From the Matter Unit:

Describe how matter is classified Classify a substance as to type Define Law of Definate Composition Define Binary and Ternary List names and formulas for polyatomic ions Name ionic and covalent compounds (using the correct system-ex: roman numeral) Write formulas for ionic and covalent compounds Name and write formulas for acids

Part 1: Naming
1. Fe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrate

Part 2: Formulas
11. cadmium(II) fluoride CdF2

2. Mg(NO2)2 magnesium nitrite

12. barium phosphate

Ba3(PO4)2

3. KOH

potassium hydroxide

13. copper(I) chloride

CuCl

4. NH4NO3

ammonium nitrate

14. barium nitrate

Ba(NO3)2

5. CaSO4

calcium sulfate

15. iron(III) carbonate

Fe2(CO3)3

6. PbF2

lead(II) fluoride

16. calcium sulfite

CaSO3

7. PbO2

lead(IV) oxide

17. copper(II) hydroxide

Cu(OH)2

Part 3: Whats Wrong With These Formulas?

21. (NH3)2CO3 NH3 is not an ion. NH4 is ammonium.

22. Na2PO4

Because Na has a charge of +1 and phosphate is -3, the charges are not equal. Should be Na3 PO4. Because K has a charge of +1 and hydroxide is -1, the charges are not equal. Should be KOH.

23. K(OH)2

From the Moles Unit:

Definition of a mole Determine the molar mass of a substance Make conversions from: grams to moles particles to moles (atoms/molecules) liters of gas to moles Calculate molarity of a compound Calculate the % composition of a compund Calculate an empirical formula of a compound Determine the molecular formula from the empirical formula 3.01 x 1023 atoms of neon would be: 0.500 moles 10.1 11.2 grams liters

Why atoms? Neon is an element..

6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen in a sample of oxygen gas would be: 0.500 moles of oxygen gas 16.0 11.2 grams of oxygen gas liters of oxygen gas

Explain: Oxygen gas is diatomic, so 1 mole of oxygen gas is really 2 moles of oxygen atoms. Therefore, 1 mole of atoms is only 0.500 moles of O2. Mole Problems:

1.

What is the mass of one mole of the following? Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 = 142 grams What is the mass of 0.30 moles of aluminum? 0.30 moles Al x 27.0 g = 8.1 g 1 mole How many atoms of iron are in 0.250 grams of iron? 0.250 g Fe x 1 mole Fe x 6.03 x 1023 atoms Fe 55.85 g Fe 1 mole

2.

3.

= 2.69 x 1021 atoms

4.

How many moles is 6.04 grams of manganese(II) sulfate? 6.04 g MnSO4 x 1 mole MnSO4 = 0.0400 moles MnSO4 151.0 g MnSO4 What is the volume of a 25.0 gram sample of sulfur dioxide at STP?

5.

25.0 g SO2 x

1 mole SO2 64.06 g SO2

22.4 L SO2 1 mole SO2

= 8.74 L SO2

Molarity: 1. What is the molarity if 82.0g of calcium nitrate is dissolved in 500.0 mL of solution 82.0 g Ca(NO3)2 x 1 mole Ca(NO3)2 = 0.500 moles 164.1 g Ca(NO3)2 M = 0.500 moles = 1.00 M 0.500 L solution

2.

Calculate the mass of solute in the following solution: 250.0mL of sodium sulfate that is 2.00M 2.00M = x moles x = 0.500 moles x 142.04 g = 71.0 g Na2SO4 0.2500 L 1 mole How many milliliters of solution can be made from the following? 0.100M solution using 117g of sodium chloride 117 g NaCl x 1 mole = 2.00 moles 0.100M = 2.00 moles 58.44 g x liters

3.

x = 20.0 L % Composition Problems: 1. aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 54g Al x 100 = 16% 342g 96g S x 100 = 28% 342g 192g O x 100 = 56% 342g

2.

A compound is found to contain 74.0 grams of mercury and 6.0 grams of oxygen. 74.0g Hg x 100 = 92.5% 80.0g 6.0g O x 100 = 7.5% 80.0g

How many grams of oxygen are in 24.5 grams of this compound? 24.5g x 7.5g = 1.8g Oxygen 100.0g

3.

A 39.2 gram sample of a compound is found to contain 29.4 grams of carbon. The only other element found to be present is hydrogen. Is this compound CH4? Explain. 29.4g C x 100 = 75% C CH4 would be: 12g C x 100 = 75% 39.2g 16g

Yes. The compound is CH4 It has the same % composition. Empirical Formulas: 1. A compound contains 67.6% mercury, 10.8 % sulfur, and 21.6 % oxygen. What is the empirical formula? 67.6g Hg x 1 mole = 0.337 mole / 0.337 = 1 200.6g 10.8g S x 1 mole = 0.337 mole / 0.337 = 1 HgSO4 32.07g 21.6g O x 1 mole = 1.35 mole / 0.337 = 4 mercury(II) sulfate 16.00g 2. 100 grams of a compound containing aluminum and oxygen is found to have 52.94 grams of aluminum.

52.94g Al x 47.06g O x

1 mole = 1.962 mole / 1.962 = 1 x 2 = 2 26.981g 1 mole = 2.941 mole / 1.962 = 1.5 x 2 = 3 15.999g

Al2O3 aluminum oxide

3.

50.0 grams of a compound containing only oxygen and hydrogen is found to have 47.05 grams of oxygen. What is the empirical formula? 47.05g O x 1 mole = 2.941 mole / 2.93 = 1 15.999g HO 2.95g H x 1 mole = 2.93 mole / 2.93 = 1 1.008g If the molar mass of the compound is 34g, what is the molecular formula?

From the Reactions Unit:

List and describe the types of reactions Identify a reaction as to type Write and balance equations for reactions Predict the products of a single replacement reaction using a reactivity series

Predict the products of a double replacement reaction using a solubility chart Write net ionic equation for a double replacement reaction ***The 1s dont have to be written, they are implied. 1. 2. 2 Al (s) + 3 CuSO4 (aq) 1 Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 Cu (s) 3 H2SO4 (aq) + 2 Al (s) 1 Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Determine Reaction Type, Predict Products, and Balance: 1. strontium (s) + nitrogen (g) synthesis 3 Sr (s) + N2 (g) Sr3N2 (s) 2. benzene (C6H6) (l) + oxygen (g) combustion 2 C6H6 (l) + 15 O2 (g) 12 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g) 3. cobalt(II) bromide (s) decomposition CoBr2 (s) Co (s) + Br2 (l) 4. phosphoric acid (aq) + aluminum hydroxide (aq) double replacement H3PO4 (aq) + Al(OH)3 (aq) AlPO4 (s) + 3 HOH (l) 5. zinc (s) + copper(II) chloride (aq) single replacement Zn (s) + CuCl2 (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + Cu (s) Single Replacement: Complete and balance the following metal exchange reactions. No reaction is a possible answer. Cr(NO3)3 (aq) + Cu (s) No Reaction (Cr more active than Cu) Ca (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CaSO4 (s) + H2 (g) Ag (s) No Reaction (Pb more active than Ag)

Pb(C2H3O2)2 (aq) +

Aluminum nitrate solution and copper No Reaction (Al more active than Cu)

Magnesium solid and nitric acid solution Mg (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g) Double Replacement: 1. Lithium fluoride solution is mixed with ammonium hydroxide solution. LiF (aq) + NH4OH (aq) No Reaction (both products are soluble) 2. Potassium chloride solution is mixed with copper(I) nitrate solution. KCl (aq) + CuNO3 (aq) CuCl (s) + KNO3 (aq) 3. (CuCl is ppt)

Hydrochloric acid solution is mixed with a solution of lithium hydroxide. HCl (aq) + LiOH (aq) LiCl (aq) + HOH (l) (water is formed)

What would be observed in each reaction above? Explain why these observations could be made. (What is happening at an atomic level?) Write the net ionic: 1. You would see nothing. There is no reaction. 2. You would see CuCl solid form (a precipitate). 3. You would see nothing, but there is a reaction because the H+ and OH- were removed from the mixture.

Net Ionic: 1. lead(II) nitrate (aq) + potassium iodide (aq) Pb+2 (aq) + 2 I- (aq) PbI2 (s) 2. (NO3-1 and K+1 are spectators)

sulfuric acid (aq) + barium hydroxide (aq) 2 H+ (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) + 2 OH-1 (aq) 2 HOH (l) + BaSO4 (s)

3.

copper(I) nitrate (aq) + sodium chloride (aq) Cu+1 (aq) + Cl-1 (aq) CuCl (s) (NO3-1 and Na+1 are spectators)

4.

calcium acetate (aq) + magnesium nitrate (aq) No Reactions because Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(C2H3O2)2 are soluble.

5.

silver nitrate (aq) + potassium chloride (aq) Ag+1 (aq) + Cl-1 (aq) AgCl (s) (NO3-1 and K+1 are spectators)

From the Stoichiometry Unit:

Predict the amount of product formed or reactant used with mole ratios of an equation (calculate amounts in moles or grams) Use molarity in stoichiometry calculations Determine the limiting reactant (and reactant in excess) Calculate a theoretical yield Calculate a % yield The mole to mole ratio in which substance react and are formed is called the stoichiometric ratio. 1. Balance the following equation. Sketch the atoms or molecules involved: 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) ----- 2 H2O (g)

Why can the unit of moles be substituted for particles in a reaction? Because a mole is a certain number of particles, the ratio would be the same as the particle ratio. (1 dozen: 2 dozen is the same ration as 1 particle; 2 particle) If 2 moles of H2 reacts, how many moles of H2O are formed? If 4 moles of H2 reacts, how many moles of H2O are formed? If 1 mole of H2 reacts, how many moles of O2 react? 2 moles 4 moles 0.5 moles

2. This reaction is used to reduce iron from iron(III) oxide, and iron ore. Balance

and answer the following questions:

Fe2O3 (s) (160 g)

+ +

3 H2 (g) 3(2 g)

------ =

Fe (s) 2(56 g)

+ +

H2O (g) 3(18 g)

State the Law of Conservation of Mass. Show mathematically that the equation above does not lose or gain in mass. Mass is not created or destroyed. The total mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants that was started with. 166 g = 166 g in the reaction above How many moles of Fe will be produced when 4.5 moles of H2 reacts? 3 moles How many moles of Fe will be produced when 1 mole of Fe2O3 reacts? 2 moles 3. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 100.0g of ethane (C2H6) undergoes combustion? 2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2 (g) 4 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g) 100.0g C2H6 x 1 mole C2H6 x 4 moles CO2 x 44.009g CO2 = 292.7g CO2 30.07g C2H6 2 moles C2H6 1 mole CO2

4.

What is the theoretical yield of lead(II) sulfide will be obtained by reacting 3.31g of lead(II) nitrate with hydrosulfuric acid in a double replacement reaction? Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + H2S (aq) PbS (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq) 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 x 1 mole PbS x 239.27g PbS = 2.39g 331.2g Pb(NO3)2 1 mole Pb(NO3)2 1 mole PbS

3.31g Pb(NO3)2 x

5.

How many liters of carbon dioxide will be formed when 144.0g of pentane (C5H12) undergoes combustion? C5H12 (l) + 8 O2 (g) 5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g) 144.0g C5H12 x 1 mole C5H12 x 5 mole CO2 x 22.414L CO2 = 223.7L CO2 72.149g C5H12 1 mole C5H12 1 mole CO2

6.

200.0mL of 2.0M solution of potassium iodide are reacted with excess lead(II) nitrate. What is the theoretical yield of lead(II) iodide solid? Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq) 2.0M = x moles KI = 0.40 moles KI 0.2000L soln x 461.01g PbI2 1 mole PbI2 x = 92g PbI2

0.40 moles KI x 1 mole PbI2 2 mole KI OR: 0.2000L x 2.0 moles KI x 1L solution

1 moles PbI2 2 mole KI

461.01g PbI2 1 mole PbI2

= 92g PbI2

7.

How many grams of calcium chloride can be produced by reacting 150ml of .25M hydrochloric acid solution with calcium metal? Ca (s) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) 0.25M = x moles HCl 0.15L soln = 0.0375 moles HCl

0.0375 moles HCl x 1 mole CaCl2 2 moles HCl OR: 0.15L x 0.25 moles HCl x 1L solution

110.98g CaCl2 1 mole CaCl2

= 2.1g CaCl2

1 mole CaCl2

x 110.98g CaCl2

= 2.1g CaCl2

Limiting Reactant: 1. The unbalanced equation for the synthesis of sodium amide (NaNH2) is as follows: 2 Na (s) + 2 NH3 (g) ------ 2 NaNH2 (s) + H2 (g)

How much NH3 is required to react with 50.0 grams of Na? 50.0g Na x 1 mol Na x 22.9898g Na 2 mol NH3 2 mol Na x 17.03g NH3 1 mol NH3 Yes = 37.0g NH3

If you have 50.0 grams of NH3, is that enough?

What is the limiting reactant? Why does it matter? The Na would run out and so is the limiting reactant. I have to use the mass of Na to calculate a yield because not all 50.0grams of the NH3 will be reacted (some will be left over at the end of the reaction). What is the theoretical yield of NaNH2? 50.0g Na x 1 mol Na x 2 mol NaNH3 22.9898g Na 2 mol Na x 39.01g NaNH2 1 mol NaNH2 = 84.8g NaNH2

2.

When 125mL of 0.55M silver nitrate solution is reacted with 85.0mL of 0.25M aluminum chloride solution, solid silver chloride is formed. a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction. 3 AgNO3 (aq) + AlCl3 (aq) 3 AgCl (s) + Al(NO3)3 (aq) b. Which reactant is the limiting reactant? 0.55M = x mol AgNO3 0.125L soln = 0.0688 mol AgNO3

0.0688 mol AgNO3 x

1 mol AlCl3 = 0.0229 moles AlCl3 needed so 3 mol AgNO3 = 0.0917L of solution needed (91.7mL)

0.25M =

0.0229 mol AlCl3 x L solution

You need 91.7mL of the AlCl3 solution to react all the AgNO3 solution. You only have 85.0mL, so you dont have enough. AlCl3 limits! c. What mass of solid can be produced? 0.25M = x mol AlCl3 = 0.0213 mol AlCl3 0.0850L soln 3 mol AgCl = 0.0638 mol AgCl

0.0213 mol AlCl3 x

1 mol AlCl3 0.0638 mol AgCl x 143.32g AgCl 1 mol AgCl = 9.14g AgCl

From the Thermodynamics Unit:

Define exothermic and endothermic reactions Define enthalpy Write a thermochemical equation Perform stoichiometric calculation using heat as part of the equation Read a reaction chart to determine the change in enthalpy Calculate the change in enthalpy using a standard heat of formation chart Describe Hess Law Define entropy Use Gibbs Free energy to predict whether a reaction is spontaneous 1. How much heat does 32.0 g of water absorb when it is heated from 25.0oC to 80.0oC? q = 32.0g x 4.18 j x 55.0oC = 7360 j g oC When 435 J of heat is added to 3.4 g of olive oil at 21oC, the temperature increases to 85.oC. What is the specific heat of olive oil? 435 j = 3.4g x C x 64oC = 2.00 j

2.

g oC Would olive oil or water have a larger temperature change given the same amount of energy? The olive oil would have a greater temperature change because it has a smaller specific heat. (Takes less energy to raise the temp 1oC) 3. 1500 joules of heat are added to 50.0g of water. How much would the temperature change? Would the temperature increase or decrease?

1500 j = 50.0g x 4.18 j x t = 7.2oC g oC Phase Changes: 1. How much heat is liberated when 18.0g of water vapor turns into rain?

18.0g H2O x 540 cal/g = 9720 cal = 9700cal to 2 sig fig 2. How much heat is removed from your hand when 18g of snow melts on your glove? 18g x 80.0 cal/g = 1440 cal = 1400 cal to 1 sig fig How much heat is liberated when 450.0g of steam at 100oC is changed to water at 20oC? 450.0g 540 cal/g = 243000cal 450.0g x 1 cal x 80.0oC = 36000cal g oC Thermochemical Equations: 1. Define a. endothermic a reaction in which energy is absorbed b. exothermic a reaction in which energy is released c. enthalpy heat (energy) changes in a reaction 2. For the reaction: C8H18 (l) + 25/2 O2 (g) 8 CO2 (g) + 9 H2O (g) + 1300 kJ a. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? exothermic b. How much energy is released when 456.0g of C8H18 burns? 456,0g C8H18 x 1 mole C8H18 x 1300kJ = 5190kJ 114.22g C8H18 1 mole C8H18 c. H = - 1300kJ d. How does the energy of the reactants compare to the energy of the products? Draw a sketch of the graph of energy vs. time. total = 280,000cal to 2 sig fig

3.

3.

Using a heat of formation chart, Calculate the H for each of the following reactions: 2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

2 NH3 (g) N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)

4.

Methane (CH4) undergoes combustion. a. Use the heat of formation chart to calculate the H for the reaction. CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) 1(-94.0518kcal) + 2(-57.7979kcal) = -209.6476kcal

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 1(-17.889kcal) + 2(0kcal) = -17.889kcal

-209.6476kcal (-17.889kcal) = -192kcal b. CH4 (g) Write the thermochemical equation. + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) + 192kcal

c. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? exothermic

d. Which has more energy, reactants or products? Draw a graph to show the energy relationships on the reaction. Reactants have more energy!

e. How many grams of methane are needed to produce 4000.0 kcal of energy? 4000.0kcal x 1 mol CH4 192kcal x 16.05g = 334kcal 1 mol CH4

f. How much heat is released per gram of methane? 192kcal = 12.0kcal/g 16.05g CH4 g. Would you expect this reaction to be spontaneous at room temperature? What is the driving force? The change in enthalpy is very favorable (a large negative number) because the reaction is very exothermic. The change in entropy is probably not significant as it goes from all gases to all gases. So, Gibbs Free Energy is probably negative and the reaction is spontaneous.

5. Calculate the heat of reaction for the following: 2 C (graphite) + H2 (g) C2H2 (g) given: x4: 4C (graphite) + 4O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) x 2: 2H2 (g) + 1 O2 (g) 2H2O (l)

H = -393.5 kJ x 4 = H = -1574.0 kJ H = -285.8 kJ x 2 =

flip:

2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) 4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) 2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 4 C (graphite) + 2 H2 (g) 2 C2H2 (g)

H = -571.6 kJ H = -2598.8 kJ H = +2598.8 kJ H = +453.2 kJ H = +226.6 kJ

or:

C (graphite) + H2 (g) C2H2 (g)

Evaluate this reaction in terms of H, S, and G. The H is positive, so not favorable. The S is probably positive, but only marginally as it goes from one solid and one gas to only one gas. This is favorable as it is an increase in entropy. So G is negative at higher temperatures. Do you think this reaction would be spontaneous? The change in enthalpy is unfavorable (a positive number) because the reaction is endothermic. The change in entropy is probably positive as it ends with only gases. So, Gibbs Free Energy is negative at higher temperatures.

From the Rate Unit:

Describe the factors affecting rate Calculate rate of reaction in a specific time interval Use stoichiometry to determine information about the rate of a reaction Determine the rate law for a given reaction with data Calculate a rate constant Use a rate constant to predict rates

1. Above is the reaction graph for the following reaction:

+ 2B AB2

Label the position of the reactants, products, and activated complex. The reactants are at 50kJ on the left, the products are at 100kJ on the right and the Activated complex it at the top of the hill at 250kJ of energy. What is the activation energy (Ea) of the reaction? What is the H for the reaction? Do the reactants or the products have a higher energy? Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? What does a catalyst do to the graph? 200kJ (from 50 to 250) + 50kJ (from 50 to 100) Products have higher endothermic A catalyst lowers the activation energy by making the collisions more effective.

List 4 things that would speed up the reaction. Using a higher concentration of reactants Heating the reaction Using a catalyst (if there is one for that reaction)

Using small particles of the reactants List 4 things that would slow down the reaction. Using a lower concentration of reactants Coolong the reaction Using an inhibitor (if there is one for that reaction) Using large particles of the reactants If .5 moles of A react in 2 minutes and 16 seconds, what is the rate in terms of disappearance of A? 0.5 moles A = 4 x 10-3 mol A/sec 136 seconds What is the rate in terms of disappearance of B? How do you know? Because there are 2 mol of B reacted for every 1 of A, the rate for B is double the rate for A (twice as many moles of B are used in the same time interval). Rate = 2 (4 x 10-3 mol A/sec) = 8 x 10-3 mol B/sec What is the rate in terms of appearance of the product? How do you know? Because the mol ratio of A to AB2 is 1:1, the rates are equal (you produce the same number of moles of AB2 as you use of A in the same time interval). Rate = 4 x 10-3 mol AB2/sec 2. A series of data was collected for the following reaction. Use the coefficients of the equation to fill in the blacks with your prediction of the molarities of the other species in the reaction. H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2 HI (g) time (sec) 0 2 4 [H2] 4.00 2.00 1.00 [I2] 6.00 4.00 3.00 [HI] 0.000 4.00 6.00

What is the rate in terms of appearance of HI for the 1st 2 second interval? Rate = 4.00 mole HI = 2.00 mol HI/sec 2 second What would the rate for the 1st 2 second time interval be in terms of the disappearance of H2?

The rate in terms of H2 is half of the rate in terms of HI because of the 1:2 mole ratio. Or: Rate = 2.00 mole H2 = 1.00 mol H2/sec 2 second What is the rate in terms of appearance of HI for the 2nd 2 second interval? Rate = 4.00 mole HI = 2.00 mol HI/sec 2 second Why did it change? As the concentration of the reactants decreases, there are fewer collisions so the reaction slows.

3. The following rate data describe the reaction below at a temperature of 250 K: F2 (g) + 2 ClO2 (g) 2 FClO2 (g) [F2] 0.10 0.10 0.20 [ClO2] 0.010 0.040 0.010 initial rate of disappearace of F2 1.2 x 10-3 mol. L.-1 sec-1 4.8 x 10-3 mol. L.-1 sec-1 2.4 x 10-3 mol. L.-1 sec-1

What is the rate law for the reaction? Rate = k[F2]1 [ClO2]1 Calculate the rate law constant. 1.2 x 10-3 mol. L.-1 sec-1 = k [0.10]1 [0.010]1 k = 1.2 Calculate the rate when [F2] = 0.010 M and [ClO2] = 0.020 M. Rate = 1.2 [0.010]1 [0.020]1 = 2.4 x 10-3 mol. L.-1 sec-1 What is the rate in the first trial in terms of FClO2 ?

Rate = 2(1.2 x 10-3 mol/L/sec) = 2.4 x 10-3 mol/L/sec

From the Equilibrium Unit:

Define reversible reaction Describe chemical equilibrium (what is true at equilibrium) Describe the factors affecting equilibrium Write the equilibrium law expression for a reaction Calculate the equilibrium constant given data (may need to use stoichiometry or express the concentration as x) 1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the production of HI gas from hydrogen gas and iodine gas. H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2 HI (g)

K =

[HI]2 [H2] [I2]

3. For the equilibrium: sulfur dioxide + oxygen <--> sulfur trioxide at a certain temperature, [SO2] = 0.20 M, [O2] = 0.20 M, and [SO3] = 0.40 M Calculate Keq. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g) [0.20] [0.20] [0.40] K = [SO3]2 = 2[O ] [SO2] 2 (0.40)2 = 20 2 (0.20) (0.20)

4.

Consider the following reaction:

2 HCl (g) H2 (g)

Cl2 (g)

The initial concentration of HCl is 2.0M and there is no H2 or Cl2 present. After equilibrium conditions have been established, the concentration of Cl2 is 0.10M. What the equilibrium concentrations for HCl and H2? 2 HCl (g) H2 (g) Cl2 (g) [2.0] 0 0 -0.20 +0.10 +0.10 [1.80] [0.10] [0.10] Calculate Keq . Keq = [0.10] [0.10] [1.80]2 = 0.0031

5.

The reaction, A + B C + D has a Keq of 6.57 x 10-3. Determine the final equilibrium concentrations of all substances if 0.200M C and 0.200M D are mixed. No A or B are initially present. A + B C + D Initial 0 0 [0.200] [0.200]

Change Eq

+x x [0.185]

+x x [0.185]

-x 0.2 - x [0.015]

-x 0.2 - x [0.015]

6.57 x 10-3 = [C] [D] = [A] [B]

(0.200 -x)2 x2

x = 0.185

*simplify by taking the square root immediately. So: 0.2 x or 0.0811x = 0.20 x x Use the following equation to answer the following questions: 0.0811 =

6.

N2 (g)

3H2 (g)

2NH3 (g) + heat

Write the equilibrium constant expression Keq = [NH3]2 [N2][H2]3 Calculate the value of Keq if at equilibrium nitrogen is 2.0M, hydrogen is 1.0M, and ammonia is 0.50M. Keq = [0.50]2 = 0.125 3 [2.0][1.0] Will there be more reactant or product? Favors the reactant Will the reactants or products be favored if: a. b. c. d. e. f. the pressure is decreased. reactant the reaction is cooled. product a catalyst is added. neither NH3 is added. reactant H2 is added. product some nitrogen is removed. reactant

How will the following change the value of Keq? a. b. Ammonia is added. No change. The reaction is heated. Value will decrease.

c. d.

The pressure is increased. No change A catalyst is added. No change.

7. Describe what is happening as a system goes toward equilibrium. What is true at equilibrium and what happens at each shift shown below. (Use the terms: reversible reaction, forward reaction, reverse reaction, rate, products, and reactants.) A reversible reaction is a reaction in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same time. The forward reaction begins quickly and slows as product is formed. The reverse reaction begins slowly and speeds up. Eventually the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. When the rates are equal, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. (although not equal to each other) You are making product as quickly as you are reacting the product away. 8. Describe La Chateliers Principle: When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts to minimize the stress. (if you add a reactant, the system tries to use it up by making more product.) Fill in the table below for the reversible exothermic reaction. A plus sign indicates that the concentration of that substance was increased. A minus sign indicates that the concentration of that substance was decreased. 3 O2(g) + 2 H2S (g) 2 H2O (g) + 2 SO2 (g) + heat Direction Of Shift

Stress Add H2S Remove H2O Increase Temperature Decrease Pressure

[O2]

[H2S]

[H2O]

[SO2]

+ +

+ + +

+ -

+ + -

9. In which trial(s) would the value of the equilibrium constant (Keq ) change? Would the value increase or decrease? The value of Keq changes with the increase in temperature.

When temperature increased, reactants favored, Keq decreases

10. What would you do to maximize the production of SO2? High temp, low pressure, remove H2O and SO2, add O2 and H2S.