5G TECHNOLOGY

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIPenabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G technology which is on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Piconets has become in market.

4G Wireless Technology
ABSTRACT
As the virtual centre of excellence in mobile and personal communications (Mobile VCE) moves into its second core research program it has been decided to set up a fourth generation (4G) visions group aimed at harmonizing the research work across the work areas and amongst the numerous researchers working on the program. With the major wireless service providers planning to start deployment of 4G wireless networks by mid 2010, research and industry communities are racing against time to find solutions for some of the prominent still open issues in 4G networks. The growing interest in 4G networks is driven by the set of new services will be made available for the first time such as accessing the Internet anytime from anywhere, global roaming, and wider support for multimedia applications. This paper is provides technological features of an existing 4G communication technology and its architecture to integrate the social networking process. In this paper describe the Opportunities, key challenges and point to some proposed solutions.

Issues of Routing IN VANET

ABSTRACT
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a sub class of mobile ad hoc networks. VANET provides wireless communication among vehicles and vehicle to road side equipments. The communication between vehicles is used for safety, comfort and for entertainment as well. The performance of communication depends on how better the routing takes place in the network. Routing of data depends on the routing protocols being used in network. In this study different ad hoc routing protocols for VANET are studied. The main aim of this study is to identify which ad hoc routing method has better performance in highly mobile environment of VANET. To measure the performance of routing protocols in VANET, two different scenarios i.e. city and highway are considered. Routing protocols were selected carefully after carrying out literature review. The selected protocols were then evaluated through simulation in terms of performance metrics i.e. throughput and packet drop. After simulation results, MATLAB can be used to plot the graph to compare the results of selected routing protocols with each other. From the results, it is observed that A-STAR shows better performance in terms of high throughput and low packet drop as compared to AODV and GPSR in city environment, while GPSR shows better performance as compared to AODV in both highway and city environment of VANET. Based on the results of performance metrics in different environments of VANET, it is realized that position based routing method of VANET outperformed the traditional ad hoc topology based routing. In VANET the protocol performance depends on vehicle speed, driving environment etc. that may vary from one environment of network to another. A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET is a technology that uses moving cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANET turns every participating car into a wireless router or node, allowing cars approximately 100 to 300 metres of each other to connect and, in turn, create a network with a wide range. As cars fall out of the signal range and drop out of the network, other cars can join in, connecting vehicles to one another so that a mobile Internet is created. It is estimated that the first systems that will integrate this technology are police and fire vehicles to communicate with each other for safety purposes.

Applications
Most of the concerns of interest to MANets are of interest in VANets, but the details differ. Rather than moving at random, vehicles tend to move in an organized fashion. The interactions with roadside equipment can likewise be characterized fairly accurately. And finally, most vehicles are restricted in their range of motion, for example by being constrained to follow a paved highway.

In addition, in the year 2006 the term MANet mostly describes an academic area of research, and the term VANet perhaps its most promising area of application. VANET offers several benefits to organizations of any size. While such a network does pose certain safety concerns (for example, one cannot safely type an email while driving), this does not limit VANETs potential as a productivity tool. GPS and navigation systems can benefit, as they can be integrated with traffic reports to provide the fastest route to work. A computer can turn a traffic jam into a productive work time by having his email downloaded and read to him by the on-board computer, or if traffic slows to a halt, read it himself. It would also allow for free, VoIP services such as GoogleTalk or Skype between employees, lowering telecommunications costs. Future applications could involve cruise control making automatic adjustments to maintain safe distances between vehicles or alerting the driver of emergency vehicles in the area. To support message differentiation in VANET, IEEE 802.11e standard is incorporated in vehicular communication.

Technology
InVANET, or Intelligent Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networking, defines an Intelligent way of using Vehicular Networking. InVANET integrates on multiple ad-hoc networking technologies such as WiFi IEEE 802.11p, WAVE IEEE 1609, WiMAX IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, IRA, ZigBee for easy, accurate, effective and simple communication between vehicles on dynamic mobility. Effective measures such as media communication between vehicles can be enabled as well as methods to track the automotive vehicles. InVANET helps in defining safety measures in vehicles, streaming communication between vehicles, infotainment and telematics. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks are expected to implement a variety of wireless technologies such as Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) which is a type of WiFi. Other candidate wireless technologies are Cellular, Satellite, and WiMAX. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks can be viewed as component of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). As envisioned in ITS, vehicles communicate with each other via Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) as well as with roadside base stations via Roadside-to-Vehicle Communication (RVC). The optimal goal is that vehicular networks will contribute to safer and more efficient roads in the future by providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructureless network of mobile devices connected by wireless. Ad hoc is Latin and means "for this purpose".[1] Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping

each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. Such networks may operate by themselves or may be connected to the larger Internet. MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network. The growth of laptops and 802.11/Wi-Fi wireless networking have made MANETs a popular research topic since the mid 1990s. Many academic papers evaluate protocols and their abilities, assuming varying degrees of mobility within a bounded space, usually with all nodes within a few hops of each other. Different protocols are then evaluated based on measure such as the packet drop rate, the overhead introduced by the routing protocol, endto-end packet delays, network throughput etc.

Types of MANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are used for communication among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside equipment Internet Based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (iMANET) are ad-hoc networks that link mobile nodes and fixed Internet-gateway nodes. In such type of networks normal adhoc routing algorithms don't apply directly.

India unveils VANET VII program Researchers in India are working on a Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), which when fully operational would allow communication among vehicles and also between vehicles and roadside equipment. Researchers say that VANET technology could alleviate road congestion and prevent accidents. Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Kharagpur plan to equip vehicles with sensors, which will be controlled by a telematics box inside the car. Researchers say that the box would then communicate with the driver, and pass on vital traffic information. The aim of VANET is to provide a safe environment for drivers. Safety applications will monitor the surface of the road and approaching vehicles and feed information that could put the vehicle at risk back to the driver. The technology would allow drivers to warn other vehicles of potential dangers, while an emergency braking system will be installed to prevent accidents. Post-crash notification technology would allow a vehicle involved in an accident to broadcast messages to vehicle in the area, as well as to the emergency services. Road hazard control notification enables cars to notify other vehicles in the area of road slides, or unpredictable terrain ahead, while the cooperative collision warning alerts drivers that they are about to collide. VANET will also provide drivers with the latest traffic information. The congested road

notification feature detects and notifies drivers of road congestion ahead, allowing motorists to alter their course. The TOLL feature enables drivers to pass through a tolling area without stopping, while the parking availability setting helps motorists find parking spaces. The IIT says the technology is currently being developed and no date has been set for its release. 18 February 2009

Researchers are working on a Vehicular Adhoc Network to make transportation systems more intelligent so they can provide a driver with crucial info like road curves, traffic congestion, etc. Can vehicles be made intelligent enough to guide their drivers in situations like traffic congestion and accidents? Providing intelligence to vehicles means loading them with sensors which will be controlled by a telematics box inside the car. The box in turn would communicate with the driver and will be its guide. Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is an important component of Intelligent Transportation Systems, which has a future potential in terms of a rich set of applications that it can provide to its customer. VANET is a special class of Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET), in which the nodes are the vehicles which communicate with other vehicles or with the base station which acts as a roadside infrastructure for using security and services application. Though the nodes are mobile in VANETs as well as MANETs, the mobility in VANET is constrained to the boundaries of the road unlike the nodes in MANETs, where movement is more random in nature. Nodes in VANET are also characterized by high node mobility and fast topology changes. Unlike MANET, power is not of great concern in VANETs as the vehicle batteries have sufficient and rechargeable power. The concept of network vehicle was first proposed by a team of engineers from Delphi Delco Electronics Systems and IBM corporation in the year 1998. Applications of VANET The three major classes of applications possible in VANET are safety oriented, convenience oriented and commercial oriented. Safety applications will monitor the surrounding road, approaching vehicles, surface of the road, road curves etc. . They will exchange messages and co-operate to help other vehicles out under such scenario. Though reliability and latency would be of major concern, it may automate things like emergency braking to avoid potential accidents. Convenience application will be mainly of traffic management type. Their goal would be to enhance traffic efficiency by boosting the degree of convenience for drivers. Commercial applications will provide the driver with the entertainment and services as web access, streaming audio and video.

Safety Application: Safety applications would be Slow/Stop Vehicle Advisor (SVA) in which a slow or stationary vehicle will broadcast warning message to its neighbourhood. Another similar type of application is emergency electronic brake-light (EEBL). In Post Crash Notification (PCN), a vehicle involved in an accident would broadcast warning messages about its position to trailing vehicles so that it can take decision with time in hand as well as to the highway patrol for tow away support. Road Hazard Control Notification (RHCN) deals with cars notifying other cars about road having landslide. Another related application would be road feature notification which deals with notification due to road curve, sudden downhill etc. Cooperative Collision Warning (CCW) alerts two drivers potentially under crash route so that they can mend their ways. Convenience Application: Congested Road Notification (CRN) detects and notifies about road congestions which can be used for route and trip planning. TOLL is yet another application for vehicle toll collection at the toll booths without stopping the vehicles. Parking Availability Notification (PAN) helps to find the availability of slots in parking lots in a certain geographical area.

Schematic Representation of a Vehicular Adhoc Network

Commercial Application: Remote Vehicle Personalisation / Diagnostics (RVP/D) helps in downloading of personalized vehicle settings or uploading of vehicle diagnostics from/to infrastructure. Service Announcements (SA) would be of particular interest to roadside business like petrol pumps, highways restaurants to announce their services to the drivers within communication range. Content Map Database Download (CMDD) acts as a portal for getting valuable information from mobile hotspots or home stations. Using Real Time Video Relay (RTVR), on-demand movie experience will not be confined to the constraints

of the home and the driver can ask for real time video relay of his favourite movies. More details of the applications is available at www.geocities.com /telbatt/Bai_Aut onet06.pdf. Components of VANET enabled vehicle The components of a VANET enabled Vehicle include computer controlled devices and radio transceivers for message exchange. The protocol that has been standardized for communication in VANET is DSRC, which has a communication range of 300 mts to 1 km. The roadside base station provides information to the driver throughout his journey so that he can find a best route to his destination. The information is periodically exchanged. Automotive Sensors for Position Verification: Sensors in VANETS can be classified into two types: autonomous sensors and co-operative sensors. Autonomous sensors include Acceptance Range Threshold (ART), which is based on the observation that all radio networks have a maximum communication range, Mobility Grade Threshold (MGT) which is based on the assumption that the nodes can move only at a maximum speed, Maximum Density Threshold based on the assumption that only a restricted number of entities can reside in a certain physical area. These aim at preventing so called Sybil attack in which a node can create multiple copies of itself. Some other sensor includes map based verification overhearing etc. Cooperative sensors include techniques like proactive exchange of neighbour table to check if the positions received correspond to their own data and reactive position request where sensors co-operate on demand for position verification.

Schematic Representation of a Vehicular Adhoc Network Source: Leenand Hefferman, IEEE Computer, Jan 2002

Communication: The DSRC spectrum is divided into seven 10MHz wide channel. Channel 178 is the control channel which is restricted to safety communication. The extreme two channels on either side are reserved for accident avoidance application and

high power public safety communication usages. The rest are used for both safety and non safety applications. The IEEE has proposed the following standards for VANETs: IEEE P1609.1, P1609.2, P1609.3 and P1609.4. IEEE P1609.1 is for Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Resource Manager. It defines services and interfaces as well as message formats. IEEE P1609.2 is a standard for vehicular network security which includes message formatting, processing and exchange. IEEE P1609.3 defines routing and transport services and thus is an alternative to IPv6. IEEE P1609.4 provides specifications of the multiple channels in the DSRC standard. The WAVE stack uses a modified version of IEEE 802.11a known as IEEE 802.11p for its MAC layer protocol. It uses CSMA/CA as the basic medium access scheme. By using the orthogonal FDM system, it provides a communication range of 1 Km while taking into account high absolute and relative velocities, fast multi-path fading and different scenarios. Threats : The prime concern that has plagued many VANET researchers is the security of these networks. Take an example of two cars moving on a single lane on a road. The car that is trailing behind can send a false message saying that there is a chaos ahead due to a crashed car. The car in front on receiving this message may believe this hoax to be true and take a detour leaving a less-traffic road for the malicious driver behind. This is one possible misuse of the several applications talked about here. Similar misuse can create havoc in systems where safety is of primary concern. An obvious solutions that has been looked into is asymmetric key based authentication. Few other possible attacks that have been considered as a threat to these networks are bogus information attack or disruption of network operation by jamming the wireless channel which leads to denial of service (DoS). There can also be attacks like cheating attack where identities, speed or position can be faked. Identity disclosure attack can be performed by a global observer who has an access to all the data gathered through these networks.

Ref ; www.ieee802.org/802_tutorials/march02/IEEE_DSRC_Stds_Tutorial_03-10-02.ppt

Security: The main challenge in providing security in VANET depends on privacy, trust, cost and gradual deployment. Some existing security tools in some countries include electronic licence plates (ELP), which are cryptographically verifiable numbers equivalent to traditional license plates and help in identifying stolen cars and also keeping track of vehicles crossing country border, vehicular public key infrastructure (VPKI) in which a certification authority manages security issues of the network like key distribution, certificate revocation etc., event data recording by which important parameter can be registered during abnormal situation like accidents etc. Tamper proof hardware is essential for storing the cryptographic material like ELP and VPKI keys for decreasing the possibility of information leakage. To keep a tap on bogus information attack, data correlation techniques are used. To identify false position information, secure positioning techniques like verifiable multilateration is commonly used. Conclusion VANET is definitely something to lookout for in the future. A lot of theoretical work has been put into realizing these networks and few experiments has been performed to validate this theory as cost of setting up this architecture is high, but more such efforts can be expected in near future. A successful vehicular network will open up a plethora of services to a huge number of audience which will turn out to be life saving as well as fun. The improvement of the network technologies has provided the use of them in several different fields. One of the most emergent applications of them is the development of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), one special kind of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) in which the communications are among the nearby vehicles. VANETs are composed for a set of communicating vehicles equipped with wireless network devices that are able to interconnect each other without any pre-existing infrastructure (ad-hoc mode). The most important network technology available nowadays for establishing VANETs is the IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi) standard, nevertheless new standards as IEEE 802.11p or IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) are promising. The exchange of information among the vehicles provides a great opportunity for the development of new driver assistance systems. These systems will be able to disseminate and to gather real time information about the other vehicles and the road traffic and environmental conditions. Such data will be processed and analyzed to facilitate the driving by providing the user with useful information.