Analog Instrument

where the output or display is a continuous function of time

and a constant relation to its input

classified according to the

Quantity they measure (Ammeter, Voltmeter) Kind of current that can be measured (AC, DC and Universal) (AC

Depends for their operation on one of the several effect produced by current and voltage, thus classified accordingly:
Magnetic Effect (Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter) Heating Effect (Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter) Electrostatic Effect (Voltmeter) Induction Effect (AC Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter) Hall Effect (Flux meter)

 Analog Instruments are categories in three groups

Indicating Instruments
Indicate the magnitude of measurand Generally make use of dial and a pointer ll k f di l d i Divided into two groups i). Electromechanical and ii). Electrostatic

Recording Instruments
Gives a continuous record of the measurand Variation of the measurand are recorded by a pen on a sheet
moving system is operated by the measurand

Integrating Instruments
Totalize events over a specified periodic of time Summation is the product of time and an electrical quantity e.g., Ampere-Hour, Watt-Hour

Analog Instruments may also be classified on the basis of method used for measurements: 1. 1 Direct Measurement Instrument
Convert the energy of measurand directly into energy that actuates the instrument
and the value of measurand is measured/displayed/recorded al e meas rand meas red/displa ed/recorded

e.g., Ammeter, Voltmeter, etc Make the measurement possible in short period

2. Comparison Instrument
Measure the measurand by comparison with a standard value y p e.g., AC/DC bridges Used in cases where a higher accuracy is required

Electromechanical Indicating Instruments

Three types of forces are needed for the satisfactory operation of any indicating instruments. These are Deflection, Controlling and Damping force.

Deflecting Force
Required for moving the pointer from its zero position It can be produced by utilizing any of the above mentioned effects It involves conversion of electric current or potential into a mechanical force

C t lli Force Controlling F

Required in an indicating instrument in order that the current produces deflection of the pointer proportional to it. Two main function
To produce a force equal and opposite to the deflecting force in order to make the deflection steady To bring the moving system back to zero, when the deflecting force is removed

 Damping Force
The deflected needle should come to rest at a position where the deflecting force is balanced by the controlling force The system producing the two forces is having inertia, and therefore the moving system cannot immediately settle at its final position
But overshoot or swing ahead of it it.

The requirements of a moving systems are: q g y

The moving part should be light The frictional force should be minimum
fulfills in order to require lesser power for operation