circular cylinder) Mu 7 br kW cau
20 br v, mj (i) tisgu (ii) bkhj wgu Matiw fhf.
( r = 22 vf).
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna netl k cUis Mu kW cau vf.

F,

r = 7 br. , h = 20 br.

jnghJ,

nkY, bkhj wgu = 2rr (h + r)

= 2 # 22 # 7 # [20 + 7] = 44 # 27
7

vdnt, bkhj wgu = 1188 r. br..
232 10M tF fzF

20 br.

tisgu = 2rrh

= 2 # 22 # 7 # 20
7
netl cUis tisgu = 880 r.br.

7 br.
gl 8.9

vLJfhL 8.2

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu

880 br.2

880 r.br. kW mj Mu 10 br. v, mUis

tisguig fhf ( r = 22 vf).
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna k netl cUis
Mu kW cau vf. S vgJ k netl
cUis bkhj wgu vf.

10 br.

F, r =10 br.. nkY S = 880 r. br.

nghJ, S = 880 ( 2rr [h + r] = 880
( 2 # 22 # 10 [h + 10] = 880
7
h + 10 = 880 # 7
(
2 # 22 # 10

h + 10 = 14

vdnt, cUis cau, h = 4 br.

gl 8.10

nkY cUis tisgu,

2rrh = 2 # 22 # 10 # 4 = 1760
7
7
Mfnt, cUis tisgu = 251 3 r.br..
7
vLJfhL 8.3

khW Kiw :
tisgu

= bkhj wgu
2mogf gu

= 880 2 rr2

= 880 2 # 22 # 102
7
= 1760
7
= 251 3 r.br..
7

xU k ne tl cUis MuK cauK 2 : 5 vw j csd. mj

tisgu 3960 r.br. v, cUis Mu kW cau fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
7
: r kW h vgd Kiwna xU k netl cUis Mu kW cau vf.

r : h = 2 : 5 ( r = 2 . vdnt, r = 2 h .
h
5
5
netl cUis tisgu = 2rrh

2 # 22 # 2 # h # h = 3960
7
7
5

(
h2 = 3960 # 7 # 5 = 225
2 # 22 # 2 # 7

h = 15 (
r = 2 h = 6.
5
Mfnt, c
Uis cau 15 br. kW Mu 6 br..
(

vLJfhL 8.4

120 br. sK, 84 br. lK bfhl xU rhiyia rkgLJ cUisia

(road roller) bfhL xU isahLl rkgLjgLwJ. isahL liy
rkgLj Uis 500 KG RWf RHy ntL. isahLliy rkgLj xU
r. lUF 75 igrh j, liy rkgLj MF bryit fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
8. msa 233

: rhiyia rkgLJ cUis Mu r = 42 br. kW s h = 120 br..

cUis xU KGRdh

3 = cUis tisgu

rkgLjgL l gu

= 2rrh

84 br.

= 2 # 22 # 42 # 120
7
= 31680 br. 2.

500 KG RWf
rkgLjgL l gu 3 = 31680 # 500

120 br.

= 15840000 br. 2
= 15840000 = 1584 2
10000
1 r. lUF rkgLj MF bry = ` 75
100

gl 8.11

(10,000 br. 2 = 1 r.)

vdnt, isahLliy rkgLj MF bkhj bry = 1584 # 75 = ` 1188.

100
vLJfhL 8.5

xU clw cUis c kW bt Muf Kiwna 12 br.. kW
18br.. vf. nkY mj cau 14br. v mUis tisgu kW bkhj
wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf.)
7
: r, R kW h vgd Kiwna clw cUis cMu, btMu kW
cau vf.
Mfnt, r = 12 br., R = 18 br., h = 14 br.,

12 br.

tisgu = 2r h(R+r)

14 br.

= 2 # 22 # 14 # ^18 + 12h
7
= 2640 r.br.
bkhj wgu = 2r (R + r) (R - r + h)

gl 8.12

18 br.

= 2 # 22 # (18 + 12) (18 - 12 + 14)

7
= 2 # 22 # 30 # 20 = 26400 .
7
7
M
fnt, bkhj wgu = 3771 3 r.br..
7

8.2.2 ne tl T (Right circular cone)

gT (ice cream) ua T tot TL, nfh nj cgF, rf
nfhkh bjh, kUjh itF T tot fy (mehandi container) nghw
kfis myJ bghUfis eh mwhl th ghnwh. nkfl
fdcUtf ah mnefkhf netl T to csd.
234 10M tF fzF


xU k bghU moghf rkjs tlgFahf UJ, mgF gu
uhf rhthf FiwJ bfhnl tUnghJ W xU Kokhdh,
m c vd mk bghU T vd miHfgL. netl T
vd TWnghJ T mogF tl to csJ vd, ne vgJ tl toyhd
mogf ika tna brY mR, mogf jsF brFjhf csJ
vd bghUgL. ghl gF, netl Tig tiuaWJ mj wguig
fhngh. fhQ bra_y xUt Tid neuoahf brJ ghfyh.

brJgh
B- brnfhzKila xU brnfhz 3 ABC- I joj xU jhUJ
btobaLf. xWbfhW brFjhd gff VnjD xU
gf bfoahd iy xLf. iy if oJ bfhL iy
mrhf bfhL Knfhzij VnjD xU ir RHWf.
vd fwJ?
K
nfhzij RHWtjh VgL
cUtij
fhz
Kowjh?
thW RHWnghJ cUthF
cUt xU netl T MF.
brnfhz 3 ABC MdJ,
brnfhzij csla AB
vw gfij mrhf bfhL
nghJ
VgL
360cRHY
fdcUt ne tl T
vdgL.

C D

gl 8.13

F AB- sij T cau (h) vd BC- sij

T Mu (r) vd AC- sij T rhau
l vd miHfgLwJ. glUJ (BC = BD = r) kW
(AD = AC = l) vd mayh.
brnfhz 3 ABC-

l =

h2 + r2

brFJau, h =

l2 - r2

rhau,

Mu,

r =

( jhfu njwgo)
D

l - h vd fhzyh.

gl 8.14

(i) T moghf tlto iy

v, mJ rh T (oblique cone) MF.
(ii) T mrhdJ mj tl tot
moghfF brFjhf iy v,
mJ tl T (circular cone) vdgL.
(iii) T tl tot moghf
ikaF brFjhf c mikjh
mJ ne tl T (right circular cone) vdgL.

gl 8.15

8. msa 235

clw T tisgu (Curved surface area of a hollow cone)

xU tl nfhzgF Mu l vd mj ika nfhz i vd bfhf.

L vgJ s vf. vdnt,

2rl = 360c ( L = 2rl # ic

(1)
L
360c
ic
nghJ, eh tl nfhzgF
Mufis xizJ xU netl
Tid bgWnth.
s L = 2rr . F r vgJ
T Mu.

(1)-UJ eh bgWtJ,

xUtl
nfhz
gF
Mufis
xizJ T cUthFnghJ

r = l c ic m
360c

fhQ khwf VgLwd.

tlnfhzgF

r = ic
c
m
l
360c

Mu (l)

" rhau (l)

s (L) " moRws 2rr

gu

" tisgu rrl

rl2 = 360c ( A = rl2 ic

c
m
A
360c
ic
T tisgu = tl nfhzgF gu = A

Fiu

A vgJ tl nfhzgF
gu v,

gl 8.16

2rr = 2rl # ic
360c

2 r
vdnt, T tisgu A = rl2 c ic m = rl ` j .
l
360c

(2)

(rk (2)-UJ)

Mfnt, T tisgu= rrl r. myFf.

(ii)

k ne tl T bkhj wgu
(Total surface area of a solid cone)

k T bkhj wgu =

T tisgu

+ tl mogF gu

= rrl + rr2

r rl

r r2
gl 8.17

k T bkhj wgu = rr^l + r h r. myFf.

vLJfhL 8.6
xU k ne tl T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 35 br. kW 37br..
v T tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7

236 10M tF fzF

 r kW l vgd Kiwna ne tl T Mu kW rhau vf.

vdnt, r = 35 br., l = 37 br.

Mfnt,

tisgu = rrl = r^35) (37h

37br.

= 4070 r.br.
nkY, bkhj wgu = rr [l + r]
= 22 # 35 # 637 + 35 @
7

Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 7920 r.br.

35br.
gl 8.18

vLJfhL 8.7

O kW C vgd Kiwna xU ne tl T mogF ika kW c vf.
B vgJ mogF tl RW VnjD xU vf. T mogF
Mu 6 br. kW +OBC = 60 o v, T cau kW tisguig fhf.
Mu OB = 6 br. kW +OBC = 60 o vd bfhLfgLsJ.
C

brnfhz 3 OBC-

cos 60 o = OB
BC
(
BC = OB
cos 60c

`
BC = 6 = 12 br.
(1 )
2
vdnt, T rhau l = 12 br.

60c

B
6br.

gl 8.19

nkY, brnfhz 3 OBC-

tan60 o = OC
OB

OC = OB tan 60c = 6 3

Mfnt, T cau OC = 6 3 br.

vdnt, T tisgu rrl = r # 6 # 12 = 72r r.br..

(F

oc = 6

3 -I OC 2 = BC 2 - OB 2 UJ bgwyh)

vLJfhL 8.8

21 br. MuKs xU tlUJ 120c ika nfhz bfhl xU tl
nfhzgFia btobaLJ, mj Mufis xizJ xU Tghdh,
ilF T tisguig fhf ( r = 22 ).
7
T Mu r vf

tl nfhzgF nfhz, i = 120c

tl nfhzgF Mu,

R = 21 br.
8. msa 237

tlnfhzgF Mufis xizJ mjid xU Tghf khwyh.

vdnt, T moRws = tl s
21br.
120c
c
i
21br.

( 2rr =
# 2rR
l
360c
h
r = ic # R

(
360c
r
vdnt, T Mu r = 120 # 21 = 7 br.
2rr
360
gl 8.20
nkY, T rhau = tl nfhzgF Mu
khW Kiw :
l = R ( l = 21 br.
T tisgu
= tl nfhzgF gu
vdnt, T tisgu = rrl
= ic # rR2
= 22 # 7 # 21 = 462 r.br..
360c
7
= 120 # 22 # 21 # 21 = 462 r.br..
360
7
8.2.3 nfhs (Sphere)

xU tl tot jfoid mj VnjD xU lij mrhf bfhL RHW
nghJ cUthF fd cUt nfhs vdgL. nkY, nfhskhdJ xU Kgkhz
bghUshF. mjF tisgu kW fd ms cL.

(i) xU k nfhs tisgu (Curved surface area of a solid sphere)

brJgh

xU tl tot jfil vLJ bfhL, mj xU l tna xU iy
xLf. lij mrhf bfhL jfoid 360c RHWf. mnghJ njhW
bghU gJ nghW fhzgL. a tot nfhs vdgL.
fhQ brayhdJ xU nfhs tisgu mj MuF rkkhd Mu
bfhl xU tl gu ehF klF rkkhF vgij ma cj.
xU be (Plastic) gij
vLJ bfh.
mj
c
xU
r
r
Cia bghUJ.
g KGw guig
xU uhd yh il
r
rr
bt RWf.
iy
btna
r
r
vLJ
RWtjF
gagLjgl
sij msf.
mj
iy
ehF
gl 8.21
rkghffshf f.
gl fhoaJ ngh ehF JLfis jj tlto itf
ilj tl Mufis msf.

jnghJ, nfhs Mu = rk tlf Mu .

nfhs tisgu = 4 # tl gu = 4 # rr2

vdnt, nfhs tisgu = 4rr2 r. myFf.
2

238 10M tF fzF

(ii)

k miunfhs (Solid hemisphere)

2 rr 2

xU k nfhs ika tahf brY xU js
mnfhsij U rk ghffshf F. xbthU gF xU
miunfhs vdgL.
nfhs tisgu

Mfnt, miunfhs tisgu =
2
2

= 4rr =2 rr2 r. myFf.
2

2rr2
gl 8.22

miunfhs bkhj wgu = miu nfhs tisgu

+ tlgF gu

rr 2

= 2rr2 + rr2

2 rr 2

miunfhs bkhj wgu = 3rr2 r. myFf.

gl 8.23

(iii) clw miunfhs (Hollow hemisphere)

R kW r vgd Kiwna clw miu nfhs bt kW c Muf vf.

clw miu nfhs tisgu

clw miunfhs
clw miunfhs
3+)
btw tisgu
cw tisgu

=2rR + 2rr = 2r^ R + r h r.myFf.

2

bkhj wgu = )

btw tisgu + cw tisgu

+ gF gu
gl 8.24

2
2
2
2
= 2 rR + 2 rr + r ^ R - r h

2
2
= 2r^ R + r h + r^ R + r h^ R - r h
= r^3R2 + r2h r. myFf.

vLJfhL 8.9

7 clKs xU clw nfhsD cwkhf xU rf u nkhlh
ir rhfr brwh. mj rhfr u rhfr bra ilL clw
nfhs c wguig fhf. ( ( r = 22 vf)
7
clw nfhs cw l

2r = 7

nkhlh ir u, rhfr bra ilL gu

= nfhs cw tisgu
= 4rr2 = r (2r)

2
= 22 # 7
7
Mfnt, nkhlh ir u rhfr brL l gu = 154 r. br..

8. msa 239

vLJfhL 8.10
xU k miunfhs bkhj wgu 675r r.br. v mj tisguig

r
fhf.

k miunfhs bkhj wgu

675 r br.2

3rr = 675r r.br.

( r2 = 225
k miunfhs tisgu = 2rr2 = 2r # 225 = 450r r.br..

gl 8.25

vLJfhL 8.11
miunfhs tot z jok 0.25 br.. mj cw Mu 5 br. v

mz btw tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
r, R kW w vgd Kiwna miunfhs tot z c Mu,

bt Mu kW jok vf.

vdnt, r = 5 br., w = 0.25 br.

` bt Mu

0.25br.

5br.

R = r + w = 5 + 0.25 = 5.25 br.

btw tisgu = 2rR2

= 2 # 22 # 5.25 # 5.25
7
Mfnt, z btw tisgu = 173.25 r.br..

gl 8.26

g 8.1
1.

xU k ne tl cUis Mu 14 br. kW cau 8 br.. v, mj

tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.

2.

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 660 r. br.. mj l 14 br..

v, mUis cauij, tisguig fhf.

3.

xU k ne tl cUis tisgu kW moRws Kiwna 4400 r.br.

kW 110 br.. v, mUis cauij, lij fhf.

4.

xU khif, xbthW 50 br.. MuK, 3.5 cauK bfhl 12 ne tl

cUis tot f csd. mfSF tz r xU rJu lUF
` 20 j vd brythF?

5.

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 231 r. br.. mj tisgu

bkhj wgu _ uL gF v, mj Mu kW cauij fhf.

6.

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 1540 br. 2. mj caukhdJ,

mogf Muijngh ehF klF v, cUis cauij fhf.

7.

uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 3 : 2 vf. nkY mt

cauf j 5 : 3 v, mt tisguf jij fhf.

240 10M tF fzF

8.

xU clw cUis btw tisgu 540r r.br.. mj cl

16 br. kW cau 15 br.. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.

9.

xU cUis tot UFHh btw l 25 br., mj s 20 br..

kW mj jok 1 br. v, mFHh bkhj wguig fhf.

10.

xU k netl T Mu kW cau Kiwna 7 br. kW 24 br..

v, mj tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.

11.

xU k ne tl T cnfhz kW Mu Kiwna 60c kW 15 br.

v, mj cau kW rhauij fhf.

12. xU k ne tl T moRws 236 br. . kW mj rhau 12 br.

v, mT tisguig fhf.
13.

netl T to Ffgl beFa l 4.2 kW mj cau

2.8 . vf. beFaiy kiHUJ ghJfhf jh Jah frahf
_lgLwJ v, njitahd jh J guig fh.

14.

180c ika nfhzK 21 br.. MuK bfhl tlnfhz toyhd U

jfo Mufis izJ xU T cUthfgLwJ v, mT
Muij fhf.

15.

xU netl k T MuK rhauK 3 : 5 vw j csd.

mT tisgu 60r r.br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.

16.

98.56 r.br. wgu bfhl xU k nfhs Muij fhf.

17.

xU k miunfhs tisgu 2772 r.br. v, mj bkhj

wguig fhf.

18.

uL k miunfhsf Muf 3 : 5 vw j csd.

mnfhsf tisguf j kW bkhj wguf j
Matiw fhf.

19.

xU clw miunfhs bt Mu kW c Mu Kiwna 4.2 br. kW

2.1 br. v mj tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.

20.

miunfhs tot nkTiu cw tisguF tz r ntosJ.

mj cw moRws 17.6 v, xU rJu lUF ` 5 j, tz r
MF bkhj bryit fhf.

8.3 fd ms (Volume)

Jtiu y k bghUf wgu bjhlghd fzFfis fnlh.
nghJ eh, y efj fd cUtf fdmsfis vthW fzLtJ vd
fhngh. fdms vgJ lij milJ bfhS ms MF. xU k
bghU fdms vgJ k bghU vrhj wa MF.

vLJfhlhf, xU k bghUis XuyF gf bfhl KoW vif
fd rJufshf f Kokhdh, mfdrJuf vifna mbghU
fdms MF.
8. msa 241


gl 8.27- cs fdrJu fdms

= gf # gf # gf

= 1 br. # 1 br. # 1 br. = 1 f. br..

xU bghU fdms 100 f.br. vd TWnthkhdh,
mbghUis KGtJ ug ekF 1 f.br. fdms bfhl 100
fdrJuf njit vgij czJwJ.

1br.
1br.2
1br.

1br.

gl 8.27

tisguig nghynt fdms xU if kghF. nkY k bghUf
lbgadh mt fdms khw VgLtiy. y fd cUtf
fdmsf nH tukhf jugLsd.

8.3.1 netl cUis fdms (Volume of a right circular cylinder)

(i) k netl cUis fdms
(Volume of a solid right circular cylinder)

netl cUis mogf gu kW cau Mat

bgUfgy mUis fdms vdgL.
vdnt, cUis fdms, V = mogfgu # cau

= rr 2 # h

V = rr 2 h

rr 2

Mfnt, netl cUis fdms, V = rr2 h f. myFf MF.

(ii) clw cUis fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

r
(Volume of a hollow cylinder)

gl 8.28

R kW r vgd Kiwna clw cUis bt
kW c Muf vf. nkY h vgJ cUis cau vf.
fdms, V =

btgf cUis
cgf cUis
3-)
fdms
fdms

= rR 2 h - rr 2 h
R

Mfnt, clw cUis fdms,

V = rh (R2 - r2) f.myFf MF.

gl 8.29

8br.

vLJfhL 8.12

xU netl cUis tisgu 704 r.br. kW mj cau 8 br. v,
mUis fdmsit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna xU netl cUis Mu kW cau vf.

h = 8 br., tisgu = 704 r.br.

tisgu = 704
2 rrh = 704

(
704br.2
22

( 2 #
# r # 8 = 704
7
r
704
7
#
r =
= 14 br.

`
gl 8.30
2 # 22 # 8
242 10M tF fzF

cUis fdms, V = rr2 h

= 22 # 14 # 14 # 8
7
= 4928 f.br.

cUis fd ms = 4.928 l.

(1000 f.br. = l l)

vLJfhL 8.13

xU clw U FHh s 28 br.., mj bt kW clf
Kiwna 8 br. kW 6 br.. v, U FHh fdmsit fhf. nkY 1 f.br.
U vil 7 uh v, U FHh vilia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
r, R kW h vgd Kiwna UFHh c Mu, bt Mu kW cau vf.
6br.

h = 28 br.

2r = 6 br., 2R = 8 br. ,

vdnt, r = 3 br. kW R = 4 br.

U FHh fdms, V = r # h # (R + r) (R - r)

28br.

= 22 # 28 # (4 + 3) (4 - 3)
7

fdms, V = 616 f.br.
`
1 f.br. U vil = 7 uh
616 f.br. U FHh vil = 7 # 616 uh
Mfnt,

U FHh vil = 4.312 ..

8br.
gl 8.31

vLJfhL 8.14
xU k ne tl cUis mogf gu kW fdms Kiwna 13.86 r.br.

kW 69.3 f.br.. v, mUis cau kW tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 )
7

A kW V vgd Kiwna netl cUis mogf gu kW fdms vf.

vdnt, mogf gu A = rr = 13.86 r.br.

nkY, fdms, V = rr h = 69.3 f.br.

Mfnt,

rr h = 69.3
2

13.86 # h = 69.3

h = 69.3 = 5 br.
13.86
2

nkY, mogf gu = rr = 13.86
22 # r2 = 13.86

7
2

r = 13.86 # 7 = 4.41
22
`

r =

V = 69.3 br.3

A =13.86 br.2
gl 8.32

4.41 = 2.1 br..

8. msa 243

cUis tisgu = 2rrh

= 2 # 22 # 2.1 # 5
7

vdnt,
tisgu = 66 r.br..

8.3.2 netl T fdms (Volume of a right circular cone)

r kW h vgd Kiwna netl T Mu kW cau vf.

2
T fdms V = 1 # rr h f. myFf. Nuij fhQ bra_y
3
ahagLjyh.

brJgh

fl gl fhoathW rk ms Mu kW cau bfhl clw T
kW clw cUisia jahf. nghJ eh fl bra_y T
fdmsid flayh. kz myJ utdh Tid u. wF
mjid cUisD bfhLf. nrhjidia bjhlJ br nghJ _whtJ
Kiw W cUisahdJ kz / utjh KGtJ u.

gl 8.33

j va braUJ r kW h vgd Kiwna cUis Mu kW

cau v, 3 # (T fdms) = cUis fdms = rr h vd mayh.

2
vdnt, T fdms = 1 # rr h f. myFf vd mayh.
3
2

vLJfhL 8.15

xU k netl T fdms 4928 f.br.. kW mj cau 24 br.
v, mT Muij fhf. ( r = 22 vf )
7
r, h kW V vgd Kiwna T Mu, cau kW fdms vf.

vdnt, V = 4928 f.br. kW h = 24 br.

Mfnt,

Mfnt,

1 rr2 h = 4928
3
1 # 22 # r2 # 24 = 4928
3
7
2
r = 4928 # 3 # 7 = 196.
22 # 24
T Mu r =

244 10M tF fzF

196 = 14 br..

4928br.3

24br.
r
gl 8.34

8.3.3 xU T ilfl fdms ( Volume of a frustum of a cone )

eh VnjD xU k ne tlTig vLJ bfhL, mjid xU a
netl T ilFkhW U ghffshf btodh ilF va gFia
T ilfl (frustum of a cone) vngh. jid fl bra _y mJ
bfhsyh.
brJgh
fk myJ bkGif vLJbfhL, mUJ xU netl Tid
cUthFf. mj moghfF izahf xU fah mjid btl.
mnghJ ilF a T ghfid F. cl vs gF vJ?
k T vs gF T il fl (frustum) vdgL. y
bkh frustum vgj bghU btobaLfgl xU JL vd bghUgL.
frustum vw brh gik frusta vgjhF.

gl 8.35

Mfnt, xU k netl Tid mj moghfF izahf xU

jsjh btLnghJ ilF T moghfnjhL izj gF T
ilfl vdgL. ilflF uL tlgFf cL. xW
moghfY kbwhW nkgFY UF.
eh T ilfl fd msit nghJ fhngh.

xU T ilfl fdms vgJ
msf ntWghil ju ntbwhWky. (gl 8.35)

uL Tf fd

xU k netl T il flij vLJbfhnth. R vgJ
bfhLfgl T Mu vf. r kW x vgd Kiwna ilflij a
wF ilj a T Mu kW cau vf. h vgJ ilfl cau
vf.
jnghJ,
ilfl fd ms, V =

bfhLfgl
a T
3-)
T fd ms
fdms

2
2
= 1 # r # R # (x + h) - 1 # r # r # x
3
3

2
2
2
V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @ .
3

(1)

8. msa 245

gl 8.36-UJ DBFE + DDGE

A
F
= FE
GE
h

= x+h
(
x
= rh

(
C
h+x
G

= rh
(2)
(
thW, eh bgWtJ
x = rh
R-r
2
2
2
nghJ (1)-UJ ( V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @
E
3
gl
8.36
2

( = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h^ R + r h + R h @
3
2
( (2)-UJ )
( = 1 r 6 rh^ R + r h + R h @
3

ilfl fdms, V = 1 rh (R2 + r2 + Rr) f.myFf.
3

BF
DG
R
r
Rx - rx
x (R - r)

* ilfl tisgu = r (R + r) l , F l =

h + (R - r)

* ilfl bkhj gu = rl (R + r) + rR + rr , F l =
* (njFait my)
2

h + (R - r)

vLJfhL 8.16

xU ilfl toyhd th nkw kW mow Muf Kiwna 15 br.
kW 8 br.. nkY, MH 63 br. v, mj bfhssit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
R kW r vgJ Kiwana th nkw kW mow gFf Muf
vd h vgJ mj cau (MH) vd bfhf.
15br.

Mfnt, R = 15 br., r = 8 br. kW h = 63 br..

2
2
th fdms = 1 rh (R + r + Rr)
3
2
2

= 1 # 22 # 63 # (15 + 8 + 15 # 8)
3
7

= 26994 f.br.

= 26994 l (1000 f.br. = 1 l)

1000
vdnt, th fdms = 26.994 l.

8.3.4 nfhs fdms (Volume of a sphere)

(i)

63br.

xU k nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid sphere)

fhQ va nrhjid _y xU nfhs fdmsid

3

V = 4 rr f.myFf vd mayh.
3
246 10M tF fzF

8br.
gl 8.37

brJgh

R myF MuK, h myF cauKs xU cUis tot ghuij vLJ
bfhf. mjid KGtJ juh u. r myF Mu bfhl (F R 2 r)
nfhsij, cUisghu _f brJ btnaa j fdmsid
fLo. nghJ nfhs fdms btnawgl j fdmsF
rk MF.
3
vdnt, nfhs fdms, V = 4 rr f. myFf vd mJ bfhsyh.
3

h
btnawgl
j

r
r

4 rr 3
3

R
gl 8.38

(ii)

clw nfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

(Volume of a hollow sphere)

r kW R vgd Kiwna xU clw nfhs c kW bt Muf vf.

clw nfhs
btnfhs
cnfhs
3=
3-)
fdms
fdms
fd ms

3
3
= 4 rR - 4 rr
3
3

3
3
gl 8.39
` clw nfhs fdms = 4 r (R - r ) f.myFf.
3
(iii) k miu nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid hemisphere).

k miunfhs fdms = 1 # k nfhs fdms
2
3

= 1 # 4 rr
2 3
2 rr
3
3
2

k miunfhs fdms = rr f.myFf.
3
gl 8.40

(iv)

clw k miunfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

(Volume of a solid hollow hemisphere)
clw miu
bt miu
c miu
3=
3-)
nfhs fdms
nfhs fdms
nfhs fd ms

= 2 # r # R3 - 2 # r # r3
3
3

clw miunfhs fdms = 2 r^ R3 - r3h f.myFf.

3

gl 8.41

8. msa 247

vLJfhL 8.17

8.4 br. l bfhl xU nfhstot k cnyhf vFo fd msit
fhf.( r = 22 vf )
7
r vgJ k nfhs tot cnyhf v Fo Mu vf.

Mfnt,

2r = 8.4 br.

8.4br.

( r = 4.2 br.

3
cnyhf vFo fd ms V = 4 rr
3

= 4 # 22 # 42 # 42 # 42
3
7
10 10 10

gl 8.42

vdnt, cnyhf vFo fd ms = 310.464 f.br..

vLJfhL 8.18
xU T, xU miunfhs, kW xU cUis Mad rk moguid

bfhLsd. T cau, cUis cauF rkkhf, nkY au,
mt MuF rkkhf Ujh _ fd msfSilna cs
jij fhf.

r vgJ T, miunfhs kW cUis bghJthd Mu vf.

h vgJ T kW cUis
cau vf. vdnt, r = h MF.

V1, V2 kW V3 vgd Kiwna T,

miunfhs kW cUis
fdmsfis FfL.
2
3
2
nghJ, V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 rr h : 2 rr : rr h
3
3
3
3
3
= 1 rr : 2 rr : rr
(
3
3
(
V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 : 2 : 1
3
3
Mfnt, fdmsf j 1 : 2 : 3.

r
h

gl 8.43

(r=h)

vLJfhL 8.19
xU k nfhs fdms 7241 1 f.br. v, mj Muij fhf.
7
( r = 22 vf)
7
r kW V vgd Kiwna nfhs Mu kW fdms vf.
r


V = 7241 1 f.br.
br.3
7
7241 1
7
4 rr3 = 50688

(
7
3
4 # 22 # r3 = 50688
gl 8.44

(
7
3
7

248 10M tF fzF

3
r = 50688 # 3 # 7
7
4 # 22

= 1728 = 43 # 33
Mfnt, nfhs Mu, r

= 12 br..

vLJfhL 8.20
xU clw nfhs fdms 11352 f.br.. kW mj bt Mu 8 br..
7
v, mnfhs cMuij fhf ( r = 22 vf).
7
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW c Muf vf.

V vgJ mnfhs fdms vf.

Mfnt,

vdnt,

fdms V = 11352 f.br..

7
4 r (R3 - r3) = 11352
7
3
4 # 22 (83 - r3) = 11352
7
3
7
512 - r = 387 ( r = 125 = 5
3

R
8br.

gl 8.45

c Mu r = 5 br..

g 8.2
1.

xU k cUis Mu 14 br.. mj cau 30 br. v, mUis

fdmsit fhf.

2.

xU kUJtkidYs nehah xUtUF dK 7 br. lKs cUis

tot z torhW (Soup) tHfgLwJ. mghu 4 br. cauF
torhW xU nehahF tHfglh, 250 nehahfSF tHf njitahd
torh fdmsid fhf.

3.

xU k cUis Mu kW cau TLj 37 br.. vf. nkY, mj

bkhj wgu 1628 r.br. v, mUis fdmsit fhf.

4.

62.37 f.br.. fdms bfhl xU k netl cUis cau 4.5 br.

v, mUis Muij fhf.
uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 2 : 3. nkY cauf j
5 : 3 v, mt fdmsf jij fhf.
xU cUis Mu kW cau j 5 : 7. nkY mj fdms
4400 f.br. v, mUis Muij fhf.
66 br. # 12 br. vD ms bfhl xU cnyhf jfoid 12 br. cauKs
xU cUisahf khdh ilF cUis fdmsit fhf.
xU bgyhdJ xU ne tl cUis to csJ. bg s 28 br.
kW mj Mu 3 .. bgD mikj ik (uh~ig)- Mu 1 .
v, bg jahf gagLjgl kugyif fdmsit fhf.

5.
6.
7.
8.

8. msa 249

9.

xU k T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 20 br. kW 29 br.. v

mk T fdmsit fhf.

10.

kudhyhd xU k T moRws 44 br.. kW mj cau 12 br.

v mk T fdmsit fhf.
xU ghu ilfl to csJ. mj nkw Mu kW cau
Kiwna 8 br. kW 14 br. vf. mghu fdms 5676 f.br. v,
3
mogfYs tl Muid fhf.
xU netl T ilfl UwK mikj tl f
Rwsf Kiwna 44 br. kW 8.4r br. vf. mj cau 14 br.
v,milfl fdmsit fhf.
5 br., 12 br.. kW 13 br.. gf msf bfhl xU brnfhz 3ABC
MdJ 12 br.. sKs mj xU gfij mrhf bfhL RHwgLnghJ
cUthF T fdmsit fLo.
xU k ne tl T MuK cauK 2 : 3 vw j csJ. mj
fdms 100.48 f.br. v, mT rhauij fLo. (r = 3.14 vf)
xU ne tl T fdms 216r f.br. kW mT Mu 9 br. v,
mj cauij fhf.
nfhs toyikj 200 U FLf (ball bearings) xbthW 0.7 br. Mu
bfhlJ. U ml 7.95 uh / br. 3 v U FLf
iwia fhf. ( iw = fdms ml)
xU clw nfhs bt kW c Muf Kiwna 12 br. kW 10 br.
v, mnfhs fd msit fhf.
X miunfhs fd ms 1152r f.br. . v, mj tisgu fhf.
14 br. gf msf bfhl xU fdrJu UJ btobaLfgL
fbga T fdmsit fhf.
7 br. Mu bfhl nfhs tot g fhW brYjgLnghJ mj Mu
14 br. Mf mfjh, mU iyf g fdmsf jij
fhf.

11.

12.

13.

14.
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.
20.

8.4 izj fdcUtf (Combination of Solids)

eKila mwhl th, uL myJ mjFnk izj fd cUtfsh

Md isahL bghikf, thfdf, ghuf, fUf nghwtid
fhnwh.

eh izj fd cUtf tisgu kW fd msid vthW
fltJ?

gl 8.46

250 10M tF fzF


izj fd cUt bkhj wgughdJ mizj cUt
izJs fdcUtf bkhj wguf TLjYF rkkhf Uf
ntoaiy. Uj nghY, gl 8.46- izj fd cUt bkhj
wgughdJ mUt izJs T kW miunfhs wguf
TLjYF rkkhF. nkY mizj cUt fd ms MdJ izJs
muL fd cUtf fd msf TLjYF rk MF. glUJ,
fd cUt bkhj wgugs = miunfhs tisgu + T tisgu

fd cUt fd ms = miunfhs fd ms + T fd ms

vLJfhL 8.21

Mu r = 3.5 br.

17.5br.

xU k kubghikahdJ miunfhs nk T

izj to csJ. miunfhs kW T Mat Mu
3.5 br.. nkY bghik bkhj cau 17.5 br. v mbghik
jahf gagLjgl ku fd msit fhf. (r = 22 )
7
miunfhs gF :
T gF :
Mu r = 3.5 br.

3.5br.

cau h = 17.5 - 3.5 = 14 br.

gl 8.47

bghik jahf gagLjgl

miu nfhsgF
TgF
3=
3+)
ku fdms
fdms
fd ms
3
2
= 2 rr + 1 rr h
3
3
2

= rr ^2r + hh
3

= 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 # ^2 # 3.5 + 14h = 269.5
7
3
Mfnt, kubghik jahf gagLjgl ku fd ms = 269.5 f.br..

Mu, r =3.5 br. = 7 br.

2

( r = 11.5- 8 = 3.5 br.

nfhig bkhj wgu =

cau, h = 8 br..

11.5br.

Mu, r = bkhj cau 8 br..

8br.

vLJfhL 8.22

xU nfhigahdJ miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ. cUis
gF cau 8 br. kW nfhig bkhj cau 11.5 br.. v mnfhig
bkhj wguig fhf.
(r = 22 vf.)
7

miunfhs gF :

cUis gF :

miunfhs gF tisgu

+ cUis gF tisgu

gl 8.48

= 2rr + 2rrh = 2rr (r + h)

= 2 # 22 # 7 ` 7 + 8j
7
2 2
vdnt, nfhig bkhj wgu = 253 r.br..
2

8. msa 251

Mu, r = 21
cau,

h = 21

21

49

vLJfhL 8.23

xU rf TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to mikJsJ.
Tlhu bkhj cau 49 . mj moghf l 42 . cUisghf cau
21 . nkY 1 r. jh J iy `12.50 v, Tlhu mikf njitahd
jh J iyia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
l

h1
cUis gF
T gF
r
l, 2r = 42
Mu, r = 21
cau, h1 = 49 - 21 = 28
rhau, l =

h1 + r

28 + 21

= 7

42

4 + 3 = 35
2

gl 8.49

njitahd jh J bkhj wgu = cUis gF tisgu

+ T gF tisgu
= 2rrh + rrl = rr (2h + l)
= 22 # 21^2 # 21 + 35h = 5082
7
vdnt, jh J gu = 5082 r.


1 r. jh J iy = `12.50
vdnt, njitahd jh J bkhj iy = 5082 # 12.5 = `63525.

vLJfhL 8.24

xU clw nfhs bt kW c lf Kiwna 8 br. kW 4
br.. nfhskhdJ cUfgL 8 br. lKs ne tl k
Tghf khwglh T cauij fhf.
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW
c Mu vf.

4br.

h kW r1 vgd Kiwna ne tl T cau kW Mu vf.

clw nfhs

btl
cl
T

2R = 8 br.

2br.

R = 4 br.

2r = 4 br.
r = 2 br.

2r1 = 8 br.
( r1 = 4 br.

clw nfhs cUfgL xU k Tghf thfglh

k T fd ms = clw nfhs fd ms

1 rr 2 h = 4 r 6 R 3 - r 3 @
3 1
3

252 10M tF fzF

8br.
gl 8.50

Mfnt,

1 # r # 42 # h = 4 # r # ^43 - 23h
3
3
64
- 8 = 14
h =
4
T cau h = 14 br..

vLJfhL 8.25

7 br. lKs cUis tot Kfit js j csJ. m
xbthW 1.4 br. lKs y nfhs tot gF ff nghlgLwJ.
cUisYs kl 5.6 br. cau vjid gF ffis KfitD
nghlntL vd fhf?

5.6 br.

njitahd gF ff vifia n vf. gF ff kW cUis

tot Kfit Muf Kiwna r1, r2 vf.

gF ff
cUis tot Kfit
l, 2r1 = 1.4 br.
l, 2r2 = 7 br.
Mu, r1 = 0.7 br.
Mu, r2 = 7 br.
2
h vgJ ffis nghl d j
1.4 br.
kl cau vf.

h = 5.6 br.

7br.
gl 8.51

gF ffis Kfit nghl

caj j kl fdms = n gF ff fd ms
2
3

rr2 h = n # 4 rr1
(
3
2
3r2 h


n =
3
4r1
3 # 7 # 7 # 5.6
2 2


n =
= 150.
7
4#
# 7 # 7
10 10 10
vdnt, njitahd gF ff vif = 150.

vLJfhL 8.26

14 br. lKs xU cUis tot FHh tahf, jiu kF 15 .
ntf 50 sK kW 44 mfyKs xU brtf tot bjhoF brYdh,
bjho 21 br. cauF j ug vjid k neukhF? (r = 22 vf.)
7
ntf 15 . / k
j ntf = 15 . / k
14 br.
= 15000 / k

FHh l, 2r = 14 br.

r = 7
100
21br.

h vgJ j kl cau vf

44
50

h = 21 br. = 21
gl 8.52
100
8. msa 253


jnghJ 1 k neu FHh tna btnaa j fd ms
= FHh FWF btL gu # neu # ntf
= rr2 # 1 # 15000
= 22 # 7 # 7 # 15000 f.br.
7
100 100

bjho ghrgl j fd ms

lbh = 50 # 44 # 21
100

bjho T k neu j ghrglJ vd bfhnth

Mfnt,

T k neu FHh tna

bjho ghrgl
3=
btnawgl j fd ms
j fdms
22 # 7 2 # T # 15000 = 50 # 44 # 21
7 ` 100 j
100

Mfnt T = 2 k

vdnt,

kl 21 br. cau 2 k neukhwJ.

vLJfhL 8.27

55 br. # 40 br. # 15 br. vw msf bfhl fdbrtf tot k U
gyif cUfgL xU FHhahf thfgLwJ. mFHh bt l kW jok
Kiwna 8 br. kW 1 br. v, mFHh sij fhf. (r = 22 vf.)
7
h1 vgJ FHh s vf.

U FHh bt kW c Muf Kiwna R kW r vf.

Ugyif fdms =

U FHh :

bt l,

vdnt,bt Mu, R = 4 br.

jok,

vdnt, c Mu r = R - w = 4 - 1 = 3 br.

jnghJ, UFHh fd ms = U gyif fd ms

Mfnt,

l b h = 55# 40# 15 vf.

w = 1 br.

40br.

15br.

1br.

2R = 8 br.

8br.

55br.
gl 8.53

rh1 (R + r) (R - r) = lbh

22 # h (4 + 3)(4 - 3) = 55 # 40 # 15
1
7
FHh s, h1 = 1500 br. = 15 .

254 10M tF fzF

g 8.3
1.

xU isahL ggukhdJ (Top) T J miunfhs izj to

csJ. miunfhs l 3.6 br. kW ggu bkhj cau 4.2 br.
v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.

2.

xU fd cUt, miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ.

mfdUt l kW bkhj cau Kiwna 21 br. kW 25.5 br.
v, mj fd msit fhf.

3.

xU kUJ FahdJ xU cUis UwK miunfhsf izj

to csJ. kUJ F bkhj s 14 . kW l 5 . v
mkUJ F wguig fhf.

4.

xU TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to csJ. Tlhu

bkhj cau 13.5 kW l 28 . nkY cUis ghf cau 3 v,
Tlhu bkhj wguig fhf.

5.

fkiz gagL xU khzt 48 br. cauK 12 br. MuK bfhl

ne tlk Tig brjh. mTig kbwhU khzt xU k
nfhskhf khdh. mthW khwgl a nfhs Muij fhf.

6.

24 br. MuKs xU k cnyhf nfhskhdJ cUfgL 1.2 . MuKs

uhd cUis fahf khwglh, mf sij fhf.

7.

5 br. ctlMuK 24 br. cauK bfhl T tot ghu KG

ms j csJ. juhdJ 10 br. cMuKs cUis tot
fh ghuF khwgLnghJ, cUis ghu cs kl
cauij fhf.
js j uggl 12 br. lKs cUis tot ghu 6 br.
lKs xU k nfhsij KGtJkhf _f brjh, cUis tot
ghu caj kl cauij fhf.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

7 br. c Mu bfhl cUis tot FHh tna 5 br. / dho ntf

j ghwJ. miu k neu mFHh tna ghj j
fd msit (l) fhf.
4 lK 10 cauKs cUis tot bjhoYs juhdJ 10 br.
lKs xU cUis tot FHh tna kF
2.5 . ntf
btnawgLwJ. bjho ghas j btnawgl MF neuij
fhf. (Mug iy bjho KGtJ j uggLsJ vd bfhf.)
18 br. MuKs k cnyhf nfhskhdJ cUfgL _W a btntW
mss nfhsfshf thfgLwJ. mthW thfgl uL k
nfhsf Muf Kiwna 2 br. kW 12 br. v _whtJ nfhs
Muij fhf.
xU clw cUis tot FHh s 40 br.. mj c kW bt Muf
Kiwna 4 br. kW 12 br.. mlw cUis FHh cUfgL 20 br.
sKs k ne tl cUisahf khWnghJ ilF a cUis
Muij fhf.
8. msa 255

13.

8 br. lK 12 br. cauK bfhl xU ne tl k U TghdJ

cUfgL 4 . MuKs k nfhs tot FLfshf thfglh
ilF nfhs tot FLf vifia fhf.

14.

12 br. lK 15 br. cauK bfhl netl cUis KGtJ gTdh

(ice cream) uggLsJ. gTHhdJ 6 br. lK, 12 br. cauK
bfhl nkw miunfhs izj toyikj T uggLwJ.
vjid Tf gTid KGtJkhf ugyh vd fhf.

15.

4.4 sK 2 mfyK bfhl xU fd brtf tot bjho kiH

nrff gLwJ. bjho 4 br. cauF nrffgl kiH uhdJ
40br. MuKs cUis tot fh ghuF khwgLnghJ mghu
cs j kl cauij fhf.
kzyh uggl xU cUis tot th cau 32 br. kW Mu
18 br.. mkz KGtJ jiu xU netl T to bfhlgLwJ.
mthW bfhlgl kz T cau 24 br. v, mT Mu kW
rhauij fhf.

16.

17.

14 lK kW 20 MHKs xU zW cUis to btlgLwJ.

mthW btLnghJ njhobaLfgl k uhf guggL 20 # 14
msf mogfkhf bfhl xU nkilahf mikfglh, mnkil
cau fhf.
g 8.4

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.
1 br. MuK kW 1 br. cauK bfhl xU ne tl cUis tisgu

(A) r br. 2
(B) 2r br. 2
(C) 3r br. 3
(D) 2 br. 2
2.
xU netl cUis MukhdJ mj cau gh v mj bkhj
wgu
2

(A) 3 r h r.m
(B) 2 rh2 r.m
(C) 3 rh r.m
(D) 2 r h r.m
2
3
3
2
xU netl cUis mogf gu 80 r. br.. mj cau 5 br. v,
3.
T fd ms

(A) 400 br. 3
(B) 16 br. 3
(C) 200 br. 3
(D) 400 br. 3
3
xU netl cUis bkhj wgu 200 r r. br.. kW mj Mu 5 br.
4.
v mj cau kW Mu TLj

(A) 20 br.

(B) 25 br.

5.

a myFf MuK, b myFf cauK bfhl xU netl cUis tisgu

(A) ra2 b r.br. (B)2r ab r.br.
(C) 2r r.br.
(D) 2 r.br.

6.

xU netl T kW netl cUis MuK cauK Kiwna rk

cUis fd ms 120 br. 3 v, T fd ms

(A) 1200 br. 3

(B) 360 br. 3

256 10M tF fzF

(C) 30 br.

(C) 40 br. 3

(D) 15 br.

(D) 90 br. 3

7.

ne tl T l kW cau Kiwna 12 br. kW 8 br. v mj

rhau

(A) 10 br.

(B) 20 br.

(C) 30 br.

(D) 96 br.

8.

xU ne tl T moRws kW rhau Kiwna 120r br. kW

10 br. v mj tisgu

(A) 1200r br. 2 (B) 600r br. 2

(C) 300r br. 2

(D) 600 br. 2

9.

xU ne tl T fd ms kW mogf gu Kiwna 48r br. 3 kW

12r br. 2 v, mj cau

(A) 6 br.

(B) 8 br.

(C) 10 br.

10.

5 br. cauK, 48 r.br. mogf gu bfhl xU ne tl T fd ms

(A) 240 br. 3

(B) 120 br. 3

(D) 12 br.

(C) 80 br. 3

(D) 480 br. 3

11. uL cUisf cauf Kiwna 1:2 kW mt Muf Kiwna 2:1

Ma jfU, mt fd msf j

(A) 4 : 1

(B) 1 : 4

12.

2 br. Mu cs xU nfhs tisgu

(A) 8r br. 2

13.

xU k miunfhs l 2 br. v mj bkhj wgu

(A) 12 br. 2

14.

9 r f.br.. fd ms bfhl nfhs Mu

16

15.

(A) 4 br.
(B) 3 br.
(C) 3 br.
(D) 2 br..
3
4
2
3
uL nfhsf tisguf j 9 : 25. mt fd msf
j

(A) 81 : 625

16.

a myFf Mu bfhl k miunfhs bkhj wgu

(A) 2r a2 r.m

17.

100r r.br. tisgu bfhl nfhs Mu

(A) 25 br.

18.

xU nfhs tisgu 36r r.br. v, mj fd ms

(A) 12r br. 3

(B) 16 br. 2

(B) 12r br. 2

(C) 2 : 1

(B) 729 : 15625

(D) 16r br. 2 .

(C) 4r br. 2

(D) 3r br. 2.

(D) 27 : 125.

(C) 3r a r.m

(B) 100 br.

(B) 36r br. 3

(C) 12r br. 2

(C) 27 : 75

(B) 3r a2 r.m

(D) 1 : 2

(C) 5 br.

(C) 72r br. 3

(D) 3a2 r.m.

(D) 10 br..

(D) 108r br. 3

8. msa 257

19.

12r br. 2 bkhjgu bfhl k miunfhs tisgu

(A) 6r br. 2

20.

xU nfhs MukhdJ kbwhU nfhs Mu gh v mt fd

(B) 24r br. 2

(C) 36r br. 2

(D) 8r br. 2.

msf j

(A) 1 : 8

(B) 2: 1

(C) 1 : 2

(D) 8 : 1

21.

xU k nfhs tisgu 24 br..2 mj nfhsij uL miunfhsfshf

jh ilF miunfhsf x bkhj wgu

(A) 12 br. 2

(B) 8 br. 2

(C) 16 br. 2

(D) 18 br. 2

22.

uL Tf rk Muf bfhLsd. nkY mt rhauf j

4 : 3 v, tisguf j

(A) 16 : 9

(B) 8 : 6

(C) 4 : 3

(D) 3 : 4

nfhbg VG ghyf (The Seven Bridges of Knigsberg) vw

fj xU tuyhW wbgw fzfhF. UZahYs nfh bg
(jnghija UZah fhuhL) (The city of Knigsberg in Prussia, now Kaliningrad,
Russia) efukhdJ b# M (Pregel river) WwK mikUjJ. nkY U
bgU fis bfhoUjJ. efu, UbgU f kW mj ygu
Mad VG ghyfsh izfgoUjJ.
xnu xU Kiw kLnk mghyfis flJ efu midJ gFfSF
brtjfhd tfhQj xU f vGjJ. ghyf myhJ ntW t
fis mila KoahJ. xbthU ghyij xnu xU Kiw kLnk KGtJkhf
gagLj ntL vw gjid fgoUjJ. (xUt ghyid
ghu flJ brW, d Ug brW ntW t gh uij flf
TlhJ).
1735- nahdhL My (Leonhard Euler) dhF iy vd
%jh. My gagLa vkiwahd Kof nfhy aYF
(Graph theory) tnfhaJ. nkY mKof iza aYF (Topology)
mogilahf mikjd.

258 10M tF fzF

t.v

idbfhf

bga

tisgu bkhj wgu

gl

netl k
cUis
(Right circular
cylinder)

fdms

( Curved
Surface area)

(Total surface area)

(Volume)

2rrh

2rr^h + r h

rr 2 h

h
r
r

netl clw
cUis
(Right circular
hollow cylinder)

2rh^ R + r h

netl
k T
(Right circular cone)

rrl

rr^l + r h

1 rr 2 h
3

-------

-- - - - - -

1 rh^ R2 + r2 + Rr h
3

4rr2

---

4 rr 3
3

---

---

4 r^ R 3 r3h
3

2 rr 2

3rr2

2 rr 3
3

rR 2 h rr 2 h
2
2
2r^ R + r h^ R r + hh = rh^ R r h
= rh^ R + rh^ R rh

r
r

ilfl
(Frustum of a cone)

knfhs
(Solid sphere)

clw nfhs
(Hollow sphere)

k
miunfhs
(Solid hemisphere)

clw
miunfhs
(Hollow
hemisphere)

R
r

2
2
2r ^ R + r h

T
h
r

l = h2 + r2
h = l2 r2
r = l2 h2

tisgu = tlnfhzgF gu
rrl

2
= i # rr
360

s = T moRws
12

L = 2rr

R
l

2
2
2
2
2r ^ R + r h + r ^ R r h

= r^3R2 + r2h

1 3 = 1000 l, 1 bl 3 = 1 l,

2 r ^ R3 r3h
3

10. FHh tna gh j

fdms
= {FWF btL gu # ntf # neu}
11. cU jahfgL a fd
cUtf vif

gagLjgl
cnyhf
fdms =

cUfgl fd cUt fdms

cUthfgl xU fd cUt fdms

1000 br. 3 = 1 l, 1000 l = 1 .

8. msa 259

9
mKf
bjhLnfhLf
Knfhzf
tlehfuf

uk Fj
(598-668 ..)
ah
gHfhy ah
fwj fj mP

ukhjh jhejh
vw iy uk Fj
vGdh. to, tl
ehfu gu fhQ Nu
t f wj fLo
MF.
p, q, r kW s vgd
tlehfu gff v,
mj gu fhQ Nuij
njhuhakhf kW rahf
tUkhW fljh.
p+r

tl ehfu gu
q+s

= c 2 mc 2 m (njhuhakhf)
= (t - p) (t - q) (t - r) (t - s)
(rahf)
F, 2t = p+q+r+s .

brKiw toa
Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth
-Archimedes

9.1 mKf
.K.3000 Jtf v, njha toa

yfis msl gagLjglJ. Mugfhy
toa vgJ mDgt _ykhf flagl,
s, nfhz, gu kW fd ga nfhghLfis
bfhL tsailjJ. y msit, fLkhd,
tha kW w gtif bjhf nghw
tYs eilKiw njitfis iw br
bghUL toa nfhghLf cUthd.

afj, gFgh nghw ghlfis
l toaYfhd KaJtij FiwF
tif ghll khwfis bfhLtu y
rg fhy gy a Kafis nkbfhLsd.
Mdh gy fjayPf cWahf khwij
vwd. cik toa fj
w gFf cs gy fj fis J
bfhs cjwJ. ghlgF eh tl
bjhLnfhLf, Knfhzf kW tlehfufis
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL vthW tiutJ
vd fhngh.

eh xgjh tF tlnjhL bjhlila
eh (chord), tlJL (segment), tl nfhzgF
(sector) nghwt bghUis mJsnsh.
fhQ braf _y btLnfhL (Secant),
bjhLnfhL (Tangent) Madtiw id TWnth.
brJ gh

xU fhj VnjD
xU Mu bfhl tl
tiuf.
mtlF
PQ
vw
btLnfhL
tiuf.
PQ-F izahf mj
U wfY gy iz
nfhLfis tiuf. btL
nfhLf, tlij rF
f
xiwbahW
260

P
A
M
L
D
B

beU tUtnjhL, xU iy mU fS xnwhblhW bghUJtij

fhzyh. PQ-F izahf mikj btLnfhLf AB kW CD Mad
tlij Kiwna L kW M vw f bjhLwd. F nfhLf AB
kW CD vgd tl nk Kiwna L kW M- mikj bjhLnfhLf
vdgL. nkY AB MdJ CD-F izahf miktij eh fhzyh.
brJgh
xU tl tiuJ mtl nk P vw ia

l3

Ff. gl fhoaJ ngh P tna gy

nfhLfis tiuf. P tbrY nfhLf tl
uL f rwd. nenfhLf l2, l3, l4
kW l5 Mad tlij Kiwna A, B, C kW D vw
kbwhU Y rwd. nfhLf ( l2, l3, l4

l4

l2

l5

B
C
A
D

kW l5 Mad) tlyikj btLnfhLf

MF. Mdh l1 vw nfhL kL P vw xU
kLnk tlij bjhL brwJ. nfhL l1 MdJ

l1

P- mtlF tiuagL bjhLnfhL

vdgL.
xU tl, bjhLnfhL, mbjhL tiuagl MuK
xWbfhW brFJ vgij eh mnth.
A
AP MdJ tlF btna mikj P vw
UJ tl nk mikj A vw
tiuagl bjhLnfhL vngh.

brnfhz DOPA -, OA = AP
2
2
2
OP = OA + AP ( jhfu njw go)

AP =

OP - OA .

9.2 xU tlF bjhLnfhL tiuj (Construction of a tangent to a circle)

eh nghJ fl Kiwf bjhLnfhLf tiuj g fngh

(i) ikaij gagL tiuj

(ii) bjhLnfhL - eh njwij (using tangent-chord theorem) gagL tiuj.

9.2.1 tlF xU bjhLnfhL tiuj (ikaij gagLj)

(Construction of a tangent to a circle using the centre)
Ko

xU tl bjhLnfhL, mbjhLnfhL tlij bjhL tna
brY MuK xWbfhW brFjhdit.
9. brKiw toa 261

vLJfhL 9.1

3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf. tl nk P vw xU ia FJ
m tna xU bjhLnfhL tiuf. ( ikaij gagLJf)
cjgl

bfhLfgLsit: tl Mu = 3.2 br..

T
N

3.2br..

Tl

3.2 br..

Tl

tiuKiw:
O-it ikakhf bfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.

(i)

(ii) tl nk P vw ia FJ OP I izf.

(iii) P-ia ikakhf bfhL OP- L vw l btLgo xU tl

tiuf.
!!
(iv) m nk LM = MN = LP vwthW M, N vw fis F.

(v) + MPN- nfhz Urkbto PT tiuf.

(vi) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT tiuf.
Fiu

P vw tahf OP-F brFjhf nenfhL PT tiuJ

bjhLnfhL tiuayh. F PT vgJ P- mikj bjhLnfhL MF.

9.2.2 bjhLnfhL-eh njwij gagL tl nk mikj

bjhLnfhL tiuj. (Construction of a tangent to a circle using
the tangent-chord theorem)
Ko

bjhLnfhL - eh njw.

xU tlYs eh kW mj xU Kid mikj bjhLnfhL Mat

ilnas nfhz, eh xWl tl Jo mik nfhzF rk.
262 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 9.2

3.2 br. MuKs tl tiuf. tl nk P vw iaia FJ
m bjhLnfhL-eh njwij gagL bjhLnfhL tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tl Mu = 3.2 br..
cjgl
R
Q

R
O

Q
Tl

3.2 br.

Tl

tiuKiw
O-it ikakhfbfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.

(i)

(ii) tlnk P vw ia Ff.

(iii) Ptna VnjD xU eh PQ tiuf.

(iv) P kW Q-I jJ R vw ia f P,Q kW R vgd fofhu

K efU vir mikkhW Ff.

(v) PR kW QR-Madtiw izf.

(vi) P - +QPT = +PRQ tiuf.

(vii) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT-ia tiuf.

9.2.3 tlF btna mikj UJ tlF bjhLnfhL

nrhof tiuj. (Construction of pair of tangents to a circle from an external
point)
Kof

(i) tlF btna mikj UJ tlF uL

bjhLnfhLf tiuayh.

(ii) lf, tlg 90c-ia VgLJ.

9. brKiw toa 263

vLJfhL 9.3

3 br. MuKs tl tiuf. tl ikaUJ 7 br.. bjhiy
xU ia FJ, mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuf. nkY
bjhLnfhLf sij msJ vGJf.
bfhLfgLsit:

tl Mu = 3 br.., OP = 7 br..
cjgl
3b
r.

6.3

br

..

7 br.

Tl

r.

b
6.3

Tl

tiuKiw (Construction)
(i)

O-it ikakhf bfhL 3 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.

tlF btna, tl ika O-UJ 7 br.. bjhiy P vw

ia FJ OP-ia izf.
(iii) OP ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ OP-ia M- btlL.

(ii)

(iv)

M-ia ikakhf, MO (= MP)it Mukhf bfhL kbwhU tl tiuf.

(v)

uL tlfS T kW T l - rF.

(vi)

PT kW PT l tiuf. itna njitahd bjhLnfhLf MF.

bjhLnfho s, PT = 6.3 br..

rghj

brnfhz TOPT -

PT =

264 10M tF fzF

OP - OT =
49 - 9 =

40

7 -3

` PT = 6.3 br.. (njhuhakhf)

g 9.1
1.

4.2 br. MuKs xU tl tiuJ mtl nk VnjD xU ia

Ff. tl ikaij gagL m tna bjhLnfhL tiuf.

2.

4.8 br. MuKs xU tl tiuf. tl nk VnjD xU ia F.

bjhLnfhL - eh njwij gagL m tna bjhLnfhL tiuf.

3.

10 br. lKs xU tl tiuf. tl ikaUJ 13 br..

bjhiy P vw ia FJ mUJ tlF PA kW
PB vw bjhLnfhLf tiuJ mj sfis fzLf.

4.

6 br. MuKs xU tl tiuJ mj ikaUJ 10 br. bjhiyYs

xU ia Ff. mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuJ
mj sfis fzLf.

5.

3 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 9 br. bjhiy xU ia

Ff. mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuJ, mj sfis
fzLf.

9.3 Knfhzf tiuj (Construction of triangles)

eh Vfdnt gf msfis, nfhzfis bfhL Knfhzf tiua
fWnsh. eh

(i) mogf (base), cnfhz
(vertical angle) kW mogfUJ v
cF tiuagl FJnfhL (altitude).

Y
A

(ii) mogf, cnfhz kW
mogfUJ v cF tiuagl
eLnfhL (median) juglh vthW
Knfhz tiutJ vd fhngh.

O
P

nfhz i -I csla nfhL
Jo nk mikj tlgFia tiuj

90i

(Construction of a segment of a circle on a given line

segment containing an angle i )

bfhLfgl nfhzij csla
nfhLJo J mikj tl gFia
tiu Kiwia fhngh.

tiuKiw
(i)

BC vw nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii)

B -, +CBX = i tiuf.

(iii)

BY = BX tiuf.
9. brKiw toa 265

(iv)

BC- ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY-ia O- rfL.

(v)

O-it ikakhf, OB-ia Mukhf bfhL X tl tiuf.

(vi)

tlnk A vw ia Ff. bjhLnfhL - eh njw go, bga

BAC MdJ njitahd cnfhz i bfhl tlgF MF.

mogf kW cnfhz bfhL Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of

a triangle when its base and the vertical angle are given)

C2

mogfK, cnfhzK juglh

vthW Knfhz tiuayh vgij tU

i

goiyf tfyh.

C1

C3

tiuKiw (Construction)
(i)

nfhLJL AB tiuf.

(ii)

A-, +BAX = i tiuf.

(iii)

AY = AX tiuf.

(iv)

AB- ikaFJnfhL tiuJ mJ

O
i

AY -ia O- rfL.
O-it ikakhf, OA I Mukhf

(v)

bfhL xU tl tiuf.

(vi)

tl khW tlJo C vw
ia FJ AC kW BC ia

izf.
(vii) 3 ABC vgJ njitahd Knfhz MF.

nkY, mnj mogf ms, cnfhzK bfhl gy Knfhzf

xU Knfhz 3 ABC vd eh mayh.

F,

AX = AY .

Mfnt, +XAY = 90c.

OB = OA.
( tl Muf).
AX vgJ A vw mikj bjhLnfhL kW C vgJ tl nk
mikj xU .
nkY,

vdnt, +BAX = +ACB .

( bjhLnfhL - eh njw).

Fiu

nknys gl tl nk C1, C2, C3, ... Ma fis vLJ

bfhlh Knfhzf DABC1, DABC2, DABC3, g Mait xnu
mogfK, rkc nfhzK bfhl Knfhzfshf mik.
266 10M tF fzF

9.3.1 mogf, cnfhz kW cUJ mogfF tiuagl

FJnfhL juglh Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of a triangle when its
base, the vertical angle and the altitude from the vertex to the base are given)

vLJfhL 9.4

AB = 6 br.. +C = 40c kW c C-UJ AB-F tiuagl FJnfho
s 4.2 br.. bfhl DABC tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC - AB = 6 br.., +C = 40c ,

C-UJ AB-F tiuagl FJnfho s = 4.2 br..
K

cjgl

Cl

4.2 br..

40c

6 br..

4.2 br..

40c

40c

M 6 br..

tiuKiw
(i)

nfhLJL AB = 6 br. tiuf.

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)

+BAX = 40c vd UFgo AX tiuf.

AY = AX tiuf.
AB- ikaFJ nfhL tiuf. mJ AY kW AB-Madtiw Kiwna O
kW M f rwJ.
O-ia ikakhf, OA-it Mukhf bfhl tl tiuf.
tl gF AKB vgJ nfhz 40c bfhoUF.
ikaFJnfhL MO-, MH = 4.2 br. UF go H vw ia Ff.
AB-F izahf CHC l tiuf. mJ tlij C kW C l -f rF.
AC kW BC izf Jnt njitahd Knfhz DABC MF.
Fiu

F, 3 ABC l vgJ njitahd kbwhU Knfhz MF.

9. brKiw toa 267

9.3.2 mogf, cnfhz kW mogfF tiuagl eLnfhL

juglh Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of a triangle when its base, the
vertical angle and the median from the vertex to the base are given)

vLJfhL 9.5

mogf BC = 5.5 br.., +A = 60c kW c A-UJ tiuagl eLnfhL
AM- s = 4.5 br. bfhl DABC tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC -, BC = 5.5 br.., +A = 60c, eLnfhL AM = 4.5 br..
K
A

cjgl
A

Al

60c

..

br

4.5

4.5br..

60c

M 5.5br..

60c

tiuKiw

5.5br..

(i)

BC = 5.5 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii)

B tna +CBX = 60c vd UF go BX tiuf.

(iii)

BY= BX tiuf.

(iv)

BC- ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY kW BC-fis O kW M -f

rwJ.

(v)

O-it ikakhf, OB-ia Mukhf bfhL tl tiuf. tl

K-I Ff.

(vi)

bga BKC MdJ nfhz 60c-I bfhoUF.

(vii) M-I ikakhf bfhL 4.5 br. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ tlij A kW

Al f rF.
(viii) AB, AC Madtiw izf.
(ix)

3 ABC myJ TAl BC vgJ njitahd Knfhz MF.

268 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 9.6

BC = 4.5 br., +A = 40c kW c A-UJ BC F tiuagl eLnfho
s AM = 4.7 br.. vd UF go DABC tiuf. nkY A-UJ BC-F tiuagl
FJnfho s fhf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC -, BC = 4.5 br.., +A = 40c kW

eLnfho s AM = 4.7 br..

cjgl
A

4.7br..

K


40c

Al

4.5br..

3.2br..

40c
4.

7b

r.

40c

4.5br..

tiuKiw
(i)

BC = 4.5 br. vd UF go xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii)

+CBX = 40c vd UF go BX tiuf.

(iii)

BY = BX tiuf.

(iv)

BC- ika FJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY kW BC-fis Kiwna O kW M

f rfL.

(v)

O-it ikakhf, OB-I Mukhf bfhL xU tl tiuf. m K-I Ff.

(vi)

bga BKC MdJ, cnfhz 40c- bfhoUF.

(vii) M-I ikakhf bfhL 4.7 br.. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ tlij A kW

Al -f rF.
(viii) AB kW AC Madtiw izf. DABC myJ 3 Al BC njitahd
Knfhz MF.
(ix) CB-I CZ tiu Lf.
(x)
AE = CZ tiuf.
(xi) FJnfhL AE- s 3.2 br..
9. brKiw toa 269

g 9.2
1.

AB = 5.2 br. sKs nfhLJo J 48c nfhz VgLJ tlgFia

mikf.

2.

D PQR- mogf PQ = 6 br.., +R = 60c kW c R-UJ PQ-F tiuagl

FJnfho s 4 br. vd UFkhW D PQR tiuf.

3.

PQ = 4 br.., +R = 25c kW c R-UJ PQ -F tiuagl FJnfho s

4.5br.. vw msf bfhl DPQR tiuf.

4.

DABC -, BC = 5 br.., +A = 45c kW c A-UJ BC-F tiuagl

eLnfho s 4 br. vd UF go DABC tiuf.

5.

BC = 5 br.., +BAC = 40c kW c A-UJ BC-F tiuagl eLnfho

s 6 br.. vw msf bfhl DABC tiuf. nkY c A-UJ tiuagl
FJnfho s fhf.

9.4

tl ehfu tiuj (Construction of cyclic quadrilateral)

xU ehfu ehF cfS, xU tl g
mikjh mehfu tl ehfu (Cyclic Quadrilateral) vdgL. tl
ehfu v nfhzf if u nfhzfshF. mjhtJ
vnfhzf TLj 180c MF. Mfnt jh, xU tl ehfu
tiua IJ msfSF gyhf jFj ehF msfns nghJkhdJ.

bfhLfgl msfis bfhL tlehfu ABCD
tiuj cs gntW goiyfis g fhngh.
(i) bfhLfgl msfis bfhL xU
cjgl tiuJ 3 ABC myJ 3 ABD tiuf.

O
B

(ii) gff AB kW BC-fSF U rk

TL
brFJnfhLf
mjhtJ
ikaFJnfhLf (Perpendicular bisectors)
tiuf. mitf O- rfL.
(iii) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB=OC) I Mukhf
bfhL 3 ABC - RWtl (Circumcircle) tiuf.

C
O

(iv) bfhLfgl msid bfhL ehfhtJ

c D-I fhf. AD kW CD- fis izf.
(v) jnghJ, ABCD vgJ njitahd tl ehfu MF.

nH (tirgLsthW) bfhLfgl msfis bfhL tl ehfu

vthW tiutJ vd fhngh.
270 10M tF fzF

(i) _W gff kW xU _iyl. (ii) uL gff kW uL

_iylf. (iii) _W gff kW xU nfhz. (iv) uL gff
kW uL nfhzf. (v) xU gf kW _W nfhzf. (vi) uL
gff, xU nfhz kW xU iz nfhL.
tif I - _W gff kW xU _iyl bfhLfgL nghJ ehfu tiuj
(Type I- Three sides and one diagonal of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)

vLJfhL 9.7

AB = 6 br.., AC = 7 br.., BC = 6 br.. kW AD = 4.2 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 6 br.., AC = 7br..,

BC = 6 br.. kW AD = 4.2 br..
cj gl
C

..
7b
r

r.

.
r.

7b

4.2br..

6b

..

6br

4.2br..

6br..

6br..

tiuKiw
(i)
cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. AB = 6 br. mss
xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) f A kW B- ia ikakhf bfhL Kiwna 7 br. kW 6 br.
MuKs tlf (arcs) tiuf. mitf mJ C vw rF. AB
kW AC -fis izf.
(iii) nfhLJLf AB kW AC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit
rF O-I fhf.
(iv) O-I ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) -I Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(v) A-I ikakhf bfhL 4.2br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ RW tlij
D- rfL.
(vi) AD kW CD Madtiw izf. Jnt njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.
9. brKiw toa 271

tif II - uL gff kW uL _iylf bfhLfgL nghJ

tlehfu tiuj (Type II -Two sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.8

PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br.., PR = 7.5 br. kW QS = 7 br.. msf bfhl
tlehfu PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tlehfu PQRS-, PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br..,

PR = 7.5 br.. kW QS = 7 br..

cj gl

r.

7b

r.

4br..

6br..

7.5

br
..

6br..

br

7b

7.5

..

4br..

tiuKiw
(i)

cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. nfhLJL

PQ = 4 br.. tiuf.
(ii)

f P kW Q- ia ikakh bfhL Kiwna 7.5 br.. kW 6 br.. MuKs

tl f tiuJ, mit rF R I fhf.

(iii)

PR kW QR-fis izf.

(iv)

PQ kW QR- ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-it

fhf.

(v)

O-it ikakhf kW OP(=OQ=OR)-ia Mukhf bfhL DPQR - RW

tl tiuf.

(vi)

Q-it ikakhf bfhL 7 br. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ RW tlij S -

rF.

(vii) PS kW RS-fis izf.

(viii) njitahd tlehfu PQRS MF.
272 10M tF fzF

tif III - _W gff kW xU nfhz bfhLfgL nghJ tlehfu

tiuj (Type III Three sides and one angle of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.9

AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br..,

+ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br..

cj gl

X
C

4.5br..

4.5br..

5.5br..

5.5br..

6br..

80c
B

80c

6br..

(i)

cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

AB = 6 br. sKs xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) B tna +ABX = 80c vD go BX tiuf.

(iii) B-ia ikakhf bfhL 5.5 br.. MuKs tl tiuf. mJ BX-ia
rF C vf. AC-ia izf.
(iv) AB kW BC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O
vf.
(v) O-it ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.5 br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ
RWtlij rF D vf.
(vii) AD kW CD Madtiw izf.
(viii) njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.
9. brKiw toa 273

tif IV - uL gff kW uL nfhzf bfhLfgL nghJ tl

ehfu tiuj (Type IV -Two sides and two angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.10

EF = 5.2 br.., +GEF = 50c, FG = 6 br.. kW +EGH = 40c vw msf
bfhl tlehfu EFGH tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit:

tlehfu EFGH -, EF = 5.2 br.., +GEF = 50c

FG = 6 br.. kW +EGH = 40 o
cjgl

G
H

40c
6br..

40c

6br..

50c
E

5.2br..

50c
5.2br..

tiuKiw:
(i)

X cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

EF = 5.2 br.. sKs nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) E-, +FEX = 50c vD go EX tiuf.

(iii) F-ia ikakhf bfhL 6 br. MuKs X tiuJ mJ EX ia rF
G vf.
(iv) FG-ia izf.
(v) EF kW FG-f ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. mitf O-
rfL.
(vi) O-it ikakhf kW OE (= OF = OG) -I Mukhf bfhL TEFG - RW
tl tiuf.
(vii) G , +EGY = 40c vDgo GY tiuf.
(viii) GY MdJ RWtlij btL H vf. EH-I izf.
njitahd tlehfu EFGH MF.
274 10M tF fzF

jnghJ

tif V - xU gf, kW _W nfhzf bfhLfgL nghJ tlehfu

tiuj (Type V- One side and three angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.11

PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c vDgo tlehfu
PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tlehfu PQRS-,

PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c.

cjgl

S
O

100c
P

100c

70c
40c
4br..

70c
40c

4br..

tiuKiw:
(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfisFf.

PQ = 4 br.. mss nfhlJL tiuf.
(ii) P- +QPX = 100c vD go PX tiuf.
(iii) Q- +PQY = 40c vD go QY tiuf QY MdJ PX -I S- rfL.
(iv) PQ kW PS-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-ia
fhf.
(v) O-it ikakhf OP( = OQ = OS )ia Mukhf bfhL 3 PQS - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) Q-, +SQZ = 70c vD go QZ tiuf. mJ tlij R- rfL.
(vii) RS-I izf.

njitahd tl ehfu PQRS MF.

9. brKiw toa 275

tif VI - uL gff, xU nfhz kW xU iznfhL bfhLfgL nghJ

tlehfu tiuj. (Type VI Two sides , one angle and one parallel line are given)
vLJfhL 9.12

AB = 5.8 br.., +ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD vw msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 5.8 br..,

+ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD.

cjgl

4.2br..

35c

5.8br..

4.2 br..

35c
5.8br..

tiuKiw
(i)

cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

AB = 5.8 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) B-, +ABX = 35c vDgo BX tiuf.

(iii) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.2 br. MuKs X tl tiuf mJ BX -ia
rF D vf.
(iv) AB kW AD-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuf mit rF O-vf.
(v) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB = OD)-I Mukhf bfhL DABD -

RW tl tiuf.

(vi) DY < AB vDgo DY tiuf mJ tlij rF C vf.

BC-ia izf.
(vii) njitahd tl ehfu ABCD MF.
276 10M tF fzF

g 9.3
1.

PQ = 6.5 br.., QR = 5.5 br.., PR = 7 br.. kW PS = 4.5 br.. vw msf

bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.

2.

AB = 6 br.., AD = 4.8 br.., BD = 8 br.. kW CD = 5.5 br.. vw msf

bfhl tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

3.

PQ = 5.5 br.., QR = 4.5 br.., +QPR = 45c kW PS = 3 br.. Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.

4.

AB = 7 br.., +A = 80c, AD = 4.5 br.. kW BC = 5 br.. vw msf bfhl

tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

5.

KL = 5.5 br.., KM = 5 br.., LM = 4.2 br.. kW LN = 5.3 br.. Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu KLMN tiuf.

6.

EF = 7 br.., EH = 4.8 br.., FH = 6.5 br.. kW EG = 6.6 br.. msf bfhl

tl ehfu EFGH tiuf.

7.

AB = 6 br.., +ABC = 70c, BC = 5 br.. kW +ACD = 30c Ma msf

bfhl tlehfu ABCD tiuf.

8.

PQ = 5 br.., QR = 4 br.., +QPR = 35c kW +PRS = 70c Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.

9.

AB = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 50c, +BAC = 60c kW +ACD = 30c Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

10.

AB = 6.5 br.., +ABC = 110c, BC = 5.5 br.. kW AB || CD vwthW mik

tlehfu ABCD tiuf.

cfSF bjkh?
1901 Kj xbthU ML aa, nta, clTa (kUJt)
ya kW mik Ma Jiwf wJ sFnthF bgUikFa
nehg gR (Nobel Prize) tHfgL tUwJ. l eho lhnAhYs
nehg mwflis _y ML njhW tHfgL tU ta grhdJ
xU rtnjr UjhF. Mdh fjF nehg gR tHfgLtiy.
rtnjr fj Tlikgh (International Mathematical Union) ehF
MLfSF xU Kiw elj bgW rtnjr fj fhu kheho
xbthU Kiw 40 taij flfhj uL, _W myJ ehF fja
mPfSF tHfgL UJ gjf (Fields Medal) vdgL.
gjf fjfhd nehg gR vd ghuhlgLwJ.
9. brKiw toa 277

10

tiuglf

10.1 mKf

mKf

Ugo tistiuf

tiuglf

w tiuglf

bu blfho
(Rene Descartes)
(1596-1650)

uh
blfho, kUJtkid
gLif UFnghJ <
() xW mtUila miw
xU _iy R R gwJ
bfhoUgij ghJ fhoa
jsij fljh.
blfho gFKiw tot
fjij cUthdh. j
_y Mabjhiy mRfis
gagL

tiuglfis

tiutjF ttFjh.

I think, therefore I am
- Rene Descartes

tiuglf (Graphs) vgd jftfis fhL
glfshF. vil vthW cauJl bjhlilanjh,
mnj nghW U ntWgl msf vthW bjhlilad
vgij tiuglf czJ. y neuf
afjij fK bfhzJ J bfhtJ
fodkhf UF. FpLfsh mikj fj
nfhitfSF kW mt tiuglfSF
ilnas bjhlig fW bfhtJ afj
totikfis J bfhs ttif brwJ.

fU bfhLs, fhz ntoa
fj dhF sfkF tif XusF
Jakhd tiuglij tiu gHfij khztf
VgL bfhs ntL. xU fzF toa
sf bgwkLkyhJ afj it frahf
csjh vd nrhjid brJ ghf, ftdJl
tiuagl tiuglf cj. tiuglf _y
bgwgL f midJ njhuhakhd kf
vgij idbfhs ntL. vj msF
Jakhf tiuglfis tiunwhnkh, mnj msF
bgwgL kfS Jakhf mik.

10.2 Ugo nfhitf tiuglf

(Quadratic Graphs)

tiuaiw

f : A " B xU rh vf. F A kW B vgd
bkbaf fz R - cfzfshF. midJ
tir nrhof fzkhd "^ x, yh ; x ! A, y = f (x) ,
vgJ f - tiugl vd miHfgL.

x- mikj xU gYWnfhitia tiugl to

Fl aY.
y = f (x) = ax + b, a ! 0 vw xUgo
gYWnfhit tiugl vgJ rh 'a' cila
xU nenfhlhF (oblique line) .
2

y = f (x) = ax + bx + c, a ! 0 vD Ugo gYW

nfhit tiugl vgJ nenfhl w bjhlahd
xU tistiu MF. jid gutisa (Parabola) vW
TWt.
278

tU tiuglf btntwhd gYWnfhitfis fhLwd.

y

y = (x + 1) (x - 2) ,

y = (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 2),

Ugo gYWnfhit

Kgo gYWnfhit

9-M tF xUgo gYWnfhit

tiuglfis tiua eh fWnsh. nghJ

y = 1 (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 3) (x - 0.5)
14
ehgo gYWnfhit

y = ax + b, a ! 0, - nenfhL
2
y = ax + bx + c , F a , b

kW c Mad bk khf kW a ! 0 , vw Ugo gYWnfhit

tiuglij vthW tiutJ vgij kW mj gf vjifad vgij
maUnwh.
2

y = ax + bx + c - tiugl

y = ax + bx + c vgij fUJf. tfgLJj Kiwia gagL

gYwnfhitia tUkhW vGjyh.

b 2 1
b2 4ac m .
` x + 2a j = a c y + 4a

2
Mfnt, 1 c y + b - 4ac m $ 0 .
a
4a

2
tistiu (gutisa) c V c- b , 4ac - b m MF.
2a
4a

(xU nfhit tf vnghJnk if)

2
a > 0 v, tistiu nkneh w cilaJ. y = 4ac - b vw
4a
nenfho J kW mjF nkny tistiu mik. nkY tistiuahdJ

x = - b vw nenfhil bghWJ rkuhf UF.

2a
2
a < 0 v, tistiu neh w cilaJ. y = 4ac - b vw nfho
4a
b
J mjF G tistiu mik. nkY x = vw nenfhil bghUJ
2a
rkuhf UF.

Ugo gYWnfhitfSF y vLJfhLfS mt tiuglf
jik nHs mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
10. tiuglf 279

tir
v

gYWnfhit
2
( y = ax + bx + c )

y = 2 x2
a = 2, b = 0, c = 0

y = 3 x2
a = 3, b = 0, c = 0

y = x - 2x - 3
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
2

a-
F

(0, 0)

(i) nkneh w cilaJ.

(ii) y = 0 vw nenfho J
if
mjF nkny mik
(iii) y-mF, mjhtJ x= 0- F
rkuhf tistiumik.

(0, 0)

(i) neh w cilaJ.

(ii) y = 0 vw ne nfho J kW
mjF nH mik.
Fiw
(iii) y-mF, mjhtJ x = 0-F
rkuhf tistiu mik.

(1, 4)

(i) nkneh w cilaJ

(ii) y = 4 vw nenfho J
if
mjF nkny mik.
(iii) x = 1-F rkuhf mik.

tistiu
jik

y = ax + bx + c vw Ugo gYWnfhit tiuglij tiutjfhd

tKiwf (Procedures to draw the quadratic graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c )

(i)

y = ax2 + bx + c -I gagL

x- btntW kfis mjFa y-

kfis mltiz gLJf.

(ii)

bghUjkhd mslij njbjLf.

x-m mslK y-m mslK xnu msthf Uf

ntoaiy. tiuantoa tiugl Koj msF bga ms
UFkhW ms l njbjLfgl ntL. tiugl ms vj
msF bgajhf Uwnjh, mjnfg bgwgL KofS Jakhf
mik
2

(iii) tiugljh fis Ff. y = ax + bx + c - tiugl

nenfhL JLf iy vgjh, mtiw xU nenfhlw iHthd
tistiuah (Smooth Curve) izf.

vLJfhL 10.1

y = 2x -F tiugl tiuf.

280 10M tF fzF

x -F 3-UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF Vw
y- kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.
x
x

-2

-1

18

18

y = 2x

-3
2

(- 3, 18), ( 2, 8), (1, 2), (0, 0), (1, 2), (2,8)

y
msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF

kW (3, 18) Ma fis tiugljh

ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

Ff. mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd

tistiuah (smooth curve) izf. tis
2

y=

2x 2

tiuahdJ y = 2x - tiuglkhF.
Fiu

(i) j tistiuahdJ y-mir bghUJ

rkuhf

UF.

lgf

mjhtJ,

mikJs

y -m

tiugl

gFahdJ y-m tygf cs

xl

(1, 2)

gF fzho gkhF.
yl

(ii) y- kf Fiw vfshf iy. vdnt,

tiugl x -mRF mikahJ.

gl 10.1

vLJfhL 10.2

y =- 3x tiugl tiuf.

x - F 3 UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF Vw
y kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.
x
x

y =- 3x

27

12

12

27
10. tiuglf 281

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 3 myFf

xl

x
(1,3)

y = - 3x 2

(1,3)

yl
gl 10.2

(3, 27), (2, 12), (1, 3), (0, 0), (1,3), (2, 12) kW (3, 27) Ma fis
tiugljh Ff.

mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)
2
izf. thW bgwgL tistiu y =- 3x tiuglkhF. tiugl
gutisa (parabola) vdgL.
Fiu
2

(i) y- kf midJnk ifaw kfshf csjh y =- 3x

tiugl x-mRF nk mikahJ.
(ii) tiugl y-mir bghWJ rkuhdJ.

10.2.1 ax + bx + c = 0 vw Ugo rkghil tiugl _y j.

2

(To solve the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 graphically)

Kj Ugo gYWnfhit y = ax2 + bx + c- tiuglij tiuf.
tistiuahdJ x-mid btodh, tistiu kW x-mR Mad btL
f x-Mabjhiyf
fshF.
282 10M tF fzF

kfns,

bfhLfgl

rkgho

vLJfhL 10.3
2

tiugl _y f: x - 2x - 3 = 0

= x2 - 2x - 3 - tiuglij tiunth.

Kj y

x -F 3 UJ 4 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mjFa y-

kfis fL flthW mltizgLJf.
3

x2

16

- 2x

12

(3, 12), (2, 5), (1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 0), (4, 5) Ma f i s

tiugl jh Ff. fis

nenfhlw

iHthd

tistiuah

(smooth curve) izf.

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

tistiu x mir (1, 0) kW

(3, 0) Ma f btLwJ.
f x Ma bjhiyf

1 kW 3.
Mfnt, fz {1, 3}.

Fiu

(ii) y- kf if kW
Fiw vfshf Ugjh
tistiuahdJ x-mRF
nkY G mik.

= x2
-2
x3

(i) x-m, vnghJ y =0 MF.

xl

(iii) x = 1 vw nfhil bghUJ

tiugl rkuhdJ.
y- mir bghUJ
rkuhdJ my.

yl
gl 10.3

10. tiuglf 283

vLJfhL 10.4
2

tiugl _y f: 2x + x - 6 = 0

Kj, x -F 3-UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF
2
Vw y = 2x + x - 6 kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.

2x

18

18

x
6

15

(3, 9), (2, 0), (1, 5), (0, 6), (1, 3), (2, 4) kW (3, 15) Ma fis

tiugl jh Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah

2

(smooth curve) izf. thW bgwgl tistiu y = 2x + x - 6 vw

gYWnfhit tiuglkhF.
y
msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

tistiu x- mir (2 , 0) kW

(1.5, 0) Ma f btLwJ.
f x Ma bjhiyf

2 kW 1.5 MF.
+x-6

Mfnt, fz {2 , 1.5 }.

y = 2x 2

Fiu
2

2x + x - 6 = 0 -I tiugl
_y f tU Kiwia
gwyh.
(i) y = 2x - tiugl tiuf.
2

xl

(ii) y = 6 - x - tiugl tiuf.

(iii) U tiuglf btL
f x Mabjhiyf
2
kfns
2x + x - 6 = 0 -
fshF.

yl
gl 10.4

284 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 10.5
2
2

y = 2x - tiuglij tiuJ mUJ 2x + x - 6 = 0 vw rkghil
f.

2
2

Kj y = 2x - tiuglij tiunth. y = 2x F tU mltizia
mikf.
x
3
2
1
0
1
2
3

x2

y = 2x 2

18

18
y

(3, 18), (2, 8), (1,2), (0, 0), (1, 2),

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

(2, 8) kW (3, 18) Ma fis

tiugljh Ff.

nenfhlw

fis

iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)

izf.
2

y=2

x2

2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yfis
2
2
fhz y = 2x kW 2x + x - 6 = 0
Ma rkghLfis f.
2

nghJ, 2x + x - 6 = 0 .
2

y = 2x . Mfnt y + x 6 = 0

y=x+6
2

vdnt, 2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yf
2
y = 2x kW y = x + 6 Mad

y=

bto bfhS f x-
MabjhiyfshF.

xl

nghJ, y = - x + 6 vw
nenfhoFa mltizia
mikngh.

+6

yl

y = -x + 6

gl 10.5

nknys fis tiugljh FJ mtiw xU nenfhlh

izf.

nenfhL kW gutisa Madt btL f (2, 8)
kW (1.5, 4.5) MF. f x-Mabjhiyf 2 kW 1.5 MF.
2

vdnt, rkghL 2x + x - 6 = 0- fz { 2 , 1.5} MF.
10. tiuglf 285

vLJfhL 10.6
2

y = x + 3x + 2 - tiugl tiuf. mij gagL x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 vw
rkghil f.

Kj, y = x + 3x + 2 -fhdmltizia tUkhW jahbrnth.

16

12
2
6

9
2
2

6
2
0

3
2
0

0
2
2

3
2
6

6
2
12

9
2
20

x
3x
2
y

(4, 6), (3, 2), (2, 0), (1, 0),

(0, 2), (1, 6), (2, 12) kW (3, 20)
Ma fis tiugljh
Ff.
fis
ne
nfhlw iHthd tistiuah
(smooth curve) izf. ilf
bgw tistiuahdJ,

y = x2

+ 3x

+2

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

y = x + 3x + 2 - tiuglkhF.
2

nghJ, x + 2x + 4 = 0
2

( x + 3x + 2 x +2 = 0
2

( y = x - 2

a y = x + 3x + 2

vdnt, x + 2x + 4 =0 - _yf,
2
y = x - 2 kW y = x + 3x + 2
Mad
bto
bfhS
fsh ilf bgWwd.

xl

nghJ nenfhL y = x - 2 -
tiuglij tiunth.
jF y = x - 2 -fhd mltizia
tUkhW mikngh.

y = x-2

y=

2
yl
gl 10.6
2

Mdh, nenfhL y = x - 2 MdJ tistiu y = x + 3x + 2 -I btliy.

vdnt , x + 2x + 4 =0-F bk_yf VJ iy.

286 10M tF fzF

g 10.1
1.

tU rhf tiugl tiuf.

2.

tiugl _y tU rkghLfis f.

(i) x - 4 = 0
2
(ii) x - 3x - 10 = 0
(iii) ^ x - 5h^ x - 1h = 0
(iv) ^2x + 1h^ x - 3h = 0

3.

y = x - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL

rkghil f.

4.

y = x + 2x - 3 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - x - 6 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

5.

y = 2x + x - 6 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL 2x + x - 10 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

6.

y = x - x - 8 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - 2x - 15 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

7.

y = x + x - 12 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x + 2x + 2 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

(i) y = 3x
2
(ii) y =- 4x
(iii) y = ^ x + 2h^ x + 4h
2
(iv) y = 2x - x + 3
2

x - 4x - 5 = 0

vw

10.3 y wtif tiuglf (Some Special Graphs)

ghlgF gYWnfhit khfSilna cs bjhl

(i) ne khWghL (Direct variation) kW

(ii) v khWghL (Indirect variation) v w t h W m i k n g h J , g Y W
nfhit tiuglij vthW tiutJ vd mJ bfhnth.

y MdJ x-F nej U, VnjD xU if v k-F y = kx vd
eh bgWnwh. j iy khf xWbfhW ne khWgho (Direct variation)
Ugjhf fUjgL. nkY mj tiugl xU nenfhlhF (Straight line)
y-MdJ x-F jiy jU, VnjD xU if k-F y = k vd
x
eh bgWnwh. F khf xWbfhW v khWghoUgjh (Indirect

variation) mj tiugl xU uhd nenfhlw tistiuthf mik. J brtf

mgutisa (Rectangular Hyperbola) vd magL. (brtf mgutisa

rkghL, xy = k, k > 0 vwthW UF).
10. tiuglf 287

vLJfhL 10.7

fhQ mltizF jFj tiugl tiuJ khf khWghL

jikia fh. mkhWgho khia (constant of proportionality) fhf.

x
y

2
8

3
12

5
20

8
32

10
40

nkY x = 4 v y- kig fhf.

bfhLfgLs mltiz x - k mfF nghJ y - k
y
nej mfwJ.
msl

Mfnt, khWghL xU nekhWghL

xmR 1br. = 1 myF

(Direct variation) MF.

ymR 1br. = 5 myFf

vdnt, y \ x vd vGjyh.

mjhtJ, y = kx, k > 0 xU kh MF.

y=

4x

y
= k k vgJ jrk kh.
x
k = 8 = 12 = g = 40 . = 4
2
3
10

` k = 4.

nghJ, y = 4x vw cw xU

nenfhil mikF.

gl 10.7

(2, 8), (3, 12), (5, 20), (8, 32) kW (10, 40) Ma fis tiugl jh
Ff. fis xU nenfhlh izf. thW bgwgl nenfhL
y = 4x- tiuglkhF.

nkY, x = 4 v, y = 16 vd tiugl y = 4x - thyhf mayh.

vLJfhL 10.8
xU to XLgt A vw lUJ B vw lF xU uhd

ntf xnu t btntW ehf gaz brwh. mt gaz brj ntf,
muid flf vLJ bfhl neu Madtiw ga tuf
(ntf-fhy) tU mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
ntf (.. / k)
x
neu (k)
y
288 10M tF fzF

10

12

60

30

20

12

10

ntf - fhy tiugl tiuJ mUJ

(i)

mt kF 5 . ntf brwh uij flf MF gaz neu

(ii)

Madtiw fhf.

mt Fl uij 40 kneu flf vj ntf gaf

ntL
y

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 10 myFf

mltizUJ x-

mfkhFnghJ

y-

vd mnwh. j tifahd

neu

k vj FiwwJ
khWghL v khWghL MF.
vdnt xy = k MF.

F xy = 120

Mfnt, y = 120
x

xy = 12

ntf

gl 10.8

(2 , 60), (4 , 30), (6 , 20), (10 , 12) kW (12, 10) Ma fis tiugljh

Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah izf.

tiuglUJ ,

(i) kF 5 . ntf brwh gaz neu 24 k MF.

(ii) Fl uij 40 k neu flf, mtUila ntf 3 . / k MF.
vLJfhL 10.9

xU t, _jFokf it bjhifF 10% jto jUwJ. it

bjhifF mjF X MLF ilF toF ilnaahd bjhlid

fhl xU tiugl tiuf. mj _y,

(i) ` 650 it bjhifF ilF to kW

(ii) ` 45 toahf ilf t brYjgl ntoa it bjhif

Madtiw fhf.
10. tiuglf 289

eh tU mltizia jahngh
it bjhif
`x

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

jto ` y

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

nkfl

mltizUJ,

msl
x mR 1br. = ` 100
y mR 1br.= ` 10

vjhf y = 1 x vd mayh. nkY

10
1
y=
x - tiugl xU nenfhL MF.
10
vdnt mltiz bfhLfgl
to

UJ tiugl tiuayh.

x
0
1
y=
1

j tiugl UJ

(i)
(ii)

`650 it bjhifF ca to
bjhif `65 vd,

` 45 toahf ilf njitahd

it bjhif ` 450 vd
mayh.

it bjhif

gl 10.9

g 10.2
1.

xU ngUJ kF 40.. ntf brwJ. jFa u-fhy bjhlfhd

tiugl tiuf. ij gagL 3 kneu ngUJ gaj
uij fLo.

2.

thfgl nehL jff vif kW mjfhd iy tu

tU mltiz jugLsJ.
nehLjff
vif
x

10

12

iy
`y

30

60

90

120

150

180

jfhd tiugl tiuJ mj _y

(i) VG nehL jff iyia fhf.

(ii) ` 165-F thfgL nehL jff vifia fhf.

290 10M tF fzF

3.

10

14

16

nkfl mltiz cs tuF tiugl tiuJ, mj _y

4.

xU l gh iy ` 15 vf. gh msF iyF cs

(i) x = 4 v y- kig fhf.

(ii) y = 12 v x- kig fhf.
bjhlid fhL tiugl tiuf. mjid gagL,

(i) jrk khia fhf.

(ii) 3 l gh iyia fhf.
xy = 20, x , y > 0 vgj tiugl tiuf. mjid gagL x = 5 v, y -
kig, y = 10 v, x - kig fhf.

5.
6.

ntiyahf
vif
x
ehf
vif
y

16

96

72

48

36

32

18

mltiz bfhLfgLs tufhd tiugl tiuf. mj _y

12 ntiyahf mntiyia KGtJkhf brJ Kof MF ehf

vifia fhf.

Fljf nknfhf
1.

fj dhit vG Mwiy, mdhF fhgijl

cathf fUjglntL.

2.

- #h{ nfl. (Georg Cantor)

fj f ah khw Koahjit kW kWgjF

mghglitfshF. Mdh kw maYs f midJ
XusF thjF cglitf vgnjhL, a fLofsh
mitf khwglToa thf csd vgjhjh, fjayhdJ
kw mafisl kfjhd KaJt thjjhf fwJ.
- Mg IO (Albert Einstein)

10. tiuglf 291

11

a
It is easy to lie with statistics. It is hard to tell the truth without it
-Andrejs Dunkels

mKf
guj msitf

yftf ruhr

l yf

khWghL bfG

fh ar
(Karl Pearson)

(1857-1936)

yhJ
fh ar vD
My a tYe
ed a Jiwia
Watf
Kndho
Mth. t a fj
Jiwia Wdh. aa
fUJnfhshd
Uw
vw fUij a
mKfgLdh. ma
yfz (Grammar of science)
vw mtUila gy
Ka fUJf IO
kW w ma tYef
fhya ma bfhif
f mfkhf mikjd.

11.1 mKf

uhl (Croxton) kW bfsl (Cowden)
Mnah TWF zf, a (Statistics) vgJ
tufis nrfj, mj, M brj,
v tufUJ fUJfis gy tiff
jUj vd tiuaWfgLwJ. R.A. (R.A. Fisher)
vgt a vD maiy fj xU
vd, mJ Tjh tufSF braghL
fj vd nghWwh.

nAhnu br (Horace Secrist) vgt
aiy tUkhW tiuaiw brwh. a
vgJ gntW fhuzfdh Fl ms ghf
gLgitf tuf nrifahF. tuf
vfsh FfgL, tirgLjgL myJ
Vila ms Jakhf mslgL, Kghfnt
khfgl nehffhf mitfis Kiwahf
nrfgJ
mitfSilnas
bjhlfis
btgLJtJ ayhF.

J.F. ghu (J.F. Baron) vgt Statistics (a)
vD brhiy jDila Elements of Universal
Erudiation vD KjKiwahf gagLdh.
ed fhy a vgJ btW tuf
nrf kW mtufis glsffY.
mltizfY mgJ kL my. Tjh
brj tuf UJ mDkhj kW rakw
NH KG uidF Ko nkbfhs nghw
ma fUJf iwj thf J fUjgLwJ.

eh Vfdnt ikanghF msitfshd, TL
ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL Mad g
fWnsh. mit ekF gut ika gF cs
tuf mlia ga xU fUij jUwd.

ika nghfsitf ga mjfdh
tuf gutiy ga KG fUJfis bjJ
bfhs ayhJ. vLJfhlhf (i) 82, 74, 89, 95
kW (ii) 120, 62, 28, 130 Ma uL btntW
292

bjhlfSF xnu TL ruhr 85 MF. Kj bjhl cs vf, ruhr

85-F beUfkhf csd. Mdh, ulhtJ bjhl cs vf, ruhr 85-UJ
gutyhf usJ. vdnt ikanghF msitf, tufis ga jtwhd
KofSF t tFfyh. TL ruhria xo, tuf vthW gusd
vgij ma cj tif tufSfhd xU msL njitgLwJ.

11.2 guj msitf (Measures of dispersion)

gut (distribution) tuf vj msF guUwJ vgij
guj msitf sFwJ. R (Range R), fhkhd yf (Quartile Deviation
Q.D), ruhr yf (Mean Deviation M.D), l yf (Standard Deviation S.D) Mad
guj msitfshF. F, eh ytiw sfkhf ffyh.

11.2.1 mR (Range)

R vgJ guj msitf vjhd xU msit MF. xU v bjhF
cs vf f caj kW f Fiwj kfSilna cs ahr R
MF.
` R = bgU k - W k = L- S.
v bjhF R bfG = L - S .
nkY,
L+S
vLJfhL 11.1

43, 24, 38, 56, 22, 39, 45 Ma tuf R kW RbfG fhf.

tufis VWtir 22, 24, 38, 39, 43, 45, 56 vd mikf.

bgU k L = 56 kW W k S = 22.

vdnt,
R = L- S

= 56- 22 = 34
Mfnt, R bfG = L - S

L+S
= 56 - 22 = 34 = 0.436
56 + 22
78
vLJfhL 11.2

xU tFYs 13 khztf vil (.) tUkhW.

42.5, 47.5, 48.6, 50.5, 49, 46.2, 49.8, 45.8, 43.2, 48, 44.7, 46.9, 42.4

t R kW R bfGit fhf.

tufis VWtir tUkhW vGjyh,

42.4, 42.5, 43.2, 44.7, 45.8, 46.2, 46.9, 47.5, 48, 48.6, 49, 49.8, 50.5

bfhLfgLs tu bgU k L= 50.5 kW W k S = 42.4

Mfnt,
R = L- S
= 50.5- 42.4 = 8.1

nkY, R bfG = L - S = 50.5 - 42.4 = 8.1

L+S
50.5 + 42.4 92.9
Mfnt, R bfG = 0.087
11. a 293

vLJfhL 11.3
xU tu bjhF bgU k 7.44 kW mj R 2.26 v,

mbjhF W kig fhf.
R = bgU k - W k
( 7.44 - W k = 2.26

W k = 7.44- 2.26 = 5.18.
`

11.2.2 l yf (Standard deviation)

guj msitfhz wj t, tuf bjhFYs xbthU
kF, mj TL ruhrF cs ahrfis tfgL, mj
tffSF ruhr fhgjhF. thW bgwgL guj msit yf tf
ruhr myJ gutgo (Variance) vdgL. yf tf ruhr if tf_y
lyf (Standard Deviation) vdgL. yf tf ruhr vbghGJ if KG
vzhf UF.

fh (Gauss) vgt gagLa ruhr iH (mean error) vw thijF
gyhf, 1894- fh ar (Karl Pearson) vgt l yf vw thijia
Kj Kj gagLdh.

tuf vj my FlgLwnjh, mnj my l yfK
FlgL. l yf tu kf ruhrUJ vts yUwJ
vgij fhL. Fiwthd ks lyf, tu kf TL ruhrF
mik gusij, caj ks lyf, tu kf mf
gusd vgij fhLwd.

x kW v vw FpLfis Kiwna guj TL ruhr (A.M) kW
l yfij (S.D) Fl gagLJnwh. tuf a
mogil mtiw VWtir myJ wF tir mikj gntW
Kiwf fhQ Nufis gagL, eh l yf v - it
fzLnth. (NufSF %gz njitiy)

tu
bjhFf
glhjit
(ungrouped)

neuo Kiw
(Direct method)

/ x2 - c / x m2
n

TL
ruhr
Kiw

/ d2
n

F,

d = x-x
bjhFf
glit
(grouped)

F :

/ fd2
/f

Cf ruhr Kiw
(Assumed mean
method)

/ d2 - c / d m2
n

F, d = x A

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

goyf Kiw
(Step deviation method)

/ d2 - c / d m2 # c
n

F, d = x - A
c

/ fd2 e / fd o2 # c
/f
/f

n cWfis (vf) bfhl bjhFF tUtd bkahF

/^ x - x h = 0 , / x = nx kW / x = nx .

294 10M tF fzF

(i)

neuo Kiw (Direct method)

cWf tff v bgwgL bghGJ Kiwia gagLjyh.

/ x2 - c / x m2

Kiw lyf fhz cj Nu , v =

vLJfhL 11.4

xU khj 8 khztf goj jff vif tUkhW.

2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 6, 12, 10. tu l yfij fzLf.

x
2
5
6
8
10
11
12
14

x2
4
25
36
64
100
121
144
196

/ x =68

/ x =690

F, n = 8

lyf, v =

/ x2 - c / x m2
n

690 - 68 2
`8 j
8

86.25 - ^8.5h2

86.25 - 72.25

= 14 - 3.74.

(ii) TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)

TL ruhr dkhf yho, mjhtJ KG vzhf UFnghJ
Kiwia gagLjyh.
Kiw l yf fhz cj Nu,

/^ x - x h

v=

myJ v =

/ d2 .

F d = x - x .

vLJfhL 11.5

xU tFF eljgl bghJ mnj bkhj kbgf 40-F,
6 khztf bgw kbgf 20, 14, 16, 30, 21 kW 25. tu l
yf fhf.
/ x = 20 + 14 + 16 + 30 + 21 + 25
nghJ, TLruhr A. M. =
n
6

(
x = 126 = 21.
6
flthW mltizia mikf.

x

d= x-x

d2

14
16
20
21
25
30

-7
-5
-1
0
4
9

49
25
1
0
16
81

/ x = 126

/d = 0

Mfnt, v =

/ d2
n

172
6

28.67

vdnt, v - 5. 36.

/ d2 = 172
11. a 295

(iii) Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)

bfhLfgl tu TLruhr KG vzhf iyba, Cf

ruhr Kiw lyf fhzyh. TLkhd tiu xA vgJ f a KG
vfshf mikkhW bghUjkhd v A-id bj brnwh. thW bj
bragL v A-I Cf ruhr vngh. J TL ruhrF f beUfkhf mik.
jnghJ, d = x - A -it gagL yffis fhngh.

Mfnt,

l yf v =

/ d2 - c / d m2 .
n

F :
Cf ruhr Kiw goyf Kiw, l yf fhQ neuo Kiw
vikahfgl khW Kiwf MF.
vLJfhL 11.6

62, 58, 53, 50, 63, 52, 55 Ma vfSF l yf fhf.

Cf ruhr A=55 vd vLJ bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.

x
50
52
53
55
58
62
63

d=xA
= x 55

-5
-3
-2
0
3
7
8

25
9
4
0
9
49
64

/d = 8

/d m

v =

160 - 8 2
`7j
7

160 - 64
7
49

1056
49

-c

= 32.49
7

2
d =160

(iv)

/d

l yf v - 4.64

go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)

tu vf f bgadthf kW xU bghJ fhuia bfhL

U, l yf fhz, go yf Kiwia gagLJnwh. Cf ruhr A- I
Kj njbjLJ, wF d = x - A I fzL yfij fhnwh. F c
c
vgJ xA- kfSF xU bghJ fhuia FF.

Kiw l yf fhz gagLJ Nu v =

/ d2 - c / d m2 # c.
n

vLJfhL 11.7

10 khztf fj nj bgw kbgf tUkhW,

80, 70, 40, 50, 90, 60, 100, 60, 30, 80. kfSF l yf fhf.
296 10M tF fzF

 bfhLfgl tuf bghJ fhu c = 10 MF. Cf ruhr A = 70

vd vLJ bfhf. F tu kf vif, n = 10.

nkY, c = 10, d = x - A vd bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.

10

x
30
40
50
60
60
70
80
80
90
100

d = x - 70
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
0
1
1
2
3

/d = -4
v =

/ d2 - c / d m2
n

16
9
4
1
1
0
1
1
4
9

/ d2 = 46

#c

46 - - 4 2 # 10
10 ` 10 j

46 - 16 # 10 =
10 100

460 - 16 # 10 =
100

444 = 2 111

` l yf, v - 21.07.

nkny FLs ehF Kiwfshd neuoKiw, TL ruhr Kiw, Cf ruhr

Kiw, go yf Kiw Mat VnjD xiw gagL, tuf bjhFF
l yfij v fhzKo.

xnu tu bjhFF btntW Kiwf l yf kf
fhzglhY mitf vghjthW btntwhf UfhJ. Mfnt, v kid
fhz khztf bfhLfgl tufis bghUJ, bghUjkhd VnjD xU
Kiwia gwyh.
Kof

(i) xU guj xbthU klD xnu viz Todhnyh myJ
fjhnyh mj l yf khwhk UF.

(ii) tu xbthU kig k, vw akw khah

bgUdhnyh myJ tFjhnyh ilF a kfSfhd
lyf mj Kj l yfij Kiwna, k M bgUf myJ
tFf ilF vzhf UF.
11. a 297

vLJfhL 11.8

3, 5, 6, 7 Ma tuF l yf fhf. xbthU klD 4
I Tl ilF a kfSfhd l yfij fhf.
xbthU klD 4 I Tl, x = 7, 9,
bfhLfgl tu
10, 11 Ma a kfis bgWnwh.


x = 3, 5, 6, 7
F, A = 6 vf.

F, A = 10 vf.
2
2
x
d = x 10
x
d=x6
d
d
3
5
6
7

-3
-1
0
1

/d = -3
lyf, v =

7
9
10
11

9
1
0
1

/ d2 = 11
/ d2 - c / d m2
n

9
1
0
1

-3
-1
0
1

/ d = - 3 / d2 = 11
l yf,

v1 =

/ d2 - c / d m2
n

11 - - 3

= 11 - ` - 3 j
4 ` 4j
4
4

v = 11 - 9 = 35

v1 = 11 - 9 = 35
4
16
4
4
4
16

nkny cs vLJfho xbthU klD 4I Tl, ilF a l
yf khwhk UwJ.

vLJfhL 11.9

40, 42, 48 vD tuF l yf fhf. xbthU k
3 M bgUfgLnghJ ilF a kfSfhd l yf fhf.
xbthU kig 3M bgUf
bfhLfgLs tuf
ilF
a kf 120,126,144.
40, 42, 48- l yfij fhngh.
Cf ruhr A = 132 vf.

Cf ruhr A = 44 vf.
a tu l yf v1 vf.
2
x
d = x 44
d
2
x
d = x 132
d
16
40
-4
144
120
- 12
4
42
-2
36
126
6
16
48
4
144
144
12
2
/d = -2
d = 36
2
d =324
/d = -6

2
2
2
d
d
2
d
d
c
m
l yf, v =

c
m
=
l
yf,

v
n
n
1
n
n
2
2
= 36 - ` - 2 j
= 324 - ` - 6 j
3
3
3
3
104

v =

v1 = 312 = 104
3
3

298 10M tF fzF


nkny cs vLJfho, xbthU kig 3-M bgUF nghJ, ilF
tu a l yf, Kj l yfij 3 M bgUf ilF
vzhf UwJ.
vLJfhL 11.10

Kj n a vf l yf v =

n - 1 vd %f.
12

Kj n a vf 1,2,3, g , n.

t TL ruhr, x = Rx = 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n
n
n
n^ n + 1h n + 1


=
=
.
2n
2

Kj n a vf tff TLj,

/ x2 = n^n + 1h6^2n + 1h .

l yf, v =

=
=

/ x2 - c / x m2

n
n
2
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h
-` n + 1j
6n
2
2
^n + 1h^2n + 1h
-` n + 1 j
6
2

n 1 ; ^2n + 1h - ^n + 1h E
` +
2 j
3
2

n 1 ; 2^2n + 1h - 3^n + 1h E
` +
2 j
6

n 1 4n + 2 - 3n - 3
` +
j
2 j`
6

n 1 n-1
=
` +
2 j` 6 j

n -1
12

n -1 .
12

Kj n a vf l yf, v =
Fiu:

tU Kofis mJ bfhf.
bghJ ahr d bfhl xU TL bjhl tir vj xU bjhlahd
2

n - 1 . vdnt,
12
2
n -1 , i d N
(i) i, i + 1, i + 2, g, i + n - l yf v =
12
n cWf l yf, v = d

(ii) bjhlahd n uilgil KGf l yf v = 2

(iii) bjhlahd n xiwgil KGf l yf v = 2

n -1,n d N
12
2

n -1,n d N
12
11. a 299

vLJfhL 11.11

Kj 10 a vf l yf fhf.
2

n -1
12
Mfnt, Kj 10 a vf l yf

Kj n a vf l yf =

10 - 1 = 100 - 1 - 2.87.
12
12
bjhFfgl tuf l yf
(Standard Deviation of grouped data)

(i)

TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)

jj tuf xbthU kid, mj TL ruhrUJ
yff vLJ, l yf fhz gagL Nu

/ fd2
/f

v=

MF. F, d = x - x .

vLJfhL 11.12

xU fj dho dh ngho 48 khztf bgw kbgf tU
mltiz jugLsd.
6
7
8
9
3
6
9
13
tufhd l yfij fzLf.
kbgf x
fbtf f

10
8

11
5

12
4

bfhLfgLs tufSF fl mltizia mikf.

fx

d=x x
=x9

fd

fd

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

3
6
9
13
8
5
4

18
42
72
117
80
55
48

-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

-9
- 12
-9
0
8
10
12

27
24
9
0
8
20
36

/d = 0

/ fd = 0

/ f =48 / fx =432
/ fx
TL ruhr,
xr =
/f
l yf,

v=

300 10M tF fzF

= 432 = 9.
48

/ fd2
/f
124
48

2.58 - 1.61

/ fd

= 124

(ii)

Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)

Cf ruhrUJ tu kf yffis fzL bghGJ,
l yf fhz gagL Nu,
2

Rfd
Rfd
m . F d = x - A.
-c
Rf
Rf

v=
vLJfhL 11.13

tU tufhd l yf fhf.

x
f

70
1

74
3

78
5

82
7

86
8

90
12

Cf ruhr A = 82 vf.
x

d = x 82

fd

70
74
78
82
86
90

1
3
5
7
8
12

- 12
-8
-4
0
4
8

- 12
- 24
- 20
0
32
96

/f

/ fd =72 / fd2

=36

1312 - 72 2
` 36 j
36

328 - 22
9

328 - 36
9

292 =
9

=1312

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

l yf v =

fd
144
192
80
0
128
768

32.44

v - 5.7 .

vLJfhL 11.14

tU gut yf tf ruhria fhf.

ilbt
fbtf

3.5-4.5

4.5-5.5

5.5-6.5

6.5-7.5

7.5-8.5

14

22

11

17
11. a 301

 Cf ruhr A = 6 vf.

ilbt

3.5-4.5
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
7.5-8.5

x
ika
k
4
5
6
7
8

d=x-6

fd

fd

9
14
22
11
17

-2
-1
0
1
2

- 18
- 14
0
11
34

36
14
0
11
68

/f
2

yf tf ruhr, v =

/ fd = 13 / fd2 = 129

= 73

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

2
= 129 - ` 13 j = 129 - 169
73
73
73
5329
= 9417 - 169 = 9248
5329
5329
2

Mfnt, yf tf ruhr v - 1.74.

(iii) go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)

vLJfhL 11.15

cyf fhgJ nghof 71 Kd uf moj nfhf
vif tuf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. tu
l yf fhf.
ilbt
fbtf

0-10
8

10-20
12

20-30
17

30-40
14

40-50
9

50-60
7

60-70
4

A = 35 vf.

ehfhtJ u bfhLfgLs xA- kf bghJfhu c = 10.

ilbt

0- 10
10- 20
20- 30
30- 40
40- 50
50- 60
60- 70

x
ika
k
5
15
25
35
45
55
65

f
8
12
17
14
9
7
4

/f
302 10M tF fzF

= 71

xA

d = x-A
c

fd

fd

30
20
10
0
10
20
30

-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

- 24
- 24
- 17
0
9
14
12

72
48
17
0
9
28
36

/ fd = - 30 / fd2 = 210

/ fd2 - e / fd o2 # c
/f
/f

l yf, v =

210 - - 30 2 # 10
` 71 j
71
210 - 900 # 10
71
5041

14910 - 900 # 10
5041

= 14010 # 10 = 2.7792 # 10
5041

l yf, v - 16.67.

vLJfhL 11.16

40 f JLf sf (br.-F Ujkhf) nH bfhLfgLsd.
tufhd yf tf ruhria fzLf.
s (br.)

1-10

11-20

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

61-70

12

f JLf
vif

Cf ruhr A = 35.5 vf.

s

1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70

ika k JLf
x
vif
(f)
5.5
2
15.5
3
25.5
8
35.5
12
45.5
9
55.5
5
65.5
1

/ f = 40
2

yf tf ruhr, v

d= xA

fd

- 30
- 20
- 10

- 60
- 60
- 80

0
10
20
30

0
90
100
30

fd

1800
1200
800
0
900
2000
900

/ fd = 20 / fd2 = 7600

2
2
2
fd
fd
/
/
=
o = 7600 - ` 20 j
-e
40
40
/f
/f

= 190 - 1 = 760 - 1 = 759

4
4
4
2


`
v = 189.75.
11.2.3 khWghL bfG (Coefficient of Variation)

khWghL bfG fhQkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100 . F v , x vgitf Kiwna bfhLfgLs
x
tuf l yf kW TL ruhr MF. khWghL bfGit
rh l yf (relative standard deviation) vd miHfgLwJ.

11. a 303

Fiu:
(i) uL myJ mjF nkgl tu bjhFf ik jikia
myJ iy jikia (consistency) xl, khWghL bfG gagLwJ.

(ii) xU tu khWghL bfG mfkhf Ujh, mj tu

Fiwj ik jik myJ Fiwj iy jik bfhLsJ.
(iii) khWghL bfG Fiwthf Ujh, mj tu mf ik jik
myJ mf iy jik bfhLsJ.
vLJfhL 11.17

18, 20, 15, 12, 25 vw tufSF khWghL bfGit fhf.

bfhLfgLs tuf TL ruhria fzLnth.

TL ruhr x = 12 + 15 + 18 + 20 + 25
5
90
= 18.

=
5
2
x
d = x - 18
d
-6
-3
0
2
7

36
9
0
4
49

/d = 0

/ d2 = 98

12
15
18
20
25

v =

/ d2
n

98
5

= 19.6 - 4.427.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100
xr

= 4.427 # 100 = 442.7 .

18
18
khWghL bfG C.V = 24.6

vLJfhL 11.18

5 bf isahL nghof uL kil uf vLj Xlf (runs)
tUkhW. mtf Xlf vLg ah mf ik jik cilat?
kil u A

38

47

34

18

33

kil u B

37

35

41

27

35

304 10M tF fzF


kil u A

kil u B

d = x - xr

18
33
34
38
47

- 16
-1
0
4
13
0

170

d = x - xr

27
35
35
37
41

442

175

-8
0
0
2
6
0

x = 170 = 34
5

d
256
1
0
16
169

v =

/ d2

v =

104

x = 175 = 35
5

/ d2

d
64
0
0
4
36

442 = 88.4
5
- 9.4
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
xr
= 9.4 # 100
34
= 940
34
= 27.65

` kil u A vLj XlfSfhd

= 27.65
(1)
khWghL bfG

` kil u B vLj XlfSfhd

(2)
khWghL bfG = 13.14

104 = 20.8
5

- 4.6
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
xr
= 4.6 # 100
35
= 460 = 92 = 13.14
35
7

(1) kW (2) UJ B- khWghL bfG, A- khWghLbfGit
lFiw. vdnt, B vw kil u, A vw kil uiu l Xlf vLg
mf ik jikia bfhLsh.
vLJfhL 11.19
xU tu 30 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 18

kW 3 MF. mt TL bjhifia, nkY mt tff TL
bjhifia fhf.

30 kf TL ruhr,

x = 18

vdnt, 30 kf TL bjhif, / x = 30 # 18 = 540

l yf,

v = 3

(x =

/x
n

2
2
x
x
/
/
m
v =
-c
2

11. a 305

/ x2

- 18 = 9

/ x2

- 324 = 9

30

30

/ x2 - 9720 = 270 ( / x2 = 9990

/ x = 540 kW / x2 = 9990.

vLJfhL 11.20
xU tu, 20 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 40

kW 15 vd fzlgld. mitfis rghFnghJ 43 vw k jtWjyhf 53
vd vGjglJ bja tjJ. mtu rahd TL ruhr kW rahd l
yf Matiw fhf.
rahd TL ruhria Kj fhngh
/ x = 40 (bfhLfgLsJ)
20 tuf ruhr, x =
n
x
/

= 40
(
20

(
/ x = 20 # 40 = 800

Ujgl / x = / x + rahd k jtwhd k

Ujgl / x = 800 + 43- 53 = 790.

Ujgl ruhr = 790 = 39.5

(1)
20
2
2
x
x
2
c
m
yf tf ruhr, v =
= 225
(bfhLfgLsJ)
n
n
2
x
2
(
- 40 = 225
20
2

(
x - 32000 = 225 # 20 = 4500.

/ x2 = 32000 + 4500 = 36500

2
2
Ujgl / x = / x + (rahd k) (jtwhd k)
2
2
2
Ujgl / x = 36500 + 43 53 = 36500 + 1849 2809
2

= 36500 - 960 = 35540.

2
Ujgl x
2
vdnt,
Ujgl v =
(Ujgl ruhr)2

n
2
= 35540 - (39.5)
20
= 1777 1560.25 = 216.75.

Ujgl v =

216.75 - 14.72.

Ujgl ruhr = 39.5 kW Ujgl l yf - 14.72

306 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 11.21

xU tu

/x

/ x =35,

n=5,

kW /^ x - x h2 Matiw fhf.

/^ x - 9h2 = 82

v ,

/ x = 35 kW

bjhF

n = 5 vd jugLsJ.
/ x = 35 = 7 .
` x =
n
5
2
x -I fzLnth.

/^ x - 9h2 = 82

/^ x2 - 18x + 81h = 82
/ x2 - `18/ xj + `81/1j = 82
/ x2 - 630 + 405 = 82
/ x2 = 307.

/^ x - x h

-I fzl,

/^ x - 9h2 =

/ x = 35 kW /1 = 5

82

/^ x - 7 - 2h2 = 82

/6^ x - 7h - 2 @2 = 82
/^ x - 7h2 - 2/6^ x - 7h # 2 @ + / 4 = 82

/^ x - x h - 4/^ x - x h + 4/1 = 82
/^ x - x h - 4 (0) + (4 # 5) = 82
/^ x - x h = 62
/ x2 = 307 kW /^ x - x h = 62.

F x = 7. vdnt, x9 = (x7)2

/1 = 5 kW /^ x - x h = 0

vLJfhL 11.22
U tu bjhlf khWghL bfGf 58 kW 69 vf. nkY, mt

l yff Kiwna 21.2 kW 15.6 v, mt TL ruhrfis fhf.

khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100 vd mnth.

x

`
x = v # 100 .
C.V

Kj bjhl TL ruhr, x1 = v # 100 .
C.V
= 21.2 # 100 a
58
= 2120 = 36.6
58

C.V = 58 kW v = 21.2

11. a 307

ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr x2 = v # 100

C.V

= 15.6 # 100
69


= 1560
69

= 22.6.
KjyhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 36.6 ,

a C.V = 69 kW v = 15.6

ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 22.6.

g 11.1
1.

tU kfSF R kW R bfG fhf.

(i) 59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52, 35, 29.

(ii) 41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5.

2.

xU tu W k 12. mj R 59 v m tu
bgU kig fhf.

3.

50 msf fbga k 3.84 .. mj R 0.46 . v, mitf

W kig fhf.

4.

flj tu bjhFYs 20 kf l yf 5 vf.

tu xbthU kig 2 M bgUdh ilF a
tuf l yf kW yf tf ruhr fhf.

5.

Kj 13 a vf l yfij fzLf.

6.

fhQ tuf l yfij fzLf.

(i) 10, 20, 15, 8, 3, 4.

7.

fl mltiz bfhLfgLs tu l yfij

(ii) 38, 40, 34 ,31, 28, 26, 34.

fzLf.

8.

13

18

23

10

15

10

xU gYs 200 khztf xU jf ffh tha jff

vifia ga tu fhQ mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
jff vif
khztf vif

0
35

1
64

2
68

3
18

4
15

tu l yfij fzLf.

9.

tU tu yf tf ruhria fzLf.

x
f

2
4

4
4

308 10M tF fzF

6
5

8
15

10
8

12
5

14
4

16
5

10.

xU ghjrh FWF ghijia flf y (pedestrian crossing) vLJ bfhl

neu tu fl mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.

5-10
4

neu (eho)
egf vif

10-15
8

15-20
15

20-25
12

25-30
11

tuF yf tf ruhr kW l yfij fzLf.

11.

L cikahsf 45 ng mtfSila bjU gRik NH lfhf

mjd. tNfgl bjhif tu tU mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.

bjhif
0-20
20-40
40-60
60-80
80-100
(`)
L
2
7
12
19
5
cikahsf
vif
tuF yf tf ruhr kW lyfij fzLf.

12.

fhQ gut (distribution) yf tf ruhr fhf.

ilbt
fbtf

20-24
15

25-29
25

30-34
28

35-39
12

40-44
12

45-49
8

13.

xU tu bjhFYs 100 kf ruhr kW l yf Kiwna

48 kW 10 MF. midJ kf TL bjhif kW mitf
tff TL bjhif Matiw fhf.

14.

20 kf ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 10 kW 2 vd fzlgld.

rghF nghJ 12 vw kghdJ jtWjyhf 8 vW vLJbfhsglJ
bja tjJ. rahd ruhr kW rahd l yf Madtiw fhf.

15.

n = 10, x = 12 kW

16.

tU kf khWghL bfGit fzLf : 20, 18, 32, 24, 26.

17.

xU tu khWghL bfG 57 kW l yf 6.84 v, mj

TL ruhria fhf.

18.

xU FG 100 ng csd, mtf cauf TL ruhr 163.8br. kW

khWghL bfG 3.2 v, mtfSila cauf l yfij fhf.

19.

/x

= 99, n = 9 kW
Matiw fhf.

20.

xU tFYs A, B vw U khztf bgw kbgf tUkhW:

A
B

58
56

/ x2 = 1530 v, khWghL bfGit fzLf.

51
87

/^ x - 10h2
60
88

= 79 v,

65
46

/x

kW

/^ x - x h

66
43

tf ah Fj ik jikia bfhLsh?
11. a 309

g 11.2
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 , 29 vw Kj 10 gfh vf R

(A) 28

(B) 26

(C) 29

(D) 27

2.

bjhFYs tuf f a k 14.1 kW mtu R 28.4

v, bjhF f bga k

(A) 42.5

(B) 43.5

(C) 42.4

(D) 42.1

3.

bjhFYs tuf fbga k 72 kW fa k 28 v,

mbjhF R bfG

(A) 44

11 kf Rx = 132 v, mt TL ruhr

(A) 11

5.

n cWf bfhl vj xU vf bjhFF R (x - x ) =

(A) Rx

6.

n cWf bfhl vj xU vf bjhFF (Rx) - x =

(A) nx

7.

x, y, z- l yf t v, x + 5, y + 5, z + 5- l yf

(A) t
3

8.

xU tu lyf 1.6 v, mj yf tf ruhr (gutgo)

(A) 0.4

9.

xU tu yf tf ruhr 12.25 v, mj l yf

(A) 3.5

10.

Kj 11 a vf yf tf ruhr

(A)

11.

10, 10, 10, 10, 10- yf tf ruhr

(A) 10

12.

14, 18, 22, 26, 30- yf tf ruhr 32 v, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60- yf
tf ruhr

(A) 64

(B) 0.72

(B) 12

(B) x

(B) (n - 2) x

(B) t + 5

(B) 2.56

(B) 3

(B) 10

(B) 10

(B) 128

310 10M tF fzF

(C) 0.44

(C) 14

(C) nx

(C) (n - 1) x

(C) t

(C) 1.96

(C) 2.5

(C) 5 2

(C) 5

(C) 32 2

(D) 0.28

(D) 13

(D) 0

(D) 0

(D) x y z

(D) 0.04

(D) 3.25

(D) 10

(D) 0

(D) 32

13.

tuf bjhF x lyf 2 2 . mYs xbthU k

3 M bgUf ilF a tu bjhF lyf

(A) 12

14.

/ (x - x )

(A) 25

15.

y tuf TL ruhr kW lyf Kiwna 48, 12 v,

khWghLbfG

(A) 42

(B) 4 2
2

(C) 6 2

(D) 9 2

= 48, x = 20 kW n = 12 v, khWghL bfG

(B) 20

(C) 30

(B) 25

(D) 10

(C) 28

(D) 48

id bfhf
q (i) R = L- S. mjhtJ, bfhLfgl tu fbga kF
fa kF cs ahr R MF.

(ii) RbfG = L - S .
L+S
q bjhFfglhj tuf lyf ( v )

/ x2

/ x m2
c

(i)

n
n

(iii)

(iii)
q

(ii)

(d = x - x kW x = TLruhr)

/ d2 - c / d m2

(iv)

/ fd2
/f

(ii)

d = x - x kW x = TLruhr.

/ fd2 - e / fd o2 # c.
/f
/f

#c

x A
`d = c j

(d = x- A kW A Cf ruhr)

bjhFfgl tuf lyf ( v )

(i)

/ d2 - c / d m2

/ d2

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

d = x- A, A = Cf ruhr

F d = x - A
c

bfhLfgl tu cs xbthU vQlD (k) VnjD xU

Fl viz Todhnyh myJ fjhnyh ilF a tu
lyf khwhJ.
bfhLfgl tuYs xbthU viz (k) xU kh k M
bgUf myJ tFf ilF a kf l yfkhdJ, giHa
lyfij kh k M bgUf myJ tFf ilF vzhf
UF.

Kj n a vf lyf v =

lyf tfkhdJ, yf tf ruhr myJ gutgo vdgL.

khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100 . uL myJ mjF nkgl tuf
x
ik jikia xl khWghLbfG gagLwJ.

n -1 .
12

11. a

311

12

fjf
It is remarkable that a science which began with the consideration
of games of chance should have become the most important object of
human knowledge
-P.D. Laplace.

12.1 mKf

mKf

mwhl
thif
eh
ghF
ff kW nkbfhS bgUghikahd

tiuaiw
braf
thfSF
cglit.
fg,
fjf Tl a, Mnguiy, d kW bjhWneh

njw
guj nghw ff VgLtij Kdnu
Cf ayhJ. vghuhk VgL ff
kj
FyF
ngHid
VgLJwd.
Vfdnt elj ff tuf mogil,
Jnghw ff vfhy VgLbkd
Jakhf Kdnu Cf aYkhdh, njitahd
KjL eltoiffshY nrjij fLgLJ
brafshY
kj
d
MgJfUJ
fhgwgL. thW KTona, ffis
Cf aYtjF fjfa (Probability theory)
a o. yhyh
fgJ f mtakhwJ.
(Pierre de Laplace)
(1749-1827)

1654 M ML brthna o-a (Chevalier de
uh
Mere) vgtuh vGggl xU Njhl fzdh
yhyh vgh vnghJ fbgw buR fjayPf sh ghf
jiywj mayhsfS
(Blasie Pascal) kW a o-bgkh (Pierre de Fermat)
xUtuhf fUjgLwh, t
uhR eho l vd MnahUilna foj gkhw eilbgwJ.
bgUikahf miHfgLwh.
f fjf fUaiy fj
1812- a gy thyhf cUthaJ. oa A (Christian
mogil Kofis cUth Huggens) (1629-1695), bgndh (Bernoulli) (1654-1705),
dh. t tU Kiw
fhuzij fl fj o nkht (De-Moivre) (1667-1754), a o yhyh
jJtid fjf mo (Pierre de Laplace) (1749-1827), fh (Gauss) (1777-1855),
gil Tdh. fjf ghrh (Poisson) (1781-1845), brnr (Chebyshev)
bfhiffis KjKj m
KfgLatU tnu Mth. (1821-1894) kW khnfh (Markov) (1856-1922) nghw
t fj bfhiff fjayPf fjf fUa tsF
x W f j f v g J bgU gfjd. 1933- UZa fjayP
nrhjid rhjfkhd ff
fSF bkhj elf aY v.nfhnkhnfhnuh (A.Kolmogorov) vgh vLnfh
fffSF cs j mQFKiw (Axiomatic approach) ed fjf
vgjhF.
fUaYF monfhdh.
fjf

bjhik

312


ff elgij, elfhkUgij bghUnj fjff UF.
fjfa fUJ TWfshd th nrhjid (uhl nrhjid) (random
experiment), Ka (trial), TW bt (sample space) kW gntW tifahd ff
(events) ga tiuaiwfis eh fngh.
fjayPf nrhjid (experiment) kW nrhjid Kofis
(outcomes) guj ms gagLJwd. TJ ftfgL myJ msL
br vj xU braY nrhjid vdgL. Fl eh yfF tUif
njh vifia g brj, xU ehzaij RLj, gy wf
gJf bfhl igUJ xU gid vLj kW xU Fl l xU
eh fG gJf vifia g brj Mad nrhjidfhd
y cjhuzfshF.

xU nrhjidia fJtjF Kghfnt Koid Tw ayhj nrhjid
th nrhjid vgjhF. UD xU nrhjid Ko fH ths
midJ Kofis eh goalyh.

xU rkth nrhjid fH ths midJ ff fznk
mnrhjid TWbt vdgL. J S vw vGjh FfgLwJ. xU
nrhjidia xbthU Kiw brtJ xU Ka (trial) vdgL.

TWbt S - vj xU cfzK nrhjid xU f (event) vdgL.

A vgJ S- cfz vf. xU nrhjid eljgL nghJ ilj KothdJ
A- csJ v, A vw f elJsJ vW Twyh.

y vLJfhLf _y rkth nrhjid, TWbt kW ff
Matiw sFnth.
rkth nrhjid
xU uhd ehzaij
xUKiw RLj.

TWbt
S = " H, T ,

y ff
" H , mjhtJ, jiy GtJ xU

f.
"T , mjhtJ, GtJ kbwhU

f.
xU uhd ehzaij
U Kiw RLj.

S = " HH, HT, TH, TT , " HT, HH , kW "TT , Mad

y ff.

uhd gfilia
xUKiw cULj.

S = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,

"1, 3, 5 ,, "2, 4, 6 ,, "3 , kW "6 ,

Mad y ff.

rk th ff (Equally likely events)

uL myJ mjF nkgl ff xbthW ftjfhd
thf rkkhf UFkhdh, mff rk th ff vdgL. xU
ehzaij RLnghJ jiy GjY, GjY rk th ff MF.
12. fjf 313

xiwbahW yF ff (Mutually exclusive events)

xWF nkgl ff vj xU f,
kw ffis fHlhk eljh, mff
xiwbahW yF ff vdgL. mjhtJ
jifa ff xnu neu fHhJ. A kW B vgd
xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = z .

gl 12.1

xU uhd ehzaij RL nghJ jiy Gj MdJ Gjiy
fHlhJ. mnjngh xU uhd gfilia cUodh, ilf ths MW
isfS xiwbahW yF ffshF. Vbd, gfilia cUL nghJ
xnu neu gfil uL myJ mjF nkgl Kff isfshf mikahJ.
u ff (Complementry events)

xU rkth nrhjid VjhtJ xU fia E S
vd bfhf. S vgJ mj TWbt vf. S -UJ Mdh
E - yhj kw isfis E - u f vnwh.
J E vd FfgLwJ. vdnt E = S - E. nkY E kW
E Mad xiwbahW yF ffshF.

xU gfil cULj, 2- klF ilF f
E = {2, 4, 6} vd Fjh E- u f E = {1, 3, 5}
MF.

2, 4, 6
5
gl 12.2

iw br ff (Exhaustive events)
ff E1, E2, g, En vgdt nr fz rk th nrhjid
TWbt Mf U, E1, E2, g, En Mad iw br ff MF.
cW f (Sure event)

xU gfilia cUL nghJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 vf VnjD X v
ilF f cWahf fG. vdnt J xU cW f MF.

rkth nrhjid TWbt X cW fahF. Vbd, mj
VjhtJ xU cW, cWahf nrhjid xbthU KaY fG.
ayh f (Impossible event)

xUnghJ eilbgw Koahj f ayh f vdgL.

J z vd
FfgL. vLJfhlhf, xU gfilia xU Kiw cUL nghJ v 7 ilF
f xU ayh f MF.
rhjfkhd isf (Favourable outcomes)

njitahd xU fF bjhlghd isf, mfF rhjfkhd
isf vdgL. vLJfhlhf, xU gfilia xU Kiw cULnghJ
xiwgil v ilf bgWtij f E vf. isf 1, 3 kW 5 vgd
E- rhjfkhd isf MF.
314 10M tF fzF

ghl rkth isf kW KoW TWbt bfhl

rkth nrhjidfis kL vLJbfhnwh. nkY, gF
nrhjidF vLJbfhsgl ehzaf kW gfilf xnu uhdit
vdbfhnth.

12.2 fjffhd bjhik tiuaiw

(Classical definition of probability)

xU TWbt n isf, m isf A vw fF rhjfkhf
U, n^ S h = n, n^ Ah = m vd FLnth. f A- fjf P(A)
MdJ m-F n-F cs jkhf tiuaWfgLwJ. mjhtJ,
A F rhjfkhd isf vif

nrhjid isf bkhj vif

P (A) =

` P (A) =

n (A)
= m MF.
n (S)
n

F
(i) nkfl fjffhd bjhik tiuaiwahdJ, Kowh isf
bfhl nrhjidY, rkth myhj nrhjidY Vilajhf
UfhJ .
(ii) A vw VnjD xU ffhd fjf 0-F
myJ 0 Mfnth myJ 1 Mfnth mik.

1-F ilnyh

mjhtJ, 0 # P (A) # 1 .

(iii) cWahd f fjf xW MF. mjhtJ P (S) = 1 .

(iv) elf ayh f fjf a MF. mjhtJ P (z) = 0 .
(v) A vw f eilbgwhk Ugjfhd fjf

P (A my) = P (A ) myJ P (Al ) = n - m = n - m
n
n
n

( P (A ) = 1 - m = 1 - P (A) .
n
(vi) P (A) + P (A ) = 1 .
vLJfhL 12.1

xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLwJ. tU ffSfhd
fjffis fhf.

(i)

v 4 ilj

(ii) xU uilgil v ilj

(iii) 6- gfh fhuf ilj

(iv) 4-I l bga v ilj

uhd xU gfil cULj TWbt S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} . vdnt n (S) = 6

12. fjf 315

(i)

v 4 ilF fia A vf.

A = {4} ` n (A) = 1 .
n (A)

` P (A) =
=1.
n (S)
6

(ii) xU uilgil v ilF fia B vf.

` n (B) = 3 .
n (B)

vdnt, P (B) =
=3 =1.
n (S)
6
2

(iii) 6- gfhfhuf ilF fia C vf.

B = {2, 4, 6}

gl 12.3

` n (C) = 2 .
n (C)

vdnt, P (C) =
=2 =1.
n (S)
6
3

(iv) 4 -I l bga v ilF fia D vf.

C = {2, 3}

D = {5, 6} . Mfnt, n (D) = 2 .

n (D)
vdnt, P (D) =
=2 =1.
n (S)
6
3
vLJfhL 12.2

xU uhd ehza uL Kiw RlgLwJ. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.

(i) U jiyf ilj

(iii) xU kL ilj.

(ii) FiwjJ xU jiy ilj

xU ehzaij uL Kiwf RLt ilF TWbt

S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} .

U jiyf ilF fia A vf. A = { HH } .

(i)

n (A) = 1.

Mfnt,

P (A) =

n (A)
= 1.
n (S)
4

(ii) FiwjJ xU jiy ilF fia B vf.

n(S) = 4.

vdnt, B = { HH, HT, TH } . Mfnt, n (B) = 3.

n (B)
Mfnt, P (B) =
= 3.
n (S)
4

(iii) xU kL ilF fia C vf. vdnt, C = { HT, TH }

n (C) = 2.
n (C)
= 2 =1.
Mfnt, P (C) =
n (S)
4
2

316 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 12.3

Kj UgJ a vfUJ xU KG v rkth Kiw
njbjLfgLwJ. mj v xU gfh vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid
fhf.
TWbt, S = { 1, 2, 3, g, 20 } .

` n(S) = 20.

njbjLfgL v gfh vzhf UF fia A vf

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} .

n(A) = 8.
n (A)

vdnt,
P(A) =
= 8 = 2.
n (S)
20
5
vLJfhL 12.4

35 bghUf mla bjhF x 7 bghUf FiwghLilad.
mbjhFUJ xU bghU rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mJ
Fiwghlw bghUshf Ugjfhd fjf ahJ?
bkhj bghUf vif
n(S) = 35.
FiwghLila bghUf vif
= 7.
Fiwghlw bghUis njbjLF fia A vf.
Fiwghlw bghUf vif
n(A) = 35 - 7 = 28 .
vdnt, Fiwghlw bghUis njbjLF f fjf
n (A)

P (A) =
= 28 = 4 .
5
n (S)
35
vLJfhL 12.5

U uhd gfilf xU Kiw cUlgLwd. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.

(i) Kf vf TLj 8 Mf Uj (ii) Kf vf xnu vfshf (doublet)
Uj (iii) Kf vf TLj 8-I l mfkhf Uj

U gfilfis cUL nghJ ilF TWbt

S = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),

(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),

(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) }

` n (S) = 6 # 6 = 36
(i)

gl 12.4

Kf vf TLj 8 Mf UF fia A vf.

A = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}.
Mfnt,
n(A) = 5.
n (A)
= 5 .
vdnt,
P(A) =
n (S)
36
12. fjf 317

(ii)

U gfilfY xnu v (uilf) ilF fia B vf

B = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} .

n(B) = 6.
n (B)
P(B) =
= 6 =1.
n (S)
36
6

vdnt,

Mfnt,

(iii)

C vgJ Kf vf TLj 8-I l mfkhf ilF f vf.

C = {(3,6), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} .

vdnt,

Mfnt,

n(C) = 10.
n (C)
P(C) =
= 10 = 5 .
n (S)
36
18

vLJfhL 12.6

eF fiyJ itfgl 52 Lfis bfhl L foUJ
rkth nrhjid Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mj L tUtdthf
Uf fjffis fhf.

(i) uhrh

(iii) ngL

(ii) fU uhrh
(iv) lak 10

bkhj Lf vif n (S) = 52.

A vgJ vLfgl L uhrhthf (King)
(i)

UF f vf.

` n (A) = 4.
n (A)

= 4 = 1 .
` P (A) =
n (S)
52
13
(ii)

B vgJ vLfgl L fU uhrhthf

(Black King) UF f vf.

n (B) = 2.
n (B)
= 2 = 1 .
` P (B) =
n (S)
52
26

52 Lf tu.

Spade

Hearts

A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

Clavor Diamond
A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

(iii) C vgJ vLfgl L ngL (Spade) lhf UF f vf.

n (C) = 13.

` P (C) =

n (C)
= 13 = 1 .
n (S)
52
4

(iv) D vgJ lak 10 (Diamond - 10) vw L vLF f vf.

n (D) = 1.
n (D)

= 1 .
P (D) =
n (S)
52
318 10M tF fzF

A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

vLJfhL 12.7

xU tF cs 35 khztf 20 ng Mf kW 15 ng
bgf. rkth Kiw xU khzt njbjLfgLwh v, tU
ff fjffis fhf. (i) njbjLfgLgt khztdhf Uj

(ii) njbjLfgLgt khzahf Uj.
S vgJ nrhjid TWbt vd bfhf.

` bkhj khztf vif n (S) = 35

nrhjid khzt kW khz Mnahiu

ffis Kiwna B kW G vd bfhf.

Mfnt,

(i)

khztid njbjLgjfhd fjf P(B) =

P (B) = 4 .
7
n (G)
= 15
khzia njbjLgjfhd fjf P(G) =
n (S)
35
3
Mfnt,
P (G) = .
7

(ii)

njbjLF

n (S) = 35, n (B) = 20 kW n (G) = 15.

n (B)
= 20
n (S)
35

vdnt,

vLJfhL 12.8

xU Fl eh kiH tUtjfhd fjf 0.76. mFl eh
kiH tuhk Ugjfhd fjf ahJ?
Fl eh kiH tU vw fia A vd meh kiH tuhk
UF fia A vd bfhf.

P (A) = 0.76

P (A ) = 1 - 0.76

a P (A) + P (A ) = 1

= 0.24
`

Fl eh kiH tuhk Ugjfhd fjf 0.24 MF.

vLJfhL 12.9

xU ig 5 t kW y y w gJf csd. migUJ xU y
w gij vLgjfhd fjf, xU t w gij vLgjfhd fjf
_W klF v, migYs y w gJf vifia fhf.
igYs y w gJf vif x vd bfhf.

vdnt, bkhj gJf vif, n (S) = 5 + x .

B vgJ xU y w gij vLF f kW R vgJ xU t w

gij vLF f vd bfhf.
12. fjf 319

P (B) = 3P (R) vd bfhLfgLsJ.

n (B)
n (R)
= 3
n (S)
n (S)
x = 3 5
c
5+x
5+xm

x = 15
(
Mfnt, y w gJf vif = 15.

vLJfhL 12.10

tUtdtfhd fjfid fhf.

(i) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho (leap year)

53 btHikf Uj.

(ii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho 52 btHikf

kLnk Uj.

(iii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL rhjhuz tUl (Non-leap year)

53 btHikf Uj.

(i)
xU belho cs ehf vif = 366. mjhtJ 52 thuf
kW 2 ehf.
52 thuf 52 bt Hikf csd. jKs uL ehf
fhQ VG thf VnjD xwhf UF.
(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j), (j, ahH),
(ahH, bt), (bt, r) kW (r, PhW).
xU belho 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf nknys 7
thf xU btHik tUtjfhd fjf xnw MF. Mfnt
tUkhW TWbtia vLJbfhsyh.

S=)

(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j),

3 .
(j, ahH), (ahH, bt), (bt,r), (r, PhW)

Mfnt, n(S) = 7.

nknys 7 thf, xU btHik tUtjfhd fia A vf.

A = "^ahH, bth,^bt, rh, vdnt, n(A) = 2.

n (A)
vdnt, p (A) =
= 2.
n (S)
7
Mfnt, tUl 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf 2 .
7
xU belho 52 btHikf kLnk tUtjhf U, 52 thuf

(ii)

nghf jKs U ehf btHik cWahf tuhJ.

320 10M tF fzF

B vgJ, jKs U ehf btHik yhkUgjfhd f

vd bfhf.
vdnt, B = {(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j),

(j, ahH), (r, PhW)}.
Mfnt, n(B) = 5.
n (B) 5
= .

vdnt,
P (B) =
n (S) 7

F A kW B vgd u ff vgij ftf.
(iii) rhjhuz tUl bkhj ehf vif = 365.

mjhtJ rhjhuz tUl 52 thuf kW xU eh UF.

52 thuf 52 btHikf UF. jKs xU eh tU VG

thf xwhf mik.

PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt kW r.

vdnt, xU rhjhuz Mo 53 bt Hikf Uf, nknys VG

thf xU btHik Uf ntL.
vdnt, TWbtia tUkhW vGjyh.

S = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}.

` n (S) = 7.
VG thf, btHik tU fia C vd bfhf.

C = {bt} ( n (C) = 1.

` P (C) =

n (C) 1
= .
n (S) 7

vdnt, xU rhjhuz Mo 53 bt Hikf Ugjfhd fjf 1 .

7
vLJfhL 12.11

xU rkth nrhjid xU f A vf. mf u f
A vf. P (A) : P (A ) = 7 : 12 v, P(A) I fhf.

P (A) : P (A ) = 7 : 12 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
P(A) = 7k kW P( A ) = 12k vd bfhf.
F k > 0

khWKiw

eh P (A) + P (A ) = 1 vd mnth.

7k + 12k = 1 ( 19k = 1.

k = 1 .
19
7
P(A) = 7k =
.
19

P (A)
= 7
12
P (A )
12 P(A) = 7 P (A )

= 7 [1P(A)]

19 P(A) = 7

vdnt, P(A) = 7 .
19

12. fjf 321

g 12.1
1.

xU ig cs 1 Kj 100 tiu vfsh Ffgl 100 LfUJ

xU L vLfgLwJ. mthW vLfgL o v 10 M tFgL
vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

2.

xU uhd gfil uL Kiw cUlgLwJ. Kf vf TLj 9

ilf bgWtjfhd fjf fhf?

3.

U gfilf xU nru cUlgLwd. Kf vfis bfhL

mikfgL <yf v 3 M tFgL vzhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf.

4.

12 ey KilfSl 3 mGa Kilf fyJsd. rkth Kiw

njbjLfgL xU Kil, mGajhf Ugjfhd fjf vd?

5.

U ehzafis xnu rka RLnghJ, mfgrkhf xU jiy

ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.

6.

eF fiyJ mLa 52 Lfis bfhl foUJ rkth Kiw

xU L vLfgLwJ. tUtdtF fjffis fhf.
(i) vLj L lak Mf Uf
(ii) vLj L lak yhk
Uf (iii) vLj L V lhf yhk Uf.

7.

8.

_W ehzaf xnu neu RlgLwd. tU ffSF

fjfid fhf.
(i) FiwjJ xU jiy ilgJ (ii) U f kL ilgJ (iii) FiwjJ
U jiyf ilgJ.
xU ig 1 Kj 6 tiu vf Ffgl 6 btis w gJfS kW
7 Kj 10 tiu vf Ffgl 4 t w gJfS csd. rk th
Kiw xU gJ vLfgLwJ v, tU ffSF fjfid
fhf.
(i) vLfgl gJ xU uil v bfhl gjhf Uj
(ii) vLfgl gJ xU btis w gjhf Uj.

9.

1 Kj 100 tiuyhd KG vfUJ rk th Kiw

njbjLfgL xU v (i) xU KG tfkhf (perfect square) Uf
(ii) KG fdkhf yhk (not a cube) Uf Madt fjffis fhf.

10.

mb#odh, gfshnjZ, dh, mnfhyh, UZah kW mah Ma

ehLf bgafis bfhl goaUJ xU RWyhga rkth
Kiw xU eho bgaiu njbjLwh. m vw vG MugkhF
eho bgaiu njbjLgjfhd fjf vd?

11.

xU bgo 4 gir, 5 y kW 3 t w gJf csd. rkth

Kiw xU gij njbjLf mJ

(i) t w gjhf Uf
(ii) gir w gjhf
Madt fjffis fhf.
322 10M tF fzF

yhkUf

12.

20 Lf 1 Kj 20 tius KG vf FfgLsd. rkth

Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mthW vLfgl oYs v

(i) 4- klfhf Uf

(ii) 6- klfhf yhk Uf

Ma ff fjffis fhf.
13.

3, 5, 7 Ma vfis yffshf bfhL xU uoyf v

mikfgLwJ. mbt 57 I l bgajhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf. (mbt xnu yfij L gagLj TlhJ).

14.

_W gfilf xnu neu cUlgLnghJ, _W gfilfY xnu v

ilgjfhd f fjfid fhf.

15.

U gfilf xnu neu cUlgLnghJ ilF Kf vf

bgUfgy xU gfh vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

16.

xU Kfit y, gir kW btis wfyhd 54 gFff

csd. xU gF fiy vLFnghJ, y w gFf ilgjfhd
fjf 1 kW gir w gFf ilgjfhd fjf 4 v,
9
3
mKfit cs btis w gF ff vifia fhf

17.

xU ig cs 100 rilf, 88 rilf ey iyY, 8 rilf

a FiwghLlD kW 4 rilf bga FiwghLlD csd. A
vw tf ey iy cs rilfis kLnk Vwh. Mdh B vw
tf mf FiwghL cila rilfis kL Vf kWwh. rkth
Kiw VnjD X rilia njbjLf mJ (i) A-F Vilajhf mika
(ii) B-F Vilajhf mika MadtF fjffis fhf.

18.

xU ig cs 12 gJf x gJf btis wKilait. (i) rkth

Kiw xU gJ njbjLf, mJ btis wkhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf. (ii) 6 a btis w gJfis mig itjd, xU
btis w gij njbjLgjfhd fjf MdJ (i)- bgwgl
fjfid nghy UklF v, x- kid fhf.

19.

coa (Piggy bank) 100 IgJ igrh ehzfS 50 xU %gh

ehzafS 20 uL %gh ehzafS kW 10 IJ %gh
ehzafS csd. rkth Kiw xU ehza njbjLF nghJ
(i) IgJ igrh ehzakhf Uf (ii) IJ %gh ehzakhf yhk Uf
Madt fjffis fhf.
12. fjf 323

12.3 fjf Tl njw (Addition theorem on probability)

S vw KoW btww fz cfzf A kW B v,

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) kW n (S) ! 0 .

UwK n (S) M tFf,

n (A , B)
n (A) n (B) n (A + B)
=

+
n (S)
n (S)
n (S)
n (S)

cfzf A kW B Madtiw xU rkth

nrhjid A kW B vw ffshf fUdh, (1) MdJ
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) vd ilF.

Kont fjf Tl njwkhF.

A+B

(1)
A,B
gl 12.5

F
(i)

A , B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A vw f eilbgwyh

myJ B vw f eilbgwyh myJ uL ffS xnu
neu eilbgwyh. A + B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A, B vw
U ffS xnu neu eilbgwntL.

(ii) A- B- xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = 0 MF.

Vbd, P (A + B) = 0 .

vdnt, P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) .
(iii) A + B vw fia, xU fzkhf fUJnghJ A + B kW A \ B vgd
rk fzfshF.
Kof (%gz yhk)
(i)

A, B kW C vgd TWbt S -I rhj VnjD _W ff v,

P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (A + C) + P (A + B + C) .

(ii)

A1, A2 kW A3 Mad xiwbahW yF ff v,

P (A1 , A2 , A3) = P (A1) + P (A2) + P (A3) .

(iii)

A1, A2, A3, g, An vgd xiwbahW yF ff v,

P (A1 , A2 , A3 , g , An) = P (A1) + P (A2) + P (A3) + g + P (An) .

(iv)

P (A + B ) = P (A) - P (A + B) ,

P (A + B) = P (B) - P (A + B)

F, A + B vgJ A- B yhkY vd bghUgL

nj ngh, A + B vgJ B-
bghUgL.
324 10M tF fzF

A yhkY vd

A
A+B

A+B

A+B
gl 12.6

vLJfhL 12.12

_W ehzaf xnu neu RlgLwd. fjf Tl
njwij gagL, rahf U f myJ Fiwjgr xU jiyahtJ
ilF f fjfid fhf.
TWbt S = " HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT , .

Mfnt, n (S) = 8.
rahf U f ilF fia A vf

vdnt, A = " HTT, TTH, THT , kW n (A) = 3.

n (A)
= 3.
n (S)
8
FiwjJ xU jiyahtJ ilF fia B vf

vdnt, B = " HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH , kW n (B) = 7.

n (B)
= 7.
n (S)
8
A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfh ff. Vbd
A + B = A . vdnt, P (A + B) = P (A) = 3 .
8
` P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)

` P (A) =

P (B) =

Mfnt P (A , B) = 3 + 7 - 3 = 7 .
8 8 8
8

F
nkfl vLJfho eh fjf Tl ia gagLnsh.
UD A , B = B vgjh P (A , B) = P (B) = 7 vd v ilF.
8
vLJfhL 12.13

xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. FiwjJ xU cUlyhtJ v 5

ilgjfhd fjfid fhf. (Tl njwij gagLJf)

xU gfil UKiw cUlgLbghGJ ilF TWbt S-

vif n (S) = 36 MF.

Kj cUl v 5 ilF fia A vf.

Mfnt,

A = "(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6) , .
n (A) = 6,

P(A) = 6 .
36

ulh cUl v 5 ilF fia B vf.

B = "(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5) , .
12. fjf 325

 Mfnt, n (B) = 6 kW P (B) = 6 .

36
nkY, A + B = "5, 5 ,

Mfnt, A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfhj ff MF.

` n (A + B) = 1 kW P (A + B) = 1 .
36

` fjf Tl njwgo,

P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) .
= 6 + 6 - 1 = 11 .
36 36 36
36

vLJfhL 12.14

xU khzF kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.16
vf. bgha f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.24 kW U
ffY nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.11 v,

(i) kUJt kW bgha ff VnjD xU f

nrif ilgjfhd fjf fhf.

(ii) kUJt f kLnkh myJ bgha f kLnkh

nrif ilgjfhd fjf fhf.

(i)

kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd f A vf. bgha

f nrif ilgjfhd f B vf.

P (A) = 0.16,
P (B) = 0.24 kW P (A + B) = 0.11
P ( VjhtJ xU f nrif ilgJ)

(ii)

A+B

A+B A+B

= P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
= 0.16 + 0.24 - 0.11 = 0.29 MF.

P (VjhtJ xU f kL nrif ilgJ)

= P (A kL myJ B kL)

kL

B kL

gl 12.7

= P (A + B ) + P (A + B)

= 6 P (A) - P (A + B) @ + 6 P (B) - P (A + B) @

= ^0.16 - 0.11h + ^0.24 - 0.11h = 0.18 MF.

vLJfhL 12.15

ENTERTAINMENT vw brhYs vGJfUJ rkth Kiw
xU vGij nj bra, mbtGJ My cbuGjhfnth myJ vGJ T
Mfnth Ugjfhd fjfid fhf. (vGJf Ug Ug tuyh).
326 10M tF fzF

 ENTERTAINMENT vw brh 13 vGJf csd.

`
n (S) = 13.

X cbuGJ njbjLfgL fia A vf.

`
n (A) = 5.
n (A)
= 5 .

Mfnt, P (A) =
n (S)
13

T vw vGij njbjLfgL fia B vf.

Mfnt,

n (B) = 3
n (B)
= 3 .
P (B) =
n (S)
13

( a A- B- xiwbahW yF ff)
vdnt, P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B)


= 5 + 3 = 8 .
13 13 13

vLJfhL 12.16
A, B kW C vgd xiwbahW yF kW iwbr ff
vf. nkY, P (B) = 3 P (A) kW P (C) = 1 P (B) v, P(A)-I fhf.
2
2
P (A) = p vf. Mfnt, P (B) = 3 P (A) = 3 p .
2
2
1

nkY,
P (C) = P (B) = 1 ` 3 pj = 3 p .
2
2 2
4

A, B kW C Mad xiwbahW yF kW iw br ff
vd bfhLfgLsd.

` P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) kW S = A , B , C .

jnghJ, P (S) = 1. ( P (A) + P (B) + P (C) = 1

P (A) = 4 .
13

p + 3 p + 3 p = 1
2
4
4p + 6p + 3p = 4

( p= 4
13

vLJfhL 12.17

52 Lfis bfhl xU LfoUJ rkth Kiw xU L
vLfgL nghJ, mL xU uhrh (King) myJ xU Ah (Heart) myJ xU
t w lhf ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.
A, B kW C vgd Kiwna xU uhrh, xU Ah nkY xU t w L
ilF f vf.

vdnt, n (S) = 52, n (A) = 4, n (B) = 13 kW n (C) = 26.

n (A + B) = 1, n (B + C) = 13, n (C + A) = 2 kW n (A + B + C) = 1.

` P (A) = 4 , P (B) = 13 kW P (C) = 26 . nkY,
52
52
52
12. fjf 327

P (A + B) = 1 ,
52

P (B + C) = 13 , P (C + A) = 2
52
52

kW P (A + B + C) = 1 .
52

P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (C + A) + P (A + B + C)

= 4 + 13 + 26 - 1 - 13 - 2 + 1 = 44 - 16
52 52 52 52 52 52 52
52
= 7 .
13

vLJfhL 12.18

xU ig 10 btis, 5 fU, 3 gir kW 2 t w gJf csd.
rkth Kiw njbjLfgL xU gJ, btis myJ fU myJ gir
wkhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
S-I TWbt vf.
` n (S) = 20.

W, B kW G Mad Kiwna xU btis, xU fU kW xU gir w
gij njbjLF ff vf.
n (W)

xU btis w gij vLF f fjf P (W) =
= 10 .
20
n (S)

xU fU w gij vLF f fjf

P (B) =

n (B)
= 5 .
20
n (S)

xU gir w gij vLF f fjf

P (G) =

n (G)
= 3 .
20
n (S)

` xU gij njbjLf mJ btis myJ fU myJ girahf Uf
fjf P (W , B , G) = P (W) + P (B) + P (G)
( a W, B kW G Mad xiwbahW

yF ffshF.)

= 10 + 5 + 3 = 9 .
20 20 20 10
(F : P (W , B , G) = P (Rl ) = 1 - P (R) = 1 - 2 = 9 vd ilia bgwyh)
20
10
g 12.2

1.

2.
3.
4.

A kW B vgd xiwbahW yF ff. nkY

P (A) = 3 kW P (B) = 1 v, P (A , B) -I fhf .
5
5
A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 2 kW P (A , B) = 1
4
5
2
v, P (A + B) -I fhf.
A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 7 kW P (A , B) = 1
2
10
v, (i) P (A + B) (ii) P (Al , Bl ) Matiw fhf.
xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. Kjyhtjhf cUlgLnghJ xU
uilgil v ilj myJ mU cUl Kf vf
TLj 8 Mf Uj vD f fjfid fhf.

328 10M tF fzF

5.

1 Kj 50 tiuyhd KGfUJ rkth Kiw X v njbjLf

gLnghJ mbt 4 myJ 6 M tFgLtjfhd fjf fhf.

6.

xU ig 50 kiu MfS (bolts), 150 UF kiufS (nuts) csd.

mtW gh kiu MfS, gh UF kiufS JUojit. rkth
Kiw VnjD xiw njbjLF nghJ mJ JUojjhf myJ
xU kiu Mahf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

7.

U gfilf xnu neu nru cUlgLnghJ ilF Kf vf

TLj 3 M kW 4 M tFglhkUf fjf fhf.

8.

xU Til 20 MfS 10 MuR gHfS csd. mtW

5 Mf kW 3 MuRf mGait. rkth Kiw xUt xU
gHij vLjh, mJ Mshfnth myJ ey gHkhfnth Ugjfhd
fjfid fhf.

9.

xU tF cs khztf 40% ng fj dho dh fY,

30% ng ma dho dh fY, 10% ng muL dho
dh ffY fyJ bfhld. mtFUJ rkth Kiw
xU khzt njbjLfglh, mt fj dho dh fnyh
myJ ma dho dh fnyh myJ U ffYnkh
fyJ bfhljfhd fjf fhf.

10.

eF fiyJ mL itfgl 52 Lfis bfhl L foUJ

rkth Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mj L nglhfnth (Spade)
myJ uhrhthfnth (King) Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

11.

xU ig 10 btis, 6 t kW 10 fU w gJf csd. rkth

Kiw xU gid vLFnghJ mJ btis myJ t w gjhf
Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

12.

2, 5, 9 vw vfis bfhL, X uoyf v mikfgLwJ. mj

v 2 myJ 5 M tFgLkhW mika fjf fhf.
(mikfgL v xnu yf L tuyh )

13.

ACCOMMODATION

vw brh xbthU vGJ jjna

a fhjf vGjgL, mj 13 a fhjfS xU Kfit
itfgLsd. rkth Kiw KfitUJ xU fhjij nj
br nghJ, m l bgW vGJ
(i) A myJ O Mfnth

(ii) M myJ C Mfnth Ugjfhd fjffis fhf.

14.

xU a kJ (car) mjDila totikfhf UJ bgW fjf

0.25 vf. wj Kiw vbghU gaghofhd UJ bgW fjf
0.35 kW U UJfS bgWtjfhd fjf 0.15 v, mkJ

(i) FiwjJ VjhtJ xU UJ bgWj

(ii) xnu xU UJ kL bgWj Ma ffSfhd fjffis fhf
12. fjf 329

15.

A, B, C Mnah xU dhF fhgjfhd fjff Kiwna

4 , 2 , 3 vf. A kW B UtU nrJ fhgjfhd fjf 8 .
15
5 3 7
2
B kW C UtU nrJ fhgjfhd fjf . A kW C UtU
7
12
nrJ fhz fjf
, _tU nrJ fhz fjf 8 v,
35
35
ahnuD xUt mdh fhgjfhd fjfid fhf.
g 12.3

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.
z vgJ xU ayh f v, P (z) =

(A) 1
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) 1
4
2
2.
S vgJ xU rkth nrhjid TWbt v, P(S) =
(c) 1
(d) 1

(a) 0
(b) 1
8
2
A vw f fjf p v, tUtdt p vij iw br
3.

(a) 0 1 p 1 1

4.

A kW B vgd VnjD U ff. nkY S vgJ rkth

nrhjid TWbt v, P (A + B) =
(b) P (A + B) - P (B)
(a) P (B) - P (A + B)
(c) P (S)
(d) P6^ A , Bhl@

5.

(b) 0 # p # 1

(c) 0 # p 1 1

(d) 0 1 p # 1

xU khzt fj 100 kbg bgWtjfhd fjf 4 . mt 100

5
kbg bgwhk Ugjfhd fjf
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
(a) 1
5
5
5
5

6.

A kW B vw U ff
P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.05 kW P (A + B) = 0.14 v, P (A , B) =
(a) 0.61
(b) 0.16
(c) 0.14
(d) 0.6

7.

20 bghUf 6 bghUf FiwghLilait. rkth Kiw xU bghU

njbjLFnghJ mJ Fiwawjhf ilgjfhd fjf
(a) 7
(b) 0
(c) 3
(d) 2
10
10
3
A kW B vgd uL xiwbahW yF ff vf.
mf TWbt S, P (A) = 1 P (B) kW S = A , B v, P (A) =
3
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 3
4
2
4
8
A, B kW C vgdxiwbahW yF _W ff vf. mt
fjff Kiwna 1 , 1 kW 5 v, P^ A , B , C h =
3 4
12
(a) 19
(b) 11
(c) 7
(d) 1
12
12
12

8.

9.

330 10M tF fzF

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.50, P (A + B) = 0.14 v, P (A my kW B my) =

(a) 0.39

(b) 0.25

(c) 0.11

(d) 0.24

xU ig 5 fU, 4 btis kW 3 t w gJf csd. rkth

KiwnjbjLfgL xU gJ t wkhf yhkUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 3
12
12
12
4
xnu neu U gfilf cUlgLwd. gfil uL KffY
xnu vzhf Uf fjf
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) 2
36
3
6
3
xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLnghJ ilF v gfh v myJ
gF vzhf Ugjfhd fjf
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 5
(d) 1
6
6
xU ehzaij _W Kiw RL nrhjid 3 jiyf myJ 3 f
ilf fjf
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 1
(a) 1
8
4
8
2
52 Lf bfhl xU LfoUJ xU L vLF nghJ mJ xU V
(ace)Mf yhkY kW xU uhrhthf (king) yhkUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 2
(b) 11
(c) 4
(d) 8
13
13
13
13
xU belho (Leap year) 53 btHikf myJ 53 rHikf
tUtjfhd fjf
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 4
(D) 3
7
7
7
7
xU rhjuz tUlkhdJ 53 PhWHikf kW 53 fHikf
bfhoUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
7
7
7
52 Lf bfhl xU LfoUJ xU L vLFnghJ, mJ Ah
muahf (Heart queen) Ugjfhd fjf.

(a) 1
52

19.

xU cW f fjf
(a) 1
(b) 0

20.

xU rkth nrhjid KothdJ btahfnth myJ njhahfnth

UF. mnrhjid bt bgWtjfhd fjf njhfhd
fjfid ngh U klF v, bt bgWtjfhd fjf
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
3
3

(b) 16
52

(c) 1
13

(d) 1
26

(c) 100

(d) 0.1

12. fjf 331

ilf
1. fzfS rhfS
g 1.1
2. (i) A

3. (i) {b, c}

(ii) z

(ii) z

(iii) {a, e, f, s}

4. (i) {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9} (ii) {4, 6} (iii) {4, 6, 7, 8, 9}

10. {5, 3, 2}, {5, 3}, nr g cilaJ my
g 1.2
2. (i)-UJ (iv) tiu cs dhfSF gy ilf cL mt xU il :
(i) Al , ^ A + Bh myJ ^ A\Bhl (ii) ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h (iii) A\^ B , C h (iv) ^ A + Bh \C
5. (i) {12}

(ii) {4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 28}

1. 300

2. 430
8. (i) 450 (ii) 3550

3. 35
(iii) 1850

g 1.3
5. 100 6. 10 %
9. 15

7. (i) 10

(ii) 25 (iii) 15

g 1.4
1.
3.

4.

rhgy

(ii) rh
2. kgf ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; rf ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
xWF xwhd rh my kW nk rh my
kh rh
(iii) xWF xwhd kW nk rh
rhgy
(ii) xWF xwhd rh
rhgy

(iv) Uw rh myJ xWF xwhd kW nk rh
5. a = 2, b = 5, c = 8, d = 1 6. rf $- 1 , - 1, 1, 1 . ; A UJ A-F f xU rhgy
2
2
7. xWF xwhd kW nk rh 8. (i) 12 kW 14 (ii) 13 kW 15 9. a = 9, b = 15

(i)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(iii)

10. (i) f = " ^5, - 7h, ^6, - 9h, ^7, - 11h, ^8, - 13h ,

(ii) Jiz kgf = "- 11, 4, 7, - 10, - 7, - 9, - 13 ,

(iii) rf = "- 7, - 9, - 11, - 13 ,

(iv) xWF xwhd rh

11. (i) rh (ii) rh (iii) rhgy (iv) rhgy (v) rh

12.

x
f (x)

1
2

3
1

5
6

4
3
14. "^4, 3h, ^6, 4h, ^8, 5h, ^10, 6h, ;

13. "^6, 1h, ^9, 2h, ^15, 4h, ^18, 5h, ^21, 6h, ;
x
f (x)

6
1

9
2

15. (i) 16 (ii) 32

15
4

18
5

(iii) 5 (iv) 2
3

332 10M tF fzF

x
f (x)

21
6

16. (i) 23

4
3

6
4

(ii) 34

8
5
(iii) 2

10
6

g 1.5
1
A
11
A

2
C
12
B

3
C
13
C

4
A
14
D

5
A
15
A

6
B
16
D

7
A
17
D

8
B
18
B

9
B
19
A

10
B
20
C

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

g 2.1
1. (i) - 1 , 0,1 (ii) - 27, 81, - 243 (iii) - 3 , 2, - 15
3
4
4
9
11

(ii) 1536, 18432 (iii) 36, 78
(iv) 21, 57
2. (i)
,
17 21
3. 378, 25
4. 195, 256
5. 2, 5, 15, 35, 75
6. 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
313
g 2.2
1. TL bjhl 6, 11, 16, g ; bghJ cW 5n +1
3. t29 = 3

4. t12 = 23 2

5. t17 = 84

8.

9. n = 10

10.

t27 = 109

12. 2560

2. bghJ ahr 5, t15 = 55

6. (i) 27 cWf (ii) 34 cWf
11. Kj tUl : 100, t15 = 2200

13. 10, 2, 6 myJ 6, 2, 10 14. 2, 6, 10 myJ 10, 6, 2 16. A.P., `95,000

g 2.3

1. (i) bgUFbjhl, r = 2

(ii)
(iii) bgUFbjhl, r = 2
(iv)
3
(v) bgUFbjhl, r = 1

(vi)
2
7
3. 2, 6, 18 , g 4. 1 , 1 , 1 , g
2. - 2
3 9 27

bgUFbjhl, r = 5
bgUFbjhl, r = 1
12
bgUFbjhl my

5. (i) n = 8 (ii) n = 11 6. n = 5 7. r = 5

8. r = 5 myJ 2 ; cWf 2 ,1, 5 myJ 5 , 1, 2 . 9. 18, 6, 2 myJ 2, 6, 18

5
2
2
5
2
5
10. 4, 2, 1 myJ 1, 2, 4

11. 1, 3, 9, g myJ 9, 3,1, g

12
12. `1000` 105 j
100

15
13. ` 50, 000` 85 j
100

g 2.4
1. (i) 2850
5.

820

8. 55350

(ii) 7875

2. 1020

3. (i) 260

6. 39 + 40 + 41 + g
11
11
11
9. 740
10. 7227

14. A.P., `37,200

16. 156 Kiwf

7.

4. (i) 1890 (ii) 50

8 cWf myJ 23 cWf

11. 36

(ii) 75

12. 12000

13. 15 ehf

20. 1225 brff

ilf 333

g 2.5
20
1. s20 = 15 ;1 - ` 1 j E
4
3

4. (i)

1 - ^0.1h10
0.9

7. 3 + 6 + 12 + g
^ 15
h
9. s15 = 5 4 - 1
3

20
(ii) 10 ^10 - 1h - 20
81
9

2
D
12
A

3. (i) 765

12
(ii) 5 (3 - 1)
2

5. (i) n = 6 (ii) n = 6

23
6. 75 ;1 - ` 4 j E
4
5

n
n
8. (i) 70 610 - 1 @ - 7n (ii) n - 2 81 - ` 1 j B
81
3
10
9
10. ulhtJ th; khgHf vif 1023. 11. r = 2

1. (i) 1035 (ii) 4285

2. (i) k = 12 (ii) k = 9
1
B
11
B

27
s27 = 1 ;1 - ` 1 j E
6
3

2.

g 2.6
(iii) 2550
(iv) 17395 (v) 10650
(vi) 382500
3. 29241
4. 91
5. 3818 r.br. 6. 201825 f.br.

3
C
13
B

g 2.7
5
6
D
A
15
16
A
B

4
D
14
D

7
B
17
B

8
B
18
A

9
B
19
C

10
B
20
A

3. afj
g 3.1
1. `4 , 3 j
2. (1 , 5)
2
6. ` 11 , 22 j 7. (2 , 4)
23 31

4. ` 1 , 1 j
3 2
8. (2 , 1)
9. `5 , 1 j
7
g 3.2
3. (3 , 2)

1. (i) (4 , 3) (ii) (0.4, 0.3)

5. (1 , 5)
10. (6 , 4)

(iv) ` 1 , 1 j
2 3
(iv) ` 800 (v) 253 r.br. (vi) 720 .

(iii) (2 , 3)

2. (i) 23 , 7 (ii) ` 18,000 , ` 14,000 (iii) 42

g 3.3
(iii) 3 , - 1
(iv) 0, 2
2
3
(vii) 1 , 1
(viii) - 13, 11
2 2
2
2
2
2
2. (i) x - 3x + 1
(ii) x - 2x + 4
(iii) x + 4
(iv) x - 2 x + 1
5
2
2
2
2
(vi) x - x - 4
(vii) x - x - 1 (viii) x - 3 x + 2
(v) x - x + 1
3
2
3 3
g 3.4
2
2
1. (i) x + 2x - 1, 4
(ii) 3x - 11x + 40, - 125
2
2
(iv) x - 5 x + 5 , - 50
(iii) x + 2x - 2, 2
3
9
9
2
3
2
3
x
3
51
211
55

(vi) x - 3x - 8x +
(v) 2x - - x +
,, - 41
2
8
32
32
2
2
2. a =- 6, b = 11, 5 3. p =- 2, q = 0, 10

1. (i) 4, 2
(ii) 1 , 1
2 2
(v) 15, - 15 (vi) 2 , 1
3

334 10M tF fzF

1. (i) ^ x - 1h^ x + 2h^ x - 3h

2

(iv) ^ x - 1h^4x - x + 6h

g 3.5
(ii) ^ x - 1h^2x + 3h^2x - 1h (iii) ^ x - 1h^ x - 12h^ x - 10h
(v) ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x + 3h

(vi) ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h^ x + 10h

(ix)

(xii) ^ x + 2h^ x - 3h^ x - 4h

(vii) ^ x - 2h^ x - 3h^2x + 1h (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + x - 4h

(x) ^ x - 1h^ x + 6h^2x + 1h (xi) ^ x - 2h^ x + 3x + 7h

^ x - 1h^ x + 1h^ x - 10h

g 3.6
2

1. (i) 7x yz

2. (i) c - d

(ii) x y

(iii) 5c

(ii) x - 3a

(iv) 7xyz

(iii) m + 3 (iv) x + 11
2

(vi) 2x + 1

(ix) 4x ^2x + 1h (x) (a - 1) (a + 3)

2

(iii) 2^ x + 1h

(ii) x + 1

(v) x + 2y

(vii) x - 2 (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h

3. (i) x - 4x + 3

(iv) x + 4

g 3.7
1.

3 2

3 3

6. xy^ x + yh

2 2 2

2. 12x y z

x y z

4 4 4

4. 264a b c

5. a

m+3
2

7. 6 (a - 1) ^a + 1h 8. 10xy^ x + 3yh^ x - 3yh (x - 3xy + 9y )

3. a b c

9. (x + 4) (x - 3) ^ x - 1h

10. 420x ^3x + yh2 ^ x - 2yh^3x + 1h

g 3.8
2
4
2
(ii) ^ x + 2x + 3h^ x + 2x + x + 2h

1. (i) (x 3) (x 2) ( x + 6)

2
3
2
3
3
2
(iii) ^2x + x - 5h^ x + 8x + 4x - 21h (iv) ^ x - 5x - 8h^2x - 3x - 9x + 5h
2

2. (i) ^ x + 1h (x + 2)
(iv) x(x + 2) (5x + 1)

(ii) (3x - 7) ^4x + 5h

(v) (x 2) ( x 1)

2
2
4
2 2
4
(iii) ^ x - y h^ x + x y + y h
(vi) 2(x + 1) (x + 2)

g 3.9
1. (i)

2x + 3
x-4
2

(v)

x - x + 1

(ix)

^ x - 1h

^ x + 1h

1

x -1
(vi) 2 x + 2

x + 2x + 4
(ii)

(x) 1

x + 3x + 9
x+3

(iii) ^ x - 1h

(iv)

x-1

x+1
^ x + 1h
(xi)

^2x - 1h

(viii) (x + 3)

(vii)

g 3.10
1
1
(iii)
(iv)
x+4
x-1

(xii) (x 2)

1. (i) 3x

(ii) x + 9
x-2

(v) 2x + 1
x+2

2. (i) x - 1
x

(ii) x - 6 (iii) x + 1 (iv) x - 5 (v) 1 (vi) 3x + 1

(vii) x - 1
x-7
x-5
x - 11
x+1
4^3x + 4h

(vi) 1

ilf 335

g 3.11
1 . (i) x + 2x + 4

(ii)

(v) x + 1
x-2
3

2 (x + 4)
x+3
2
(vii)
x+1

2
x+1
4
(vi)
x+4

2. 2x +2 2x + 5
x +2

(iii)

5x - 7 x + 6
2x - 1

3.

4. 1

(iv)

2
x-5

(viii) 0

g 3.12
3 4 5

1. (i) 14 a b c

(iv) x + y

2. (i)

4x - 3

2
(iv) x + 12
x

(ii) 17 (a - b) (b - c)
2

(v) 11 x
9 y

(iii) x - 11
2

(a + b) (x - y) (b - c)
(vi) 8
5 (x + y) 2 (a - b) 3 (b + c) 5

(ii) (x + 5) (x - 5) (x + 3)

(iii) 2x - 3y - 5z

(v)

(vi) ^2x - 1h^ x - 2h^3x + 1h

1. (i) x - 2x + 3

^2x + 3h^3x - 2h^2x + 1h

g 3.13
2

(ii) 2x + 2x + 1

2. (i) a =- 42, b = 49 (ii) a = 12, b = 9

(iii) 3x - x + 1

(iv) 4x - 3x + 2

(iii) a = 49, b =- 70 (iv) a = 9, b =- 12

g 3.14
1. "- 6, 3 , 2. $- 4 , 3 . 3. '- 5 , 3 1 4.
3
5
6. $5, 1 .
7. $- 5 , 3 . 8. ' 12 , 12 1
9.
5
2 2
b a

3
$- 2 , 5 .
5
$- 2 , 3 .

5. $- 4 , 2 .
3
10. $7, 8 .
3

g 3.15
1. (i) "- 7, 1 ,
(iv) $ a - b , - ` a + b j.
2
2
2. (i) "4, 3 , (ii) $ 2 , 1 .
5 3

(ii) ' - 3 + 5 , - 3 - 5 1
2
2
(v) " 3 , 1 ,

(vi) "- 1, 3 ,

(iii) $ 1 , 2 .
2

(iv) $- 2b , b .
3a a

(iii) $- 3, 1 .
2

2
^9 + 769 h ^9 - 769 h
1 (viii) )- 1, b2 3
(v) $ 1 , a . (vi) $ a + b , a - b . (vii) '
,
6
6
a
8
8
a

g 3.16
3. 20 , 5 myJ 10 , 10
4. 3
1. 8 myJ 1 2. 9 kW 6
8
2
5. 45 . / k 6. 5 . / k 7. jij taJ = 49, kf taJ = 7
8. 24 br.

9. 12 ehf
10. Kj bjhlto ntf = 20. / k ;
ulhtJ bjhlto ntf = 15. / k

336 10M tF fzF

g 3.17
1. (i) bkbaf (ii) bkbaf my (iii) bkbaf kW rk _yf
(iv) bkbaf kW rk _yf (v) bkbaf my (vi) bkbaf
2. (i) 25
2

(ii) ! 3

(iii) 5 myJ 1 (iv) 0 myJ 3

g 3.18

1. (i) 6,5

(ii) - r , p
k

2. (i) x - 7x + 12 = 0
3. (i) 13
(ii) ! 1

6
3
2

6. x + 3x + 2 = 0
2

8. (i) x - 6x + 3 = 0
9.

(iii) 5 , 0
3

(iv) 0, - 25
8

(ii) x - 6x + 2 = 0
(iii) 4x - 16x + 9 = 0
2
(iii) 35
4. 4
5. 4x - 29x + 25 = 0
18
3
7.

x - 11x + 1 = 0
2

(ii) 27x - 18x + 1 = 0

11. a = !24

10. k =- 18

x + 3x - 4 = 0

(iii) 3x - 18x + 25 = 0
12. p = ! 3 5

g 3.19
1
B
11
D
21
D

2
C
12
B
22
A

3
A
13
A
23
C

4
A
14
A
24
C

5
C
15
A
25
A

6
D
16
D

7
B
17
D

8
C
18
D

9
C
19
B

10
C
20
C

4. mf
g 4.1
400 500
400 200 300
1. f 200 250 p , c
2.
m , 3 # 2 , 2 # 3
500 250 400
300 400
3. (i) 2 # 3 (ii) 3 # 1 (iii) 3 # 3 (iv) 1 # 3 (v) 4 # 2

6
f8
13

p,

^ 6 8 13 h

4. 1 # 8 , 8 # 1 , 2 # 4 , 4 # 2
5. 1 # 30 ,30 # 1 , 2 # 15, 15 # 2 , 3 # 10, 10 # 3 , 5 # 6, 6 # 5 .
J
N
J
N
1 1 O
1
K
0
- O
2
K
1 2
1 0
3 O 7. (i) K 2 1 O
6. (i) c
m (ii) c
m (iii) K 1
K
O
2 4
3 2
0 O
K
3 O
K
3
3
L
P
2 P
L
8. (i) 3 # 4 (ii) 4, 0

J1
K2
(ii) K 0
K
K1
L2

(iii) 2 MtJ iu kW 3 MtJ u

J1 N
9N
K 2 2O
2O
K
O
2 O (iii) K 1 1 O
O
K2 O
1O
K 3 0O
2P
L2 P
2 4 5
T
9. A = c
m
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ilf 337

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1. x = 2, y =- 4 , z =- 1 2. x = 4 , y =- 3
2
0 - 18
14 3
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3. e
4. c
5. e
6. a = 3, b = 4
m
o
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14 5
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K 5 -5 O
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O
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3 O
5
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P
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TV DVD Video CD
Wt taJtnjh
55
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5
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m
10
10 gf 2 kF
47
33
18
22 fil III
g 4.3
1. (i) 4 # 2 (ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 3 # 5
2. (i) ( 6 ) (ii) c
1750
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1650
7. AB = c
1
D
11
B

(iv) 2 # 2
12 - 42
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22
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8 - 11
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22
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Kj eh
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4.

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x = 3, y = 0

_wh eh

15 4
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m, AB ! BA 11. x = 3, 5
12 0
17 6
g 4.4
2
D
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3
A
13
D

4
D
14
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5
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15
C

6
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16
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7
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17
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8
C
18
C

9
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19
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5. Mabjhiy toa
g 5.1
1. (i) (2, 1) (ii) (0, 2)

2. (i) (5, 2) (ii) (2, 1)

3. (12, 8)

4. (2, 2)

7. (2, 3)

9. (1, 0), (4, 2)

6. (24, 2)

10. `- 3, 3 j, ^- 2, 3h, `- 1, 9 j
2
2
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7j
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338 10M tF fzF

8. (6, 3)

11. 4 : 7 cwkhf
130 ,
2
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13.

(ii) 32 r.myFf
(ii) a = 13
2

13 ,

130
2

(iii) 19 r.myFf
(iii) a = 1, 3

10
A
20
D

3. (i) xU nfhliktd

(ii) xU nfhliktd my

4. (i) k = 1

(ii) k = 2

5. (i) 17 r.myFf

(ii) 43 r.myFf

(iii) xU nfhliktd
(iii) k = 7
3
(iii) 60.5 r.myFf 7. 1 r.myF, 1 : 4

g 5.3
2. (i) 1
(ii) 3
3
4. (i) 45c
(ii) 30c

1. (i) 45c

(ii) 60c

(iii) 0c

3. (i) 1
5. - 1
2

(ii) 2

(iii) 1

6. (i) 0

(ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 1

11. b = 6

12. - 9
10

1. y = 5 , y = 5

3. (i) 3x + y - 4 = 0

13. 11 , - 13, - 1
7
4

(iii) tiuaWfgliy
(iii) tan i = b
a
7. 3 , 0

10. a = 1

14. 1 , - 4 , 9
12
5 2

g 5.4
y = 2 , x = 5

2.

4. x - 2y + 6 = 0
3 x - y + 3 = 0
5. (i) rh 1, y-btLJL 1
(ii) rh 5 , y-btLJL 0
3
1
(iv) rh - 2 , y-btLJL - 2
(iii) rh 2, y-btLJL
2
5
3

(ii)

6. (i) 4x + y - 6 = 0

8. (i) x - 5y + 27 = 0

(ii) x + y + 6 = 0

7. 2x - 2 3 y + ^3 3 - 7h = 0

(ii) 2x - 3y - 22 = 0

9. 6x + 5y - 2 = 0

11. (i) 3x + 2y - 6 = 0

(ii) 9x - 2y + 3 = 0

12. (i) 3, 5

(ii) 8, 16

(iii) 15x - 8y - 6 = 0
(iii) - 4 , - 2
3
5
x + 2y - 6 = 0 15. x - y - 8 = 0

13. 2x + 3y - 18 = 0

14. 2x + y - 6 = 0,

16. x + 3y - 6 = 0

17. 2x + 3y - 12 = 0

19. x + y - 5 = 0

20. 3x - 2y + 4 = 0

18. x + 2y - 10 = 0 , 6x + 11y - 66 = 0

g 5.5
1. (i) - 3 (ii) 7 (iii) 4 4. a = 6
4
5
8. 3x - y - 5 = 0 9. 2x + y = 0

10. 2x + y - 5 = 0 11.

12. 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 13. x + 3y - 7 = 0

14. x - 3y + 6 = 0 15. x - 4y + 20 = 0

16. (3, 2)

18. x + 2y - 5 = 0 19. 2x + 3y - 9 = 0

17. 5 myFf

5. a = 5

6. p = 1,2

h = 22
9
x+y-2 = 0
7.

g 5.6
1
C
13
C

2
B
14
C

3
A
15
C

4
D
16
D

5
A
17
B

6
B
18
B

7
D
19
D

8
A
20
A

9
D
21
A

10
C
22
B

11
C
23
B

12
B

ilf 339

6. toa
g 6.1
2. 7.5 br.

1. (i) 20 br. (ii) 6 br. (iii) 1

6. 12 br., 10 br. 9. (i) 7.5 br. (ii) 5.8 br. (iii) 4 br.

4. 10.5 br.
10. (i) M

3 (i) iy (ii) M

11. 18 br.

(ii) iy

g 6.2
1. (i) x = 4 br., y = 9 br.

(ii) x = 3.6 br., y = 2.4 br., z = 10 br.

2. 3.6

(iii) x = 8.4 br., y = 2.5 br.

6. 6 br.

7. 64 br. 2 8. 166.25 br.

11. 72 br.

12. 9

3. 1.2
9. (i) 9
64

13. (i) 3 XWY, 3 YWZ, 3 XYZ

4.

140

(ii) 55
64

10. 6.3 r..

(ii) 4.8

g 6.3
1. 65c

2. (i) 4 br. (ii) 12 br.

3. (i) 12 br. (ii) 5 br.

6. 30 br.

g 6.4
1
B
11
D

2
B
12
D

3
A
13
C

4
D
14
D

5
B
15
D

6
C
16
A

7
B
17
B

8
D
18
B

9
B
19
D

10
B
20
C

7. Knfhza
g 7.1
1.

(i) iy

(ii) iy
g 7.2

1. 1.8

2. 30c

3.

6. fhf B

7.

8. 1912.40

9. 30 2

11. 19 3

12. M

13. 87

14. 3 lf

16. 40

17. 60 ; 40 3

5 6

4. 174.7

iy

5. 40 br.

10. 1.098
15. 3464 .

18. 90
g 7.3

10

11
B

12
C

13
A

14
D

15
C

16
C

17
D

18
B

19
B

20
D

340 10M tF fzF

8. msa
g 8.1
1. 704 br. 2, 1936 br. 2

2. h = 8 br., 352 br. 2

3. h = 40 br., d = 35 br.

4. ` 2640

5. r = 3.5 br., h = 7 br.

6. h = 28 br.

7. C1 : C2 = 5 : 2

8. 1300r br. 2

9. 3168 br. 2

10. 550 br. 2 , 704 br. 2 11. h = 15 3 br., l = 30 br. 12. 1416 br. 2
13. 23.1 2 14. 10.5 br. 15. 301 5 br. 2 16. 2.8 br. 17. 4158 br. 2
7
18. C1 : C2 = 9 : 25, T1 : T2 = 9 : 25 19. 44.1r br. 2, 57.33r br. 2 20. ` 2 46 .40
g 8.2
1. 18480 br. 3

2. 38.5 l

3. 4620 br. 3

4. r = 2.1 br.

5. V1: V2 = 20: 27

6. 10 br.

7. 4158 br. 3

8. 7.04 br. 3

10. 616 br. 3 11. 5 br.

9. 8800 br. 3
13. 314 2 br. 3
14. 2 13 br. 15. 8 br.
7
17. 3050 2 br. 3 18. 288r br. 2 19. 718 2 br. 3
3
3
g 8.3

12. 1408.6 br. 3

16. 2.29 .
20. 1 : 8

2. 7623 br. 3
3. 220 . 2
1. 11.88r br. 2
5. 12 br.
6. 12.8 .
7. 2 br.
9. 1386 l
10. 3 k 12 lf 11. 16 br.
13. 750 nfhs tot FLf
14. 10 Tf
16. r = 36 br., l = 12 13 br.
17. 11

4.
8.
12.
15.

1034 r.
1 br.
16 br.
70 br.

g 8.4
1
B
12
D

2
C
13
D

3
A
14
B

4
A
15
D

5
B
16
B

6
C
17
C

7
A
18
B

8
B
19
D

9
D
20
A

10
C
21
D

11
C
22
C

10. tiuglf
g 10.1

2. (i) "- 2, 2 , (ii) "- 2, 5 ,

3. {1, 5}

4. {2, 3}

1. 120 .
3. (i) y = 8 (ii) x = 6

(iii) "5, 1 ,

5. {2.5, 2}

(iv) $- 1 , 3 .
2

6. {3, 5}

7. bk _yf VJ iy

g 10.2
2. (i) `105 (ii) 11 nehL jff
4. (i) k = 15 (ii) ` 45

5. y = 4; x = 2

6. 24 ehf
ilf 341

11. a
g 11.1
1. (i) 36,

0.44 (ii) 44, 0.64

6. (i) 5.97

7. 6.32

(ii) 4.69

11. 416, 20.39

16. 20.41

2. 71

3. 3.38 . 4. 2 5 , 20 5. 3.74
8. 1.107

9. 15.08

10. 36.76, 6.06

12. 54.19 13. 4800, 240400

14. 10.2, 1.99
17. 12
18. 5.24
19. 1159, 70 20. khzt A

15. 25

g 11.2
1
D
11
D

2
A
12
B

3
C
13
C

4
B
14
D

5
D
15
B

6
C

7
C

8
B

9
A

10
D

12. fjf
1.

1
10

2. 1
9
(ii) 3
4
(ii) 24
25
(ii) 17
20
(ii) 24
25

6. (i) 1
4
9. (i) 1
10
12. (i) 1
4
17. (i) 22
25

3. 1
3
(iii) 12
13
10. 1
2
13. 1
3
18. (i) 1
4

g 12.1
4. 1
5
7. (i) 7
8
11. (i) 1
4
14. 1
36
(ii) 3

5. 3
4
(ii) 3 (iii) 1
8. (i) 1 (ii) 3
8
2
2
5
(ii) 2
3
15. 1
16. 12
6
19. (i) 5
(ii) 17
9
18

g 12. 2
4
5

2. 3
20

5
8
11. 8
13

7. 4
9
12. 2
3

1.
6.

1
C
11
D

2
D
12
C

3
B
13
C

342 10M tF fzF

3. (i) 1
5

(ii) 4
5

4. 5
9

5.

8
25

9
9. 3

10. 4
10
5
13
13. 5 , 4
14. (i) 0.45 (ii) 0.3 15. 101
105
13 13
g 12. 3
8.

4
A
14
B

5
A
15
B

6
B
16
D

7
A
17
D

8
A
18
A

9
D
19
A

10
A
20
B

gtif fzFf
(njFait my)

1.

3f (x) + 1
vd Wf.
f (x) = x - 1 , x ! - 1 v, f (2x) =
f (x) + 3
x+1

2.

x- vyh bkba kfSF

vw rkghil

3.

(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) (x - 4) = 15

c il : x = 5 ! 21 m
2
x
x
log10 2 , log10 (2 - 1) kW log10 (2 + 3) vgd mnj tir xU TL
bjhltirid mikjh x- kfis fhf?
( il: x = log5 2 )

4.

xU bgUF bjhltir bghJj r, Kj ehF cWf

TLj 15 kW Kj ehF cWf tff TLj 85 v,
4
3
2
14r - 17r - 17r - 17r + 14 = 0 vd Wf.

5.

" bn ,1 - n > 1 vDnghJ bn = bn - 1 bn + 1 vd Ujh, Ujh kLnk

" bn ,1 vgJ xU bgUF bjhltir MF vd Wf. (il 1110)

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

17, 21, g kW 16, 21, g Ma uL TL bjhltirfY y

vf bghJ cWfshf csd. uL TL bjhltirfY tU
Kj 10 bghJ vf TLj fhf.
a + an + 1
an = n - 1
, n > 1 v, v kLnk " an ,1 vw bjhltir xU
2
TLbjhltir vd Wf.
3

sin a + cos a + 3 sin a cos a = 1 vd %.

sin x + cos x = tan3 x + tan2 x + tan x + 1 vd fhLf.
2
cos x
X <yf viz, mbt yff TLjyh tFf < 4,
3 vd ilF. mnj <yf viz, mj yff bgUf
gydh tFf < 3, 5 vd ilF v, mj viz fhf.

11.

12.

(il : 23)

4 M tFF nghJ 1 ilFkhW mikj midJ <yf vf

TLjiy fhf.
(il : 1210)


J 1
1 N
2
2
2
K a + b+c O
b + c - a m (a + b + c) - 2
c
( il : 1 )
RUFf : K
1
+
O
1
1
2
bc
2bc
K O
a
b
c
+
L
P
gtif fzFf 343

13.

ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho _yf bkbaf iy

kW a + b + c < 0 v, v c- Fid fhf. (F : f (x) = 0-F
bkbafshyhd _yf iy v, x- vyh kfSF f (x) -
(il: c < 0)
kf midJ xnu Fid bfhoUF)

14.

f (x) = 2 x - 1 > 0 vwthW mik x- vyh bkba kfis

x -x+6
fhf.
( il x 2 1 )

15.

1 + a + a + g + a = (1 + a) (1 + a )(1 + a ) (1 + a ) vw rkghoid

(il: x = 15)
2

16.

fzLf

6x1 x2 - 4x1 + 6x1 x2 - 4x2

, F x1 kW x2 Mad
2
2
3x1 + 5x1 x2 + 3x2

x - 5x + 2 = 0 vg _yfshF.

( il : - 320 )
73

17.

cosec a - cot a - sin a + cos a + sec a - 1 = - 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.

cos a
sin a

18.

xU xlf kij cs xlff eh xU gF xlff fho

fhzgld. kij cs xlff bkhj vif tf
_y U klF vifs xlff kiyF brW csd.
vs 15 xlff Mwfiu fhzgld v, kij cs
xlff vifia fhf.

19.

(il: 36 )

xU bjhl toahdJ 30 . uij xU uhd ntf flj wF

mj au (Engine) W nfhshW VglJ. Mifah to ntf
mj uhd ntf 4 gfhf FiwfglJ. jdh, bjhlto mJ
5
ngh nru ntoa iyaij 45 lf fhyjhkjkhf brW miljJ.
nfhshW D 18 . u flj VgoUFkhdh, bjhlto
9 lf Kdjhf ngh nrUF. bjhlto ntf kW

bjhlto gaz brj u Matiw fhf.

( il: bjhlto ntf 30 ./k; gaz brj u 120 .)

20.

sin i + sin2 i + sin3 i = 1 v, cos6 i - 4 cos4 i + 8 cos2 i = 4 vd Wf.

21

cosec i - sin i = l kW sec i - cos i = m v, l2 m2 (l2 + m2 + 3) = 1 vd Wf.

22.

xU kiy mothuUJ kiy fu 45c Vw csJ 1000

u kiy J 30c rh nfhz Va , kiy fu Vw 60c
Mf csJ. kiy cauij fhf.
( il: 1.366 . )

344 10M tF fzF

23.

xU rJu v nfhz Kidf (3, 4) kW (1, 1) v, kw nfhz

Kidfis fhf.
(il: ` 9 , 1 j kW `- 1 , 5 j )
2 2
2 2

24.

xU TL bgUF bjhltir Kj kW fil cWf TLj 66,

ulhtJ kW fil cWF Kija cW Mat bgUf
gy 128 kW mtir vyh cWf TLj 126 v,
bjhltir cs cWf vifia fhf. (il : 6 )

25.

xU nfhu c MdJ jiu A vw a nfhzij

VgLJwJ. mnj A-UJ

b cau nfhu moF

wfnfhz b v, nfhu cau b cot b tan a vd Wf.

26.

xU brtf tot Fs 40 mo 20 mo msfis bfhLsJ. Fsij

R uhd mfyK MHK bfhl RW ghij mikf el 99 fdmo
fh csJ. RWghij MH 3 mFy vf. fh KGikahf
gagLjglh ghij mfy fhf.

27.
28.

(il : 3 mo)

(n + 1) (n + 2)
RUFf: (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) g (1 + 2 ) .
(il :
)
6
2
3
4
n
_W tltot tLf uo Muf r mFy. _wht
Mu 2r mFy. xU to viyF kw viyF bghJ
xnw xW UFkhW _W tLfS xnu js itfgLwd.
tLf ika fsh mikfgL Knfhz gugsit
(il : 2 2 r2 n)

fhf.
29.

8 mFy MuKs 6 tltot tLf xbthW mj mUYs

kw uL tLfis xbthU kL bjhLkhW tlto
mikfgld. mj ikagF 7tJ toid 6 tLfis xbthU
kL bjhLkhW itf aY v, 6 tLfsh ikagF
clhfgl l gugsit fhf.

(il : 192 3 )

30. Mu 4 br. kW cau 5 br. cila cUis tot kuJoUJ mnj

ms mogf Mu kW 3 br. cau bfhl netl T bto

vLfgLwJ v, cs kuJo bkhj wgugs76r br.

vd fhLf.
31.

1 + 2 + 3 +g+
n
1
vdfhL .
= 12! 3! 4!
(n + 1) !
(n + 1) !
F n! = 1 # 2 # 3 # g # n .

gtif fzFf 345

ghit f
1.

Peter J. Eccles, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, Cambridge University Press

2007

2.

Ann Xavier Gantert, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry, Amsco School Publications Inc.,
2009

3.

Boris A Kordemsky, The Moscow Puzzles: 359 Mathematical Recreations, Dover

Publications

4.

Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery, January
1976

5.

Krishnan Namboodiri, Richard G. Niemi, Matrix Algebra, An Introduction, Sage

Publications 1984

6.

Alfred S. Posamentier, Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Geometry, Dover

Publications

7.

Alfred S. Posamentier, Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Algebra, Dover

Publications

8.

James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson, College Algebra, Thomson Brooks/Cole,
Jan 2010

9.

Michael Sullivan, College Algebra, Pearson Publishing, January 2007

10.

http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html

11.

V.Govorov, P.Dybov, N.Miroshin, S.Smirnova, Problems in Mathematics,

Publications 2010

12.

H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Elementary Algebra for Schools, Surjeet Publications 2007

13.

H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Higher Algebra, A.I.T.B.S Publishers 2009

14.

D.Dorokhin, Z.Plaksenko, G.Bazhora, Collection of Problems and Exercises in

Mathematics, Mir Publications 1990

346 10th Std. Mathematics

G.K.

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ghl: fj

fhy : 2.30 k

tF : X

bkhj kbgf : 100

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31

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23

27

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15

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15

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100

30

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65

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ms

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60

347

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milfSF FfgLs vf, xbthU dhfhd kbgiz FF.

- m
1. 1 Kj 15 tiu vQs midJ 15 dhfS flha dhf, mit ca ilia
bj br dhf MF. xbthU dhY, 4 khW ilf bfhLf goUF.
mtW rahd myJ fbghUjkhd ilia njbjLJ vGj ntL. xbthU
dhF xU kbg.
2. 15 dhf 10 dhf ghl bfhLfgLs ca ilia bj br dhf
MF. 5 dhf 2, 3, 5, 6 kW 7 Ma ghl fUJ jahfgl dhf
MF. mit ghl Ys njwf, Kof, vLJfhLf kW g fzFf
Matiw mogilahf bfhoUF.

- M
1. 16 Kj 30 tiu vQs dhf 10 dhfSF ilaf ntL xbthU
dhF 2 kbgf.
2. Kj 14 dhf VnjD 9 dhfSF ilaf ntL 30 MtJ dh flha dh
MF. mJ uo xW vw to UF.
3. Kj 14 dhf ghl cs ghl f tir UF.
4. 14 dhf 6 dhf vLJfhLfUJ 8 dhf gfUJ nffgL.
5. 30 MtJ v dhYs uL dhf jahfgl dhf MF. mit 2, 3, 5 kW
8 Maghl fYs vLJfhLf, g fzFf Madtiw mogilahf
bfhL mik. uL fzFfS btntW fUJ nffgL.

-
1. 31 Kj 45 tiu vQs dhfUJ 9 dhfSF ilafgl ntL. xbthU
dhF 5 kbg.
2. Kj14 dhf VnjD 8 dhfSF ilaf ntL 45 MtJ dh flha
dhthF. J uo xW vw to UF.
3. Kj14 dhf ghl Ys ghl f tir mikUF.
4. Kj14 dhf, 6 dhf vLJ fhLfUJ, 8 dhf gfUJ
nffgL.
5. 45 tJ v dhYs uL dhf jahfgl dhf MF. mit 2, 3, 5 kW 8
Ma ghlfYs vLJfhLf, g fzFf Madtiw mogilahf
bfhL mik. uL fzFfS btntW fUJ nffgL.
6. 30(a), 30(b), 45(a) kW 45(b) vfSs dhf 2, 3, 5 kW 8 Ma ghlfYs
vLJfhLf, gfYs fzFf Madtiw mogilahf bfhL
jahfgL. xbthU dh btntW fUJ nffgl ntL vw gjidF
cgL jahfgL.

- <

1. , 9 tJ ghl kW 10 tJ ghl MatUJ xU ghl uL

dhf j nffgL. mit uo xW (Either or) vw to UF. xbthU
dhF 10 kbgf.
2. uL dhfSF ilaf ntL.
3. 46(a), 47(a), 46(b) kW 47(b) Ma vQs dhf, xU dh, ghlYs vLJ
fhLfUJ nffgL.

349

350

1(1)

bkhj

2(2)

10(5) 20(4)

5(5)

16(8)

30(6)

8(8)

1(1)

milfSF FfgLs v dhf vifia FF

kw vf kbgid FF

fjf

5(1)

1(1)

6(3)

2(1)

2(1)

2(1)

F F

5(1)

5(1) 40(4)

167

20

20

15

11

16

10

21

14

15

F - f FWa il F - FWa il
- skhd il
- f skhd il

25(5)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

10(2)
2(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

bkhj
kbg

tiuglf

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

10(2)

2(1)

2(1)

2(1)

5(1)

5(1)

gagLJj

brKiw toa

2(1)

5(1)

1(1)

Knfhza

msa

1(1)

toa

1(1)

2(1)

2(1)

2(1)

1(1)

1(1)

Mabjhiy
toa

4(2)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

Jbfhs

mf

2(1)

afj

2(1)

2(1)

1(1)

fzfS
rhfS

mw

bk vf
bjhl tirfS
bjhlfS

ghl

Fnfh

dhjh totik - X M tF