Gilbert Chng (5) 5.

02 Exodus 1) In terms of electronic transitions, explain why light was emitted when the metal nitrate solutions were heated in the strong Bunsen flame? When heated by the flames, electrons in the metal atoms were excited by the light at particular frequencies, and rose to higher energy levels. However, these new energy levels were less stable than their ground state energy levels, and the electrons preferred to fall back to ground state. When the electron fell back to ground state, the energy was emitted in form of photons. 1) Explain why different atoms emit different coloured light. Different atoms have different numbers of electronic configurations. As a result of this, there is difference in energy levels in which electrons may rise and fall, resulting in different amounts of energy being absorbed and emitted. The amount of energy is proportional to wavelength, with higher energy correlated to smaller wavelengths and lower energy to longer wavelengths. Part II A) a. Hydrogen gas discharge lamp: violet (4200), blue (4400), green (4900), red (6700) b. Helium: violet (4000), blue (4550), green (5000), yellow (5850), red (6700) c. Neon: blue (4500), green (5600), yellow (5900), red (6600) B) Emission spectrum of Hydrogen

Wavelengths/nm

Violet 4101

Violet4341

Blue4866

Red 6560

Absorption spectrum of Hydrogen

Same wavelengths were absorbed as those emitted. Emission spectrum of Helium

Wavelengths in nanometres: 4026 4121 4145, 4388, 4443, 4470,4686, 4713, 4921,5015,5047,5411,5870,6560,6678, 6862 Absorption spectrum of Helium

Same wavelengths as emission spectra. Emission Spectrum of Neon

Absorption Spectrum of Neon.

Neon has more lines in its line spectra than Helium, which in turn has more lines in its line spectra than Hydrogen. (C) Colours emitted that are detected are that of the entire visible spectrum and possibly further ranging. Draw the spectroscope:

A similar figure will be seen for sunlight. (D) 1. Explain what caused the lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen The lines were caused when energy was absorbed by the hydrogen atom. Its electrons absorbed the energy in discrete quantities and were excited to higher orbitals. These higher orbitals are unstable and the electrons prefer to return to ground state. As they do so, they release energy in the form of light in specific wavelengths, inversely proportional to the quantity of energy released. 2. Which energy level did the electrons de-excite from to produce the coloured lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen? 6th, 5th, 4th and 3rd, as they must fall to the 2nd energy level in order to be visible. 3. What will be observed in the emission spectrum of hydrogen in the ultraviolet and infrared regions? There should be 1 line observed in the ultraviolet region. There should be infinitely many in the infrared region. 4.The lines become closer and closer together until they reach the convergence limit and cannot be discerned from one another. The convergence limit is the limit for which the atom still has an effect on the electron. 5. The absorption and emission spectrum result in the same values. However, the absorption spectrum is caused by light passing through a cold, dilute gas and the atoms absorbing light of a characteristic frequency and thus their electrons move from lower energy levels to higher energy levels. The dark lines are caused because the re-emitted light is unlikely to be emitted in the same direction as the absorbed photon. The emission spectrum is different in the sense that the energy coming in is varied, but only the wavelength of light emitted is measured. 6. What is the difference between a continuous and a line spectrum? A line spectrum is a discreet spectrum in which bright lines of emitted light are separated by dark bands corresponding to particular frequencies of light that are not emitted. A continuous spectrum is the result when light is emitted at all wavelengths. Part 3: Ionisation Energy

Table 1: Table showing the first 3 ionisation energies of Elements Na- K arranged by proton number. Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K 1st ionisation energy / kJ mol-1 496 738 578 789 1012 1000 1251 1521 419 2nd ionisation energy / kJ mol- 3rd ionisation energy / kJ mol1 1

4562 1451 1817 1577 1907 2252 2298 2666 2052

6910 7733 2745 3232 2914 3357 3822 3931 4420

Graph of 1st 2nd and 3rd ionisation energies of elements .

1) Explain the general trend observed of all three plots in terms of the electronic configuration of the elements, especially for the first ionisation energies of aluminium and sulphur. The first ionisation energies of the elements generally increase with atomic number as the atoms of those elements have increasing numbers of protons and thus have a higher nuclear charge. The shielding effect also increases, but negligibly compared to the nuclear charge. The exception for this are Aluminium and sulphur. This is is because the outermost electron for Aluminium is in a newly formed degenerate d orbital, and not part of a stable full orbital. In the sulphur atom, the first ionisation energy is lower as there exists inter-electronic repulsion. One of its p orbitals is filled with 2 electrons while the others are singly filled, hence the repulsion between electrons reduces the energy required to ionise. 2) Explain whether a similar trend will occur for the 1st ionisation energies of elements in other periods. Yes, a similar trend will occur in other periods as the other periods will also have similar electronic configurations. However, there may be a significant change in trend when dealing with 4f orbitals which do not exist in this period. 3) Predict and explain how the first ionisation energies would change down a group in the Periodic table.

First ionisation energies would be lower as the valence electrons will be further away from the nucleus and hence be subjected to a weaker nuclear force. The shielding effect of the increasing number of electrons below them will also increase. These factors will outweigh the increase in nuclear charge.