Biology SPA3 notes TYPE 1 : Experiment On enzyme Aim: Investigate the optimum temperature that the enzyme trypsin

works best. Approach: Trypsin breaks down milk proteins into polypeptides. Milk protein appears cloudy in test tube, but when broken down to polypeptides, it turns colourless Vary the temperature and record down the time taken for each temperature for the milk to turn colourless Constants: pH of milk, Volume of milk , Volume on trypsin Variable: temperature of milk and trpsin Procedure: (1) Fill a test tube with 1cm3 of milk with a dropper (2) Repeat step 1 for enzyme trypsin instead of milk (3) Partially submerge the 2 test tubes into a water bath (4) Put a thermometer into each test tube and measure its temperature (5) Record down the temperature when both thermometers display the same temperature (6)Immediately pour the test tube containing milk into the other test tube containing trypsin (7)Stir and record down the time taken for the milk to turn colourless ( if not visiblr change after 10 minutes put infinity on table column) (8)Repeat steps 1 to 7 for other temperatures like 0.0, 10.0, 20.0,40.0,50.0 by using different water baths -> Ice water bath for. Hot water bath for Results Temperature(degree Celsius ) Time taken for milk to turn colorless (S) 0.0 Plot a graph of time taken against temperature Conclusion The shortest time taken for milk to turn colorless, is the optimum temperature for enzyme to work.For more accurate result fin the minimum coordinate

Type 2: Experiment on stomata(A) Aim: Investigate which side (upper or lower) of the leaf are stomata predominantly found Approach: Using light microscope, we can see the stomata on the leaf. Thus, by counting the stomata on each side (upper/lower ) leaf, we can determine which side of the leaf is stomata predominantly found Constants: 1.Age of leaves used 2.Surface of leaf where measurements of number of stomata are made 3. Magnification of objective lens used (10.0 X) Variables: Different side of leaf Procedure: (1)Place all three leaves under the sun for 3 hours (2)Apply a layer of varnish on both side of the leaf, wait for 3 minutes for the varnish to dry (3) Use a forceps and to peel off the varnish layer (4) Place the layer of varnish peeled from the upper side of the leaf onto a clean microscopic slide (5)View the imprint of the stomata under a light microscope of objective lens of 10.0 X (6)Count the number of stomata from the eyepiece and record it down in a suitable table format. Plant species 1 Diagram: Surface of leaf viewed under light microscope UPPER LOWER Number of stomata in a fixed area

Type 2: Experiment on Stomata (B) Aim: To investigate on which side (upper/lower) of the leaf is stomata predominantly found Approach: Stomata is an opening on the leaf surface which allows gases to enter and leave the leaf. Hot water can cause the air in the intercellular air space to expand and escape out of the stomata. The surface with more bubbles emerging is the surface that contains more stomata. Constants: The temperature of water, The size of the leaf, The age of the leaf Variable: Sides of the leaf( Upper or lower ) Procedure: (1)Place all three leaves under the Sun for 3 hours (2) Prepare hot water bath of 75 degree Celsius (3) Submerge the leaf completely into the hot water bath with a forceps (4) Record down the number of bubbles produces in 5minutes (with a stopwatch ) on each side of the leaf ( in table below ) Species of leaf 1 Surface of leaf UPPER Number of bubbles emerged from the surface of the leaf in 5 minute

Type 2: Experiment on Stomata (C) Aim: To investigate on which side of the leaf is stomata predominantly found Approach: Stomata is an opening of the leave, water vapour from the leafs intercellular air space can diffuse out of leaf. Dry cobalt chloride paper turn pink when in contact with water vapour .By using dry cobalt chloride paper, the time taken for it to turn pink completely can be recorded and used to find on Constants: Size of dry cobalt chloride paper used, Humidity of surrounding, temperature of surrounding Variable: side of the leaf Procedure: (1)Put the three leaves under the Sun for three hours (2) Place the leaf of one species of plant between 2 pieces of dry cobalt chloride paper and sandwich them with two glass slides. Tied the glass slides together with rubber bands (3)Immediately start timing the stopwatch for the cobalt chloride paper to turn completely pink on each side. Record down on a table below.

Conclusion: From the table of values we can compare and deduce \