Concepts in Materials Science I

Review of Classical Mechanics

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Concepts in Materials Science I

Some Questions
Why does a tennis racket wobble when flipped along a certain axis? What do hear when you pluck a Veena string?

How do you hear it, and how do you tell dierence between BhairavI and HusenI?
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Plan of Review
Newtons Laws The Laws Example: Spring Mass System Hamiltonian Formulation Configuration or State of a Particle Phase Space Hamiltonian Equations Example: Spring Mass System Many particles Continuous Systems The Veena String Configuration Newton and The Veena String

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Newtons Laws
First: Every body continues to be in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line unless compelled by an external force dp Second: F = ma = dt Why two laws? What is force? What is mass? The configuration is described by a vector r Acceleration is the second time derivative of r Newtons Law gives a second order dierential equation for r d2 r m 2 =F dt
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Newtons Law Spring Mass System

x kx F

F Force that you applied kx Restoring force of the spring (acts in the ve direction) Newtons Law d2 x F kx = m 2 dt A second order dierential equation in x
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Energy and things...

Kinetic energy 1 mv v = 2 Potential Energy V (r) Conservative Force is derived from Potential Energy F = V Total energy p p
2m

p p
2m

+ V (r)

Total Energy is Conserved! Example: Roller Coaster

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Hamiltonian Formulation
Configuration (or state) of a particle is described by the pair (r, p) The r p space is called Phase Space The Hamiltonian formalism describes the evolution of the state of the particle via a trajectory in phase space p Increasing Time

Initial Point r

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Hamiltonian Formulation
What is the equation of the trajectory? The Hamiltonian function (usually equal to total energy) pp + V (r) H(r, p) = 2m Hamiltons equations of motion dr H = dt p H dp = dt r Two FIRST order dierential equations
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Example Free Particle

First thing: Write down Hamiltonian pp H(r, p) = 2m Hamiltons equations of motion dr H p = = , dt p m dp H = =0 dt r

Solution (initial state (r 0 , p0 )) p0 r(t) = r 0 + t, m p(t) = p0

What is the phase space trajectory?

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Example 1D-Simple Harmonic Oscillator

First thing: Write down Hamiltonian ( nat. freq.) p2 m 2 2 H(x, p) = + x 2m 2 Hamiltons equations of motion dx H p = = , dt p m dp H = = m 2 x dt x

Solution (initial state (x0 , 0), plucked) x(t) = x0 cos(t), p(t) = mx0 sin(t)

What is the phase space trajectory?

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Example 1D-Simple Harmonic Oscillator

p mx0 x x0

What is the equation of the trajectory? What is the arrow representing time?

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Many Particle Systems

First thing: Write down Hamiltonian (N particles)
N

H(r i , pi ) =
i=1

pi p i + V (r 1 , ..., r N ) 2m

V (r 1 , ..., r N ) Interaction between particles Hamiltons equations of motion dr i H = , dt pi H dpi = dt r i

What is the phase space trajectory? Well, it is a curve in 1023 dimensional phase space for atoms that make up materials!!!!
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The Veena String

How do you describe the configuration of such a string?

u(x)

The configuration is described by a function u(x) (as opposed to a number for a particle) with u(0) = 0 and u( ) = 0. How does this configuration evolve? Need to find u(x, t)
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Newton and The Veena String

Veena string (-linear density, T - tension)

(x + d

(x) T
Newtons Law gives 2u T (x + dx) T (x) = dx 2 t 2u u 2u = T 2 = 2 = x x t
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dx

= T x

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What do we hear?
Find natural frequencies 2u 2u T 2 = 2 x t with u(0, t) = u( , t) = 0 Look for solutions of the type u(x, t) = v(x)eit , natural frequency(ies) d2 v T 2 + 2 v = 0 dx with v(0) = v( ) = 0

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What do we hear? contd..

Solution v(x) = An sin n x, T n = n T

So, whats the dierence between Veena and Guitar?

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How do we hear?
The Ear

The amazing Cochlea! BhairavI vs HusenI?

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Summary
Newtons Laws Hamiltonian Formulation Phase Space Continuous Systems

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