Galvanometer

Used for detecting the presence of small current or voltage Principle application in bridge and potentiometer measurement
where their function is to indicate zero current

Sh ld be sensitive, have a stable zero, short periodic time and Should b iti h t bl h t i di ti d critically damped

D Arsonval Galvanometer

D Arsonval Galvanometer Used in various methods of resistance measurement

Also in dc potentiometer work

Moving Coil: (current carrying element)

Rectangular/Vertical in shape, consist of a number of turns of fine wire Suspended so that free to turn about its vertical axis of symmetry
arranged in the air-gap between pole pieces of a permanent magnet and iron core

Iron core is spherical (cylindrical) in shape if coil is circular (rectangular) Iron core is used to provide a flux path of low reluctance
produces strong magnetic field This increases the deflecting torque and the sensitivity of galvanometer

Sometimes, iron core is omitted

resulting in decreased value of flux density Coil is made narrower to decrease air-gap air gap Less sensitive galvanometer

Damping p g
present due to production of eddy current in the metal former on which the coil is mounted

Suspension
coil is supported by a flat ribbon suspension which also carries the current to the coil must be leveled carefully
so that the coil hangs straight and centrally without rubbing the poles or soft iron cylinder

Indication
The suspension carries a small mirror upon which a beam of light is cast The beam of light is reflected onto a scale upon which the deflection is measured The scale is about 1 m away from the instrument

Torque Equation
Explained on the board

Constants of Galvanometer 1. 1 Displacement Constant

Due to the deflection, Td=Gi,
where G is the displacement constant, defined as G=NBA

2. Inertia Constant
A retarding torque is produced owing to inertia of moving system Tj=J (d2/dt2) J
Here, J (Inertia Constant) is the moment of inertia of moving system about the axis of rotation

3. 3 Damping Constant
Damping is provided by the friction due to motion of coil in air TD=D (d/dt)
Here, D is the Damping constant

4. Control Constant
Produced due to the elasticity of system, Tc=K y y ,
Here, K is the Control constant

Therefore,
Tj+TD+Tc=Td T T T

J (d2/dt2)+D (d/dt)+K=Gi
The complementary equation is

Jm2+Dm+K=0
Roots are m1 and m2. Under steady state condition, d2/dt2=0, d/dt=0 and =F
Thus, F=Gi/K

and,

= A exp(m1t) + B exp(m2t) + F

 Case I:

D2<4KJ

B th the roots m1 and m2 are i Both th t d imaginary i Motion is oscillatory with decreasing amplitude
Under-damped case

Case II:

D2=4KJ

m1=m2, Con-oscillatory motion Con oscillatory Steady condition is reached in short time
Critically damped condition

Case III:

D2>4KJ

Both the roots are real Motion is non-oscillatory Steady condition is reached in a sluggish manner
Over-damped

 The simplex procedures to reduce damping are:

High resistance in series with galvanometer to limit the current Low resistance across the terminals of galvanometer i h i l f l
Thus, reduce the sensitivity of galvanometer

Examples
1. The scale of a GM is placed at 0.4m from mirror. A deflection of 44 m is observed. What is the angle through which the coil has turned ? 2. The coil of a moving coil GM is wound on a non-magnetic former whose height and width are both 20mm. It moves in a constant field of 0.12Wb/m2. The moment of inertia of its moving part is 0.2510-6 Kg-m2 and control spring constant is 3010-6 Nm/rad. Calculate the number of turns that must be wound on the coil to produce a deflection of 1500 with a current of 10mA. f 10 A

Ballistic Galvanometer Used for measurement of quantity of electricity (charge) passed through it Can be calibrated to read the charge directly Construction Details: S Same as dA dArsonval type l But,
it has extremely small electromagnetic damping does not show a steady deflection has long period of un-damped oscillation These oscillation are necessary if the galvanometer is to measure Th ill ti th l t i t electric charge

Time period of un-damped oscillation is T0=2(J/K)1/2

 The amplitude of the first deflection is proportional to the charge passing g p g

Thereafter, electromagnetic damping may be used to bring the coil rapidly to rest
Using eddy current damping

Can be done having a key connected across the galvanometer turn