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Journal of El ect romagnet i c Waves and Appl i cat i ons
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Hi gh Frequency Expressi ons f or t he Fi el d i n t he Caust i c
Regi on of a Parabol i c Ref l ect or Coat ed wi t h Isot ropi c
Chi ral Medi um
M. Far yad
a
& Q. A. Naqvi
b
a
El ect r oni cs Depar t ment , Quai d- i - Azam Uni ver si t y, Isl amabad, Paki st an
b
El ect r oni cs Depar t ment , Quai d- i - Azam Uni ver si t y, Isl amabad, Paki st an
Ver si on of r ecor d f i r st publ i shed: 03 Apr 2012.
To ci t e t hi s art i cl e: M. Far yad & Q. A. Naqvi ( 2008) : Hi gh Fr equency Expr essi ons f or t he Fi el d i n t he Caust i c Regi on of a
Par abol i c Ref l ect or Coat ed wi t h Isot r opi c Chi r al Medi um, Jour nal of El ect r omagnet i c Waves and Appl i cat i ons, 22: 7, 964- 985
To l i nk t o t hi s art i cl e: ht t p: / / dx. doi . or g/ 10. 1163/ 156939308784150092
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J. of Electromagn. Waves and Appl., Vol. 22, 965986, 2008
HIGH FREQUENCY EXPRESSIONS FOR THE FIELD
IN THE CAUSTIC REGION OF A PARABOLIC
REFLECTOR COATED WITH ISOTROPIC CHIRAL
MEDIUM
M. Faryad and Q. A. Naqvi
Electronics Department
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad, Pakistan
AbstractHigh frequency eld expression for a parabolic reector
are derived using Maslovs method. Parabolic reector has been
coated with isotropic and homogeneous chiral medium. The eects
of thickness of chiral layer, chirality parameter of the chiral medium
and permittivity of the medium are studied.
1. INTRODUCTION
Asymptotic ray theory (ART) or the geometrical optics approximation
is widely used to study various kinds of problems in the areas of
electromagnetics, acoustic waves, seismic waves, etc. [13]. It is
also well known that the geometrical optics fails in the vicinity of
caustic. So, in order to study the eld behavior near caustic, other
approach is required. Maslov proposed a method to predict the eld
in the caustic region [4]. Maslovs method combines the simplicity
of asymptotic ray theory and the generality of the Fourier transform
method. This is achieved by representing the geometrical optics elds
in terms of mixed coordinates consisting of space coordinates and wave
vector coordinates. That is by representing the eld in terms of six
coordinates. It may be noted that information of ray trajectories
is included in both space coordinates R = (x, y, z) and wave vector
coordinates P = (p
x
, p
y
, p
z
).
Solving the Hamiltonian equations under the prescribed initial
conditions, one can construct the geometrical optics eld in space R,
which is valid except in the vicinity of caustic. Near the caustic, the
expression for the geometrical optics eld in spatial space is rewritten
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a
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(
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966 Faryad and Naqvi
in mixed domain. The expression in mixed domain is related to the
original domain R through the asymptotic Fourier transform.
Focusing systems have been analyzed by many authors [529]. A
number of research problems have been analyzed using the Maslovs
method [1029]. In present discussion, our interest is to study
geometrical optics (GO) elds associated with a cylindrical reector
coated with a layer of chiral medium. In Section 2, we have discussed
geometrical optics method and Maslovs method. In Section 3, the
plane wave reection from a chiral slab backed by perfect electric
conducting (PEC) plane is considered. In Section 4, high frequency
expression for the eld of a chiral coated parabolic reector excited by
plane wave is derived. Since GO fails around caustic, the nite eld
around caustics are derived using Maslovs method. Numerical results
and discussion is presented in Section 5 and the paper is concluded in
Section 6.
2. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND MASLOVS METHOD
Consider the scalar wave equation

2
+ k
2
0

u(r) = 0 (1)
where r = (x, z),
2
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/z
2
and k
0
=

0
is
wavenumber of the medium. Solution of (1) may be assumed in the
form of asymptotic series in powers of (jk
0
)
1
as
u(r) =

m=0
A
m
(r)
(jk
0
)
m
exp(jk
0
) (2)
Substituting (2) in (1) and equating coecients we get eikonal equation
as [26]
()
2
1 = 0 (3)
and transport equation
2A. + A
2
= 0 (4)
where we have retained only A
0
and denoted it with A. Since we have
assumed k
0
to be large so we have neglected higher order terms.
We dene wave vector p = and Hamiltonian H = (p p1)/2,
so the eikonal equation becomes H = 0. Equation (3) can be solved
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 967
by method of characteristic, as follow
dx
d
= p
x
(5a)
dz
d
= p
z
(5b)
dp
x
d
=
H
x
= 0 (5c)
dp
z
d
=
H
z
= 0 (5d)
where is parameter along the ray. Solution of Hamiltons equations
(5) is
x = + p
x
(6a)
z = + p
z
(6b)
p
x
= p
x0
(6c)
p
z
= p
z0
(6d)
where (, ) and (p
x0
, p
z0
) are initial values of (x, z) and (p
x
, p
z
)
respectively. The phase function is given by
=
0
() +

0
d =
0
() + (7)
where
0
() is initial phase at (, ). The solution of transport equation
is [26]
A(r) = A
0
()[J()]
1/2
(8)
where A
0
() is initial eld and J =
D()
D(0)
, where D() = (x, z)/(, )
is the Jacobian of transformation from ray co-ordinates (, ) to space
co-ordinates (x, z). Now we can write approximate solution of (1),
known as GO solution, as
u(r) = u
0
()[J()]
1/2
exp(jk
0
) (9)
where u
0
() = A
0
() exp{jk
0

0
()}. Equation (9) predicts innite
amplitudes at points where J = 0, which is not realistic. This situation
can be avoided and nite eld around caustic may be found as follows,
using the Maslovs method [4, 15].
The solution may be assumed in the form of the Fourier transform
and is given as
u(r) =

T(x, p
z
) exp[jk
0
(x, p
z
) + p
z
z]dp
z
(10)
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968 Faryad and Naqvi
Equation (10) can be solved using stationary phase method in the
region much away from the caustic. The resulting solution is GO
solution so it should agree with GO solution given in (9). Identifying
the unknown by comparing asymptotic solution of (10) with GO
solution given in (9), explicit expression for (x, p
z
) and T(x, p
z
) can
be obtained. Although solution agrees at stationary points of p
z
but
we assume that they agree for all values of p
z
. The eld near caustics
is given as
u(r) =

k
0
j2

A
0
()

J
p
z
z

1/2
exp[jk
0
{
0
+ z
0
p
z
+ zp
z
}]dp
z
(11)
where z
0
is the value of z at stationary point of p
z
. The expression
J
pz
z
can be calculated more simply as
J()
p
z
z
=
1
D(0)
(x, p
z
)
(, )
(12)
3. REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES FROM A CHIRAL
SLAB BACKED BY CONDUCTOR
Consider the problem of plane wave reection from a chiral slab backed
by PEC plane as shown in Figure 1. The region z 0 is occupied by
x
E
r
z
PEC plane
Chiral Medium
E
i
d

Figure 1. Reection from chiral slab of thickness d backed by PEC

plane.
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 969
free space
D =
0
E
B =
0
H
and the region 0 z d is occupied by the chiral medium dened by
constitutive relations [31, 32].
D = (E+ E)
B = (H+ H)
while PEC plane is lying at z = d. Dene the following quantities:
k
0
=

0
, k =

,
0
=

0
/
0
, =

/, k
1
=
k
1k
and
k
2
=
k
1+k
. The incident electric eld may be written as, in free space
E
i
=

u
y
+ A

k
0z
k
0
u
x
+
k
0x
k
0
u
z

exp(jk
0z
z + jk
0x
x) (13)
and the reected eld as
E
r
=

u
y
+ B

k
0z
k
0
u
x
+
k
0x
k
0
u
z

exp(jk
0z
z + jk
0x
x) (14)
and the eld in the chiral layer can conveniently be written in terms
of Beltrami elds as [27]
E = Q
L
jQ
R
(15a)
H = Q
R
jQ
L
/ (15b)
where
Q
R
= A
1

u
y
+ j

k
1z
k
1
u
x
+
k
0x
k
1
u
z

exp(jk
1z
z+jk
0x
x)
+B
1

u
y
+j

k
1z
k
1
u
x
+
k
0x
k
1
u
z

exp(jk
1z
z+jk
0x
x) (16a)
Q
L
= A
2

u
y
+j

k
2z
k
2
u
x
+
k
0x
k
2
u
z

exp(jk
2z
z + jk
0x
x)
+B
2

u
y
+j

k
2z
k
2
u
x
+
k
0x
k
2
u
z

exp(jk
2z
z+jk
0x
x) (16b)
where k
2
1z
+k
2
0x
= k
2
1
, k
2
2z
+k
2
0x
= k
2
2
, k
0z
= k
0
cos and k
0x
= k
0
sin.
is the angle of incident and reected wave in free space with z-
axis. Applying the boundary conditions at z = 0 yields the following
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970 Faryad and Naqvi
equations

= [r]

+ [T]

A
1
A
2

(17a)

B
1
B
2

= [R]

A
1
A
2

+ [t]

(17b)
where [r], [T], [R] and [t] are 2 2 matrices. Elements of the matrices,
which are Fresnel coecients, are given as
r
11
= [(
2
0

2
)(
1
+
2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
1)]/D
r
22
= [(
2
0

2
)(
1
+
2
) 2
0
(
1

2
1)]/D
r
12
= 2j
0
(
1

2
)]/D
r
21
= r
12
t
11
= 2(
2
+
0
)/D
t
22
= 2(
0

1
+ )/D
t
12
= 2j(
0

2
+ )/D
t
21
= 2j(
1
+
0
)/D
R
11
= [(
2
0
+
2
)(
1

2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
1)]/D
R
22
= [(
2
0
+
2
)(
1

2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
1)]/D
R
12
= 2j
2
(
2
0

2
)/D
R
21
= 2j
1
(
2
0

2
)/D
T
11
= 4
0

1
(
2
+
0
)/D
T
22
= 4
0

2
(
0

1
+ )/D
T
12
= 4j
0

2
(
1
+
0
)/D
T
21
= 4j
0

1
(
0

2
+ )/D
where
D = (
2
0
+
2
)(
1
+
2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
+ 1)
and
1
= sec

1 (
k
0
k
1
)
2
sin
2
and
2
= sec

1 (
k
0
k
2
)
2
sin
2
.
Following [28], boundary conditions at z = d yields the following
equation

A
1
exp(jk
1z
d)
A
2
exp(jk
2z
d)

=
1
k
2
k
1z
+ k
1
k
2z

k
2
k
1z
k
1
k
2z
2jk
1
k
2z
2j
k
2
k
1z

k
1
k
2z
k
2
k
1z

B
1
exp(jk
1z
d)
B
2
exp(jk
2z
d)

(18)
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 971
or

B
1
B
2

= [][R
2
][]

A
1
A
2

(19)
where
[] =

exp(jk
1z
d) 0
0 exp(jk
2z
d)

and
[R
2
] =
1

k
0
k
1

2
sin
2
+

k
0
k
2

2
sin
2

k
0
k
1

2
sin
2

k
0
k
2

2
sin
2

2j

k
0
k
1

2
sin
2

2j

k
0
k
2

2
sin
2

k
0
k
2

2
sin
2

k
0
k
1

2
sin
2

From (17) and (19), we have

[r] + [T] ([][R

2
][] [R])
1
[t]

(20)
4. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS FIELD OF PARABOLIC
REFLECTOR COATED WITH CHIRAL LAYER
Consider the reection of normal incidence plane wave hitting a two
dimensional cylindrical reector, which is uniform in y axis as shown
in Figure 2. We consider the case of parabolic reector dened by
= f
2
/4f (21)
where f is the focal length of parabola. Consider the incident plane
wave making angle with normal, given as
E
i
= {A
y
u
y
+ A
x
(u
x
)} exp(jk
0
z) (22)
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972 Faryad and Naqvi
Figure 2. Cylindrical reector with a layer of chiral material.
where the normal is given as
n = sinu
x
+ cos u
z
where
cos =
2f

2
+ 4f
2
sin =

2
+ 4f
2
the reected wave is
E
r
= [B
y
u
y
+ B
xz
{cos(2)u
x
sin(2)u
z
}]
exp{jk
0
cos(2)z + jk
0
sin(2)x} (23)
and the reected wave vector is
p = sin2u
x
cos 2u
z
and the jacobian of transformation is
J() = 1 cos
2

f
(24a)
and the phase function is
= + (24b)
the GO eld for each component of electric eld is
E
rx
= cos 2B
xz

1 cos
2

1/2
exp{jk
0
(2f ) cos 2 jk
0
} (25a)
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1
2

Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 973
E
ry
= B
y

1 cos
2

1/2
exp{jk
0
(2f ) cos 2 jk
0
} (25b)
E
rz
= sin2B
xz

1 cos
2

1/2
exp{jk
0
(2f ) cos 2 jk
0
} (25c)
Since the GO eld predicts innite amplitude at points where J = 0,
so to nd nite eld around these points we use Maslovs method. To
evaluate eld by (11), we need expression (12), which is given below
J
p
z
z
= sin
2
(2) cos
2

1
f
(26)
The phase function function in (12) is found as
= 2f

1 cos(2)
2
x (27)
The nite eld around caustic is, using (11)
E
rx
=

2k
0
f

exp(jk
0
f + j/4)

/4
/4
cos 2B
xz
sec exp{jk
0
cos(2 )}d (28a)
E
ry
=

2k
0
f

exp(jk
0
f j/4)

/4
/4
B
y
sec exp{jk
0
cos(2 )}d (28b)
E
rz
=

2k
0
f

exp(jk
0
f + j/4)

/4
/4
sin2B
xz
sec exp{jk
0
cos(2 )}d (28c)
where x = sin and z = cos .
5. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We have solved (28) numerically for k
0
= 1, f = 100, =
0
and
dierent values of = /
0
, d, and . The numerical integration is
performed from = /4 to = /4. We have considered two types
of polarization for incident wave. One is (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1) and the
other is (A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0). The results are plotted in Figures 320.
In all gures horizontal axis is x-axis and vertical axis corresponds to
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2

974 Faryad and Naqvi
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
|
E
r
x
|
d = 0
d = 0.2
d = 0.4
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
= 0, = 3

Figure 3.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
x
|
E
r
y
|
d = 0
d = 0.4
d = 0.8
A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
= 0, = 3
Figure 4.
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 975
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x
|
E
r
z
|
d = 0
d = 0.4
d = 0.8
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
= 0, = 3

Figure 5.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
x
|
E
r
x
|
d = 0
d = 0.1
d = 0.5
A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
= 0.5, =1
Figure 6.
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976 Faryad and Naqvi
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
|
E
r
x
|
d = 0
d = 0.3
d = 0.5
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
= 0.5, =1

Figure 7.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
x
|
E
r
y
|
d = 0
d = 0.4
d = 0.8
A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
= 0.5, =1

Figure 8.
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 977
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
x
|
E
r
y
|
d = 0
d = 0.1
d = 0.5
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
= 0.5, =1

Figure 9.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
x
|
E
r
z
|
d = 0
d = 0.4
d = 0.8
A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
= 0.5, =1
Figure 10.
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978 Faryad and Naqvi
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
|
E
r
z
|
d = 0
d = 0.1
d = 0.5
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
= 0.5, =1

Figure 11.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
x
|
E
r
x
|
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
d = 0.5, =1
=0
=0.4
=0.8
Figure 12.
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 979
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
x
|
E
r
y
|
A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
d = 0.5, =1
=0
=0.6
=0.8
Figure 13.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
x
|
E
r
z
|
A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
d = 0.5, =1
=0
=0.5
=0.8
Figure 14.
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980 Faryad and Naqvi
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x
|
E
r
x
|



A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
d = 0.5, = 0

=1
=5
=8

Figure 15.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
x
|
E
r
y
|



A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
d = 0.5, = 0

=1
=4
=8

Figure 16.
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 981
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
|
E
r
z
|



A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
d = 0.5, = 0

=1
=3
=5

Figure 17.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x
|
E
r
x
|



A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
d = 0.1, = 0.3

=1
=5
=8

Figure 18.
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982 Faryad and Naqvi
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
x
|
E
r
y
|



A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0
d = 0.1, = 0.3

=1
=4
=8

Figure 19.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x
|
E
r
z
|



A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1
d = 0.5, = 0.3

=1
=4
=8

Figure 20.
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Parabolic reector coated with isotropic chiral medium 983
the absolute value of reected eld component. All plots are taken at
z = 0. We have studied the eect of d, and on the eld near focus.
Figures 35 show the eect of increase in the value of d keeping
= 0 and = 3, that is ordinary dielectric case. We have shown the
|E
rx
| and |E
rz
| for (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1). These gures show that increase
in d results in increase in |E
rx
| and |E
rz
|. Figure 4 shows the plot of
|E
ry
| for (A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0). This gure shows decrease in eld strength
as d increases.
Figures 611 show the eect of d while keeping = 0.5 and = 1
for both types of polarization. Figures 7 and 11 show increase in the
eld strength of |E
rx
| and |E
rz
| for (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1), respectively.
Figures 6 and 10 show the cross polarization eect due to chiral medium
for polarization (A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0), which also increases with increase
in d. For d = 0, cross polarization eect vanishes and eld strength
increases with increase in d. Figure 8 shows the plot of |E
ry
| for
(A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0), which decreases with increase in d, and Figure 9
shows the plot for (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1). This gure shows that cross
polarization eect are zero for d = 0, but increases with increase in
layer thickness d.
Figures 1214 show the eect of chirality parameter on eld
components keeping = 1 and d = 0.5. Figures 12 and 14 show the
plots of |E
rx
| and |E
rz
| for (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1) respectively. These
gures show that eld strength increases with increase in chirality
parameter . Figure 13 shows that |E
ry
| decreases with increase in
. Cross polarization eects have not been shown because they have
same trends as discussed above.
Figures 1517 show the eect of keeping d = 0.5 and = 0, that
is for ordinary dielectric case. Figures 15 and 17 show the plot of |E
rx
|
and |E
rz
| for polarization (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1) respectively and show the
increase in the eld strength if we increase the relative permittivity of
dielectric medium coated on the surface of reector. Figure 16, which
is for polarization (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1), shows that |E
ry
| decreases with
increase in . Figures 1820, which are for chiral coating, show the
same trends as in Figures 1517 if we increase the relative permittivity
of chiral medium.
6. CONCLUSIONS
We have studied the geometrical optics eld reected from a parabolic
cylindrical reector coated with chiral medium using Maslovs method.
We have considered two types of polarization of incident plane wave
which is normally incident on the reector. We have studied the
reected eld component numerically and presented the plots in the
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984 Faryad and Naqvi
focal plane. It is observed that increase in layer thickness, increase
in chirality parameter and relative permittivity of layer, results in the
increase of |E
rx
| and |E
rz
| for (A
y
= 0, A
x
= 1). While |E
ry
| decreases
for (A
y
= 1, A
x
= 0). Cross-polarized elds are present when = 0
and increase with increase in d.
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