Chapt er No: 04

M easur ement of power & Power

f act or cor r ect i on
Electric power
The rate which electric energy is transferred by electric circuit.
P = work done per unit time
= QV/t = I*V watts
Where
Q = electric charge in coulombs
t = time in seconds
I = electric current in amps
V = electric potential or Voltage in volts
Power in a Balanced System
The total instantaneous power in a balanced three phase system is constant.
2 cos( ) 2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( ) 2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( 120 )
cos( ) cos( ) cos( 120 ) cos( 120 )
2
cos( 120 ) co
AN p BN p
CN p
a p b p
c p
a b c AN a BN b CN c
p p
v V t v V t
v V t
i I t i I t
i I t
p p p p v i v i v i
t t t t
p V I
t

= =
= +
= =
= +
= + + = + +
+ +
=
+
( )
Using the above identity and simplifying, =2 t- we obtain

s( 120 )
1
cos cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
that:
1
3cos
2

cos 2 o os 3 c c s
p p p p
t
A B A B A B
V V I I p





| |
=
|
\ .


+

= + +
= + +
Power in a Balanced System
The important consequences of the instantenous power equation of a balanced three
phase system are:
The instantenous power is not function of time.
The total power behaves similar to DC power.
This result is true whether the load is Y or connected.
T
3 cos
p p
p V I
A
=
he per phase is obtained as .
3

AVERAGE POWE

R
cos
3
p
p p p
p
P V I
p
P
= =
=
Power in a Balanced System
The complex power per phase is S
p
. The total complex power for all phases is S.
p
p
p p p p p
3 cos
1
= cos
3
1
= sin
(Total Instantenous Power)
(Average Power per phase)
(Reactive Pow
3

er per phase)
(Apparent Power per pha
S V I
s

e

)
p p
p p
p p
p p p
p V I
P p V I
Q p V I
S V I
P jQ

-
=
=
=
=
= + =
p p

and refer to magnitude val
C
ues whereas
V and I refer to phasor
omplex power for e
values (Both magn
ach pha
itude a
se
nd phase)
p p
V I
Power in a Balanced System
The complex power per phase is S
p
. The total complex power for all phases is S.
p p p p p
p p p
p p p
Complex power for each phase
Total Complex power for three phas
S V I
S= 3S 3V I
3 3 cos 3 cos
3 3 sin 3 sin
S=3S 3V
e
I 3
a b c p p p L L
a b c p p p L L
P jQ
P jQ
P P P P P V I V I
Q Q Q Q Q V I V I
I


-
-
-
= + =
+ = =
= + + = = =
= + + = = =
= =
2
p
p p L
2
p
Total complex power
Total complex power using
, , and are all rms values, is the load imp
3

line val
edance
3
angl
s ue
e
p
p
L L
L
V I V I
V
Z
Z
P jQ V I

-
=
= + = Z S
Power in a Balanced System
Notice the values of V
p
, V
L
, I
p
, I
L
for different load connections.
2
p 2
p p p
p
p
p L
, , and are all rms values, is the load impe
To
da
3
S=3S 3V I 3
nce
al c
an
3
omplex ower
gle
p
L
p
p
L L
V
V
I Z
Z
P
V
V I
I
jQ
I

-
-
= = =
= + = Z S
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
p
V
p
V
p
I
p
I
p
I
p
V
L
V
p
I
p
V
L
V
L
V
p
V
p
I
p
I
p
Y connected load. connected load.
3
L p L p
V V I I = =
3
L p L p
V V I I = =
Single versus Three phase systems
Three phase systems uses lesser amount of wire than single phase systems for the
same line voltage V
L
and same power delivered.
a) Single phase system b) Three phase system
2 2
' 2 ' 2
Wire Material for Single phase 2( ) 2 2
(2) 1.33
Wire Material for Three phase 3( ) 3 3
r l r
r l r

= = = =
If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase system use only 75% of
materials of a single-phase system
Three Phase Power Measurement
Two-meter method for measuring three-phase power
11
Balanced 3 Balanced 3--phase systems phase systems POWER CALCULATION
Complex, apparent, active, and reactive
The complex power per phase:
u + u = = sin I jV cos I V
p p p p
*
p p
I V S
p
Phase voltage Phase current
v p
u Z =
p
V V
i p
u Z =
p
I I
(rms) (rms)
p p
jQ P + =
Total complex power:
u Z = =
p p
*
p p
I V 3 3
I V S
For Y connection,
3
V
p
L
V
=
u Z =
L L
I V 3
S
L p
I I =
and
Apparent power is as before, i.e.
S
=
S
12
Balanced 3 Balanced 3--phase systems phase systems POWER CALCULATION
Power measurement using a wattmeter
wattmeter is an instrument used for measuring the average power.
The basic structure
Equivalent Circuit with load
If v(t) = V
m
cos (et + u
v
) and i(t) = I
m
cos (et + u
i
)
then the wattmeter will measure the average power:
Reading on wattmeter ( )
i v
m m
cos
2
I V
P u u =
13
Balanced 3 Balanced 3--phase systems phase systems POWER CALCULATION
Power measurement using a wattmeter
wattmeter is an instrument used for measuring the average power.
14
Balanced 3 Balanced 3--phase systems phase systems POWER CALCULATION
3-phase power measurement using wattmeters: two-wattmeter method
In order to measure average power in 3-phase system ONLY 2
wattmeter's are needed
Reading by wattmeter1,
Reading by wattmeter2,
( ) ) 30 cos( I V cos I V P
o
L L 1 a ab 1
+ u = u =
( ) ) 30 cos( I V cos I V P
o
L L 2 c cb 2
u = u =
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
o
30
o
30
o
30
cn
V
bn
V
an
V
cb
V
a
I
c
I
u
u
u Z =
Y Y
Z
Z
15
Balanced 3 Balanced 3--phase systems phase systems POWER CALCULATION
Reading by wattmeter1,
Reading by wattmeter2,
( ) ) 30 cos( I V cos I V P
o
L L 1 a ab 1
+ u = u =
( ) ) 30 cos( I V cos I V P
o
L L 2 c cb 2
u = u =
IT CAN BE SHOWN :
) cos( I V 3 P P
L L 2 1
u = +
) sin( I V P P
L L 1 2
u =
This is also true for a A connected load as well
This is also true if the load is unbalanced (ONLY for P1+P2)
Two-wattmeter method CANNOT be used for a 3-phase, 4 wire system UNLESS the
neutral current = 0
P
1
=P
2
resistive load, P
2
> P
1
inductive load, P
2
< P
1
capacitive load
) P P ( 3 Q
1 2 Total
=
2 1 Total
P P P + =
Total
Total
P
Q
tan = u
Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement
cc = current coil
vc = voltage coil
W1 read
1 1
cos
AB A
P V I =
W2 read
2 2
cos
CB C
P V I =
For balanced load with abc phase sequence
1 2
30 and 30
a a
= + =
is the angle between phase current and phase voltage of phase
a
a
Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement(cont.)
1 2
2 cos cos30
3 cos
L L
L L
P P P
V I
V I

= +
=
=
To determine the power factor angle
1 2
2cos cos30
L L
P P V I + =
1 2
( 2sin sin30 )
L L
P P V I =
1 2
1 2
2cos cos30 3
( 2sin sin30 ) tan
L L
L L
P P V I
P P V I

+
= =

1
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
tan 3 or tan 3
P P P P
P P P P


| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
Electrodynamic Wattmeter
What is power factor?
POWER FACTOR is an index which is used to calculate the efficiency level
of electrical usage.
This index is measured from the range of 0 to 1.
The higher the value of the index reflects more efficiency usage of electricity
and vice versa.
KW Real Pow er ( also called Working Pow er, Act ual Pow er or Act ive Pow er)
Thi s i s t he power t hat equi pment such as st ove bur ner, oven and l i ght s
r equi r ed t o per f or m usef ul wor ks.
KVAR React ive Pow er: Thi s i s t he power t hat magnet i c equi pment such as
t r ansf or mer, mot or s and compr essor s r equi r ed t o pr oduce t he magnet i zi ng
f l ux.
KVA Apparent Pow er: It i s t he vect or i al summat i on of React i ve Power (KVAR)
and Real Power (KW)
Power Fact or i s t he r at i o of Wor ki ng Power t o Appar ent Power
Pow er Fact or = KW / KVA
Why we improve power factor?
Eliminating Power Factor Surcharge
Reducing CO2 Emissions
Increased system capacity and reduced system loses in your
electrical system
Increased voltage in your electrical system, resulting in more
efficient motors.
Power Factor Correction
Power factor is particularly important in high-power applications
Inductive loads have a lagging power factor
Capacitive loads have a leading power factor
Many high-power devices are inductive
a typical AC motor has a power factor of 0.9 lagging
the total load on the national grid is 0.8-0.9 lagging
this leads to major efficiencies
power companies therefore penalise industrial users who
introduce a poor power factor
The pr obl em of poor power f act or i s t ackl ed by addi ng
addi t i onal component s t o br i ng t he power f act or back cl oser
t o uni t y
a capaci t or of an appr opr i at e si ze i n par al l el wi t h a l aggi ng
l oad can cancel out t he i nduct i ve el ement
t hi s i s pow er fact or correct ion
a capaci t or can al so be used i n ser i es but t hi s i s l ess
common (si nce t hi s al t er s t he l oad vol t age)
V
L
=840 V (Rms)
Capaci t or s f or pf
Cor r ect i on
I
L
73650
50.68A
3 3 840
Without Pf Correction
L
L
S
I
V
= = =
Measuring Instruments
Definition:
The instruments which are used to measure
electrical quantities are called Electrical
Instruments.
Example: Ammeter
Voltmeter
Energy meter