International Journal of Mechanics and Thermodynamics. Volume 3, Number 2 (2012), pp. 63-68 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.

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New Concept for an Effective Reynolds Number in Mixed Convection Heat Transfer across Horizontal Tube
1

Ahmed A. Hanafy and 2Wael M. El-Maghlany

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt E-mail: a_a_hanafy@yahoo.com 2 Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt E-mail: ans_shehab@yahoo.com

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate in a method for mixed convection analysis to combined natural and forced convection in right manner. The natural convection effect will be replaced by an equivalent forced convection Reynolds number in the direction of natural convection, then it will be easily to combine the forced convection Reynolds number with the equivalent natural convection Reynolds number to generate new forced convection Reynolds number in direction dependent on the angle between the forced and natural convection directions. The new effective Reynolds number transfers the problem from mixed convection to an equivalent pure forced convection state with the new effective Reynolds number. Keywords: Natural convection, mixed convection, Effective Reynolds number

Nomenclature
Gr Nu Ra Re Reeff Reeq Grashof number Nusselt number Rayleigh number Reynolds number Effective Reynolds number Equivalent Reynolds number

64 Greek symbols

Ahmed A. Hanafy and Wael M. El-Maghlany

Angle between the upward vertical direction of the free convection flow and the direction of the forced flow

Introduction
The two dimensional combined convection from an infinite horizontal isothermal circular cylinder is very difficult to solve analytically. One concept for the evaluation of mixed convection Nusselt number in cross flow is by the vectorial addition of the heat transfer Nusselt numbers of the natural and forced convections victorially as follows:
Nu mixed = Nu 2 forced + Nu 2 free

(1)

B.G. Van der Hegge Zijnen [1] introduced the above equation. The agreement between Nusselt numbers calculated from this equation and his experimental values was unsatisfactory. Another approach to combine the separate effects of the natural and forced convections together, is by the converting the natural convection to an equivalent forced convection by admitting a Reynolds number in the case of natural convection equals, and adding it vectorially to the pure forced convection Reynolds number to give a total flow effective Reynolds number for the mixed convection as follows: Ra Ra Re 2 eff = Re 2 [1 + 3.4 Cos + 2.85 2 ] 2 Re Re (2)

The above equation was proposed by A.P. Hatton et al [2]. In which is the angle between the upward vertical direction of the free convection flow and the direction of the forced flow. G.K. Sharma and S.P. Sukhatme [3] determined experimentally Nusselt number for mixed convection in cross flow to air. Oosthuizen, P.H., and S.Madan [4] measured the effect of the angle of attack of the forced convection on the limits of the forced convection and pure natural convection between which the assisting, cross and counter flow mixed convections play role for air (Pr=0.7), water (Pr = 6.3) and glycerin (Pr = 63) ,the last was obtained by B. Gebhart and L.pera [5] experimentally. The numerical results for cross combined flow over horizontal isothermal cylinders placed in fluid of Pr=0.7 have been reported by Badr [6]. Nakia and Okazaki [7] obtained the average Nusselt number for cross flow mixed convection flow on thin horizontal wires in the very low Reynolds and Grashof numbers. A trial was made by B.F.Armaly, T.S. Chen and N.Ramachandran [8] to combine the separate correlating equations for assisting and cross flows covering the different Re and Gr ranges into a single correlation equation for both flows. Bassam A. and K. Abu Hijleh [9] proposed correlation for the mixed convection in cross flow of air; they also proposed a correlation for mixed convection Nusselt number at different angles of attack as a function of the mixed convection Nusselt number for cross flow.

New Concept for an Effective Reynolds Number

65

The Effective Reynolds Number

The flow around the cylinder due to pure natural convection is always vertically upward, while the pure forced convection can assume any direction according to the angle at which the flow attacks the cylinder. Therefore, for combined convection, the flow is the resultants of the two flows as shown in Fig.1. In order to handle combined convection, it can be suggested that the total flow is obtained by summing the pure natural and the pure forced flows vectorially to produce a total flow having a certain Reynolds number which was named as the effective Reynolds number.

Figure 1: The Concept of Vectorial Summation of the Natural and Forced convection Flows.

Solution Proceeding
In this proceeding, equivalence between the Nusselt number for the free convection with a certain value of Grashof number to Nusselt number for the forced convection to obtain the equivalent forced convection Reynolds number in the direction of the free convection. The forced convection Nusselt number correlation proposed by Churchill and Bernstein [10] is very useful in rang of Reynolds number of 102 to 107 as follow
5 5 0.62 Re Pr Re 8 1 + Nu = 0.3 + 1 282000 2 4 0.4 3 1 + Pr 1 2 1 3 4

(3)

While the free convection Nusselt number correlation proposed by Churchill and Chu [11] is very useful in rang of Raleigh number of 10-5 to 1012 as follow

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Ahmed A. Hanafy and Wael M. El-Maghlany

1 Gr Pr Nu 2 = 0.6 + 0.387 16 9 9 16 1 + 0.559 Pr

(4)

By equating Nu in equation (3) and Nu in equation (4)

1 6 1 1 0.62 Reeq 2 Pr 3 Gr Pr 0.6 + 0.387 = 0.3 + 16 1 9 2 4 9 16 3 1 + 0.559 1 + 0.4 Pr Pr 2

5 5 Reeq 8 1 + 282000

(5)

The above equation gives a relation between natural convection Gr and forced convection Reeq . The relation between natural convection Gr and forced convection Reeq is plotted in the Fig.2, this plot is correlated to obtain simple relation between Gr and Reeq as follow

Reeq = Gr
And hence the effective Reynolds number in mixed convection will be
2 Re eff = Re 2 + Re eq + Re Re eq cos

(6)

(7)

The above new effective Reynolds number will be a simple method to relate the mixed convection heat transfer Nusselt number to, not to both forced convection Re and free convection Gr for any angle between them (mixed cross ( =90) , mixed assistance ( =0), mixed opposing ( =180), and any angle).

New Concept for an Effective Reynolds Number

100000

67

10000

Reeq=Gr 0.5 Reeq

1000 100 1E+004 1E+005 1E+006 1E+007 1E+008 1E+009 1E+010

Gr

Figure 2: The Relation between Free Convection and Equivalent Forced Convection (Pr=0.7)

Conclusion
New effective Reynolds number has been obtained as a simple method to relate the mixed convection heat transfer Nusselt number to, not to both forced convection Re and free convection Gr for any angle between them (mixed cross ( =90) , mixed assistance ( =0), mixed opposing ( =180), and any angle).

References
[1] B.G. van der Hegge Zijnen , "Modified Correlation Formula for the Heat Transfer by Natural and by Forced Convection From Horizontal Cylinders . " , 1956 , Applied Scientific Research , Series A , Vol. 6 , pp. 129-140 . [2] A.P. Hatton , D.D. James and H.W. Swire , " Combined Forced and Natural Convection With Low Speed Air Flow Over Horizontal Cylinder . " , 1970 , ASME Journal of Fluid Mech., Vol. 42 , part 1 , pp. 17-31 . [3] Sharma, G.K., and Sukhatma , " Combined Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Heated Tube to a Transverse Air Stream. ", 1969 , ASME Journal of Heat Transfer , Vol. 91 , pp. 457-459.

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Ahmed A. Hanafy and Wael M. El-Maghlany

[4] P.H. Oosthuizen & S. Madan , " Combined Convection Heat Transfer From Horizontal Cylinders in Air . " , 1970 , ASME Journal of Heat Transfer , Feb. , pp. 194-196 . [5] B. Gebhart & L. Pera , " Mixed Convection From Long Horizontal Cylinders . " , 1970 , J. of Fluid Mechanics , Vol. 45 , Part 1 , pp. 49-64 [6] H.M. Badr , " A Theoretical Study of Laminar Mixed Convection from a Horizontal Cylinder in Cross Stream . ", 1983, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, pp. 639-653. [7] B.F. Armaly , T.S. Chen & N. Ramachandran , " Correlations for Mixed Convection Flows Across Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres . " , 1988 , ASME Journal of Heat Transfer , Vol. 110 , pp. 511-514 . [8] Seiichi Nakai , Takuro Okazaki , " Heat Transfer From a Horizontal Circular Wire at Small Reynolds and Grashof Numbers - II. " , 1975 , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , Vol. 18 , pp. 397-413. [9] .Bassam A. and K.Abou-Hijleh , " Laminar Mixed Convection Correlations for an Isothermal Cylinder in Cross Flow at Different Angles of Attack . " , 1999 , J. Heat Transfer Vol. 42 , pp. 1383-1388 . [10] Churchill, S. W., and M. Bernstein. A Correlating Equation for Forced Convection from Gases and Liquids to a Circular Cylinder in Cross flow, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 99,pp. 300306, 1977. [11] Churchill, S. W., and H. H. S. Chu. Correlating Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Free Convection from a Horizontal Cylinder, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 18, p. 1049, 1975.