Power Control for a Doubly

Fed Induction Generator

Authors Ali Boukhriss*, Tamou Nasser**, Ahmed Essadki*
* Laboratoire de Gnie lectrique, ENSET, Universit Mohamed 5
** ENSIAS, Universit Mohamed 5
Rabat, Morocco
Ali_boukhriss@hotmail.fr


Abstractthis paper proposes a direct power control scheme of a
doubly-fed induction generator under wind speed variations. The
PI controllers are used to control active and reactive power. A
control scheme is developed that uses stator flux orientated
vector control. Power transfers are carried out in hyper
synchronous and hypo synchronous mode, depending on the
generator speed. Back to back converters with PWM control are
used for both grid side and rotor side converter.
Keywords-doubly-fed induction generator; direct power
control; wind energy; PWM control
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Today, wind energy has become a sustainable solution for
the production of energy, in addition to other renewable energy
sources. The number of variable speed wind turbines is
increasing relative to fixed-speed wind turbines. There are
many reasons for using a double-fed asynchronous machine
(MADA) for a variable speed wind turbine, such as reduced
efforts on mechanical parts, noise reduction and the possibility
for active and reactive control power [1]. Back-to-back
converters connecting the generator rotor and the network
allow the transit of a fraction of the total power system [2]. The
cost and losses in the components of power electronics
converters are reduced. A rotor side converter is used to control
the active and reactive power. A grid side converter allows
controlling a dc link voltage and a unit power factor on the
network side by using supply voltage vector oriented control.
We will analyze their dynamic performance by simulations in
the Matlab/Simulink.
II. Dynamic model
A model of doubly fed induction machine converting
power from the wind to serve the electric grid is shown in
figure.1. The stator is connected to voltage balanced grid. The
rotor is connected through a transformer and a back to back
converter [3].
III. DFIG MODEL
A synchronous reference is used in the modeling of dfig.
The following equations describe the overall modeling of the
generator.
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
A. Voltage equations

(1)


(2)


(3)


(4)


B. Flux equations

(5)


(6)



(7)


(8)
qs s
ds
ds s ds
dt
d
I R V o u
o
.
+ =

ds s
qs
qs s qs
dt
d
I R V o u
o
.
+ + =

qr r
dr
dr r dr
dt
d
I R V o u
o
.
+ =

dr r
qr
qr r qr
dt
d
I R V o u
o
.
+ + =

dr m ds
s m
m
ds
I L I
Ll L
L
+
+
= o

qr m qs
s m
m
qs
I L I
Ll L
L
+
+
= o

ds m dr
r m
m
dr
I L I
Ll L
L
+
+
= o

qs m qr
r m
m
qr
I L I
Ll L
L
+
+
= o


C. Torque equation

(9)

D. Shaft equation

(10)

E. Power and reactive power

(11)


(12)

Where,
V
ds
, V
qs
are the dq axis stator voltages.
I
ds
, I
qs
are the dq axis stator current.
o
ds
, o
qs
are the Stator d and q axis fluxes.
V
dr
, V
qr
are the dq axis rotor voltages.
I
dr
, I
qr
are the dq axis rotor current.
o
dr
, o
qr
are the rotor d and q axis fluxes.
R
s
, R
r
are stator and rotor resistances.
Ll
s
,Ll
r
are stator and rotor leakage inductances.
L
m
is the magnetizing inductance.

s
,
r
are the supply and rotor angular frequency.
u
s
,u
r
are the stator and rotor flux angle.
T
e
, T
m
are the electromagnetic and mechanical torques.
P
s
, Q
s
are the stator active and reactive powers.
J, f are the moment of inertia and damping coefficient.
IV. ROTOR SIDE CONTROL
The control strategy is based on the orientation of the stator
flux on the d axis [4][5] (figure.2). We recall that the voltage of
a stator phase is given by:

(13)


In a first approximation we can neglect the stator resistance
which leads to [6]:
(14)


So that, it will result that V
qs
=V
s
and Vds=0. And the stator flux
will be:

(15)


(16)




Figure 2. Stator fux and voltage in the dq refernce
And stator current will be:

(17)


(18)

Substituting equations (14) and (15) in to (11) and (12); the
power into the stator is given by:

(19)

(20)

It is clear that the active and reactive powers are controlled
respectively by the currents I
qr
and I
dr
. Substituting equations
(7), (8), (17) and (18) into (3) and (4), the rotor voltage is given
by:
(21)

(22)

Where, E
dr_comp
and E
qr_comp
are the terms of compensation.
(23)

(24)

To establish the control loops of the rotor currents, we
assume that the converter is ideal (which correspond to
neglecting the dead time imposed by the drivers of the power
switches)[7]. So, a converter can be represented by a gain G
whose expression is [8]:
(25)

) (
2
3
dr qs qr ds
s m
m
e
I I
L L
L
p T o o
+
=

O =
O
f T T
dt
d
J
m e

) (
2
3
qs qs ds ds s
I V I V P + =

) (
2
3
qs ds ds qs s
I V I V Q =

dt
d
i R V
sn
sn s sn
o
+ =

sn sn
j V eo ~
dr m ds
s m
m
s ds
I L I
Ll L
L
+
+
= =o o

0 = +
+
=
qr m qs
s m
m
qs
I L I
Ll L
L
o

dr
s m
m
s m
s
ds
I
Ll L
L
Ll L
I
+

+
=
o

qr
s m
m
qs
I
Ll L
L
I
+
=

qr
s m
m
qs s
I
Ll L
L
V P
+
=
2
3

) (
2
3
dr
s m
m
s m
ds
qs s
I
Ll L
L
Ll L
V Q
+

+
=
o

comp dr
dr
r dr r dr
E
dt
dI
L I R V
_
+ + = o

comp qr
dr
r dr r dr
E
dt
dI
L I R V
_
+ + = o

qr r r comp dr
I w L E o =
_

ds
s m
m
r dr r r comp qr
Ll L
L
w I w L E o o
+
+ =
_

P
ref DC
V
U
G
2
_
=

Where, U
dc_ref
is a DC link voltage reference; and V
P
, the
amplitude of the triangular carrier for the generation of the
PWM. For unity gain, the reference voltages to be applied will
be equal to the PWM rotor voltages. We note that the rotation
angle required to park the transformation is determined from a
PLL applied to the network voltage [9][10]. Fig.3 shows a
schematic block diagram for the rotor side control.

V. GRID SIDE CONTROL:
The grid side converter GSC is connected between the DC
bus and the electrical network via a RL filter. This converter
has two roles: to maintain the DC bus voltage constant
regardless of the magnitude and direction of the rotor power
flow and maintain a unity power factor at the connection point
with the grid. Using the park transformation and aligning the
stator voltage on the q axis, it result that V
s
=V
qs
and V
ds
=0. It
follows that:

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)
Where,
P
f
, Q
f
: Active and reactive power supplied by GSC.
V
dqf
: modulated voltage by the converter.
V
dqs
: grid voltage.
I
dqf
: current through RL filter.
Fig.4 shows a schematic block diagram for the grid side
control.







Figure 3. schematic block diagram for the rotor side control









Figure 4. schematic block diagram for the grid side control
Assuming that the electronic switches are ideal, it assume
that:
(32)

(33)

Equations (27) and (28) show that the possibility to control
separately the currents I
df
and I
qf
. The PI controllers are used
for current loops. The reference current I
df_ref
and I
qf_ref
are
respectively derived from equation (26) and the DC_link
voltage error through a standard PI controller. Fig.4 describes
the overall control scheme for the grid side converter.
VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Simulation is carried out using Matlab/Simulink
environment. The response of doubly fed induction generator
is investigated in the sub synchronous mode with rotor speed
is N=1100 rpm and in hyper synchronous mode with N=1800
rpm.
In hypo synchronous mode, reactive power reference is
fixed at 0 KVAR, the initial active power is -100KW and it
will be step changed to -150KW at t=1s and step change again
to -100KW at t=2s.
Powers P
s
and Q
s
are well followed their references
(figure.7), P
r
power is absorbed by the rotor, because the slip
is positive in hypo synchronous mode. The DC bus voltage is
stable in spite of changes in control settings (figure.6).
Reactive power Q
f
in the GSC is equal to zero (figure.8),
which then guarantees a unity power factor. Time response is
equal to 10ms (figure.9) as it was fixed in the PI controller.
The network voltage V
s
and current I
s
in the stator are in phase
opposition (figure.11), indeed the stator reactive power is set
to zero.
In hyper synchronous mode, initial reactive power
reference is fixed at 0 KVAR, and it will be step changed to
-60 KVAR at t=2s. Initial active power is set to -100KW and it
will be step changed to -150KW at t=1.5s and step change
again to -100KW at t=2.5s.
As in hypo synchronous mode, the active and reactive
powers have well followed their references (Figure.14). Rotor
active power is negative indeed it generated by the rotor
qf qs f
I V P
2
3
=


df qs f
I V Q
2
3
=

comp df
df
f df f df
E
dt
dI
L I R V
_
+ =

comp qf
qf
f qf f qf
E
dt
dI
L I R V
_
+ =

qf s f ds comp df
I w L V E + =
_

df s f qs comp qf
I w L V E =
_

) (
o c dc r dc f
I I U I U P + = =
dt
dU
c I
dc
c
=



(negative slip). The voltage and current in the stator are not in
a phase opposition (figure.15) when the reactive power
reference is different from zero. Q
f
is still equal to zero which
ensures a unity power factor at the connection of GSC to the
supply.
Fig.12 shows modulated rotor voltage at the rotor side
converter RSC.











Figure 5. Rotor speed














Figure 6. Dc Link voltage








Figure 7. Ps, Qs active and reactive stator power, Pr active rotor power in the
synchronous mode







Figure 8. Reactive power GSC connexion





Figure 9. Zoom stator active power






Figure 10. Vsa stator votage and Isa stator current










Figure 11. Zoom of Vsa stator votage and Isa stator current
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
500
1000
1500
time (s)
r o
t o
r s
p
e
e
d
( R
P
M
)
rotor speed

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
time (s)
U
d
c

(
V
)

0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 10
5
time (s)
P
r

(
W
)

P
s

(
W
)

Q
s
(
V
A
R
)
Protor
Qstator
Pstator

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
x 10
5
time (s)
Q
f


Q
f
-
r
e
f

(
V
A
R
)
Qf-ref
Qf

1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.5 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.6
-1.6
-1.5
-1.4
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-1
-0.9
x 10
5
time (s)
P

s
t
a
t
o
r

(
w
)
Zoom Pstator

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
time (s)
V
s
a

(
V
)


I
s
a

(
A
)
Vsa Isa voltage and current stator

0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
time (s)
V
s
a

(
V
)


I
s
a

(
A
)









Figure 12. Modulated rotor voltage












Figure 13. Rotor speed in hyper synchronous mode






Figure 14. Ps, Qs active and reactive stator power, Pr active rotor power in the
hyper synchronous mode






Figure 15. Zoom of Vsa stator votage and Isa stator current in the hyper
synchronous
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presented a PQ control for a doubly fed
induction generator, using a stator flux orientation. seen their
easy implantation, the PI controllers are used. the dynamique
response is satisfactory, despite the fluctuations observed on
the stator active power when changing reactive power
refernce, this is due to the coupling system equations.
APPENDIX
Doubley fed parameters:
R
s
=0.04O. R
r
=0.06O. Lls=2mH, Llr=1.1mH, Lm=20mH,
J=2.6Kgm
2
, P=200kw, p=2pairs of pole, Us=660v, Ur=380v.
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
time (s)
V
a

r
o
t
o
r

(
V
)
Va rotor

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
time (s)
r
o
t
o
r

s
p
e
e
d

(
R
P
M
)
rotor speed

1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
5
time (s)
P
s

P
r

(
w
)

Q
s

(
V
A
R
)
P rotor
P stator
Q stator

1.95 2 2.05 2.1
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
time (s)
V
s
a

(
V
)

-

I
s
a

(
A
)
Ia stator
Va stator