MICRO - Ch.

11 - Respiratory Infections Pt II
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Aspergillus species bacillus anthracis Blastomyces dermatitidis Blastomyces dermatitidis : transmission Blastomyces dermatitidis : treatment

causes Pulmonary aspergillosis causes anthrax causes Blastomycosis -inhalation -Primarily affects the lungs; may spread via bloodstream to other areas (e.g., skin) Treatment may not be required if infection stays in lungs May require months of antifungal treatments if infection spreads Untreated infections slowly worsen and may become lethal causes psittacosis causes Coccidioidomycosis 60% of infectionsno symptoms 40%mild to severe symptoms severe cases: cough, chest pain, fever, chills, night sweats, headache, muscle stiffness, muscle aches, joint stiffness, rash, blood-tinged sputum, loss of appetite, weight loss, wheezing, excessive sweating, change in mental status, sensitivity to light inhalation of airborne arthroconidia spores -Usually fade without treatment -Bed rest and treatment of flulike symptoms -Relapses may occur in people with a compromised immune system Rhinitis, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing Common precursor for ear infections not necessarily bacterial -Highly contagiousspreads rapidly -no treatment as there are over 200 types of viral infections that cause colds -OTC can relieve symptoms causes diphtheria

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Diphtheria : treatment Fungal Infection : treatments Fungal Infections

-Vaccine available -treated by anti-fungal medications -Histoplasmosis -Coccidioidomycosis -Blastomycosis -Pulmonary Aspergillosis -Acute or chronic infection -Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis -Reservoir: primarily wood and soil Caused by Coccidioides immitis Resides in southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, and areas in South America Reservoirs: desert soil, rodent burrows, archaeological remains, mines

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fungal: Blastomycosis fungal: Coccidioidomycosis

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chlamydia psittaci Coccidioides immitis Coccidioidomycosis : rates Coccidioidomycosis : symptoms

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fungal: Histoplasmosis

-caused by Histoplasma capsulatum -Acute respiratory infection primarily affects the lungs occasionally other organs -Caused by one or more species of Aspergillus, a mold found in decaying plants, stored hay, compost piles, bird droppings, excess dust accumulations -May colonize in upper or lower respiratory tract -formation of "fungus ball"

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fungal: Pulmonary aspergillosis

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Coccidioidomycosis : transmission Coccidioidomycosis : treatment

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haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae

cause haemophilus influenzae -Gram-negative coccobacillus common cause of bronchitis in children and chronic bronchitis in adults HIV vaccination

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common cold : symptoms

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common cold : treatment

Haemophilus influenzae : treatment Hantavirus pulmonary : transmission hantaviruses Histoplasma capsulatum

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corynebacterium diphtheriae Cutaneous Anthrax

-Carried by rodents -Transmission through contact with infected animals, their urine, and/or droppings causes hantavirus pulmonary causes Histoplasmosis

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-spores develop in open wound on skin -easier to treat with antibiotics respiratory diseases caused by fungi most commonly involve the lungs

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deep mycoses

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Histoplasmosis : symptoms

Most infected do not show symptoms. With heavy exposure: fever, headache, non-productive cough Progressive disease generally occurs in young and elderly, also in immunocompromised persons

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opportunistic: Diphtheria

orynebacterium diphtheriaefacultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus Infects throat and noseupper respiratory illness Form pseudomembrane on tonsils and throat; can cause life-threatening respiratory obstruction -many are part of normal flora -may also cause meningitis Bacillus anthracisgram-positive, spore forming, facultative anaerobe Found in wild and domestic vertebrates Infection: through skin, inhalation, ingestion ---found in soil Once spores germinaterelease of toxin Causes internal bleeding, swelling, tissue necrosis

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Histoplasmosis : transmission

-Transmission by inhalation of airborne conidia -Reservoirs: soil around old chicken houses, starling bird roosts, bat caves (farmer's especially susceptible) -fatal if untreated -antifungal drugs -Fever, headache, fatigue, dry cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches -Gastrointestinal symptoms (sometimes) nausea, vomiting, diarrheamore common in children than adults -Person-to-person infection, or by fomites

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opportunistic: Haemophilus infections opportunistic: Inhalation anthrax

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Histoplasmosis : treatment Influenza : symptoms

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Influenza : transmission Influenza : treatment

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-New flu virus variants result from frequent antigenic changes -Vaccination available (different every year) -Epidemics in the United States typically during winter -infants, older persons, alcoholics, persons with chronic disease -Fatality 25% to 50% of infected patients causes klebsiella pneumoniae causes legionellosis Found in water sources Contracted by inhalation of water mist containing the organism (ie. A/C units) antibiotics -Staphylococcal pneumonia -Haemophilus infections -Klebsiella pneumonia -Diphtheria -Legionellosis -Psittacosis -Inhalation anthrax -Q Fever

opportunistic: Klebsiella pneumonia opportunistic: Legionellosis / Pontiac Fever

gram-negative, encapsulated bacillus Most often hospital-acquired Legionella pneumophilagramnegative bacillus Difficult to distinguish from other pneumoniasspecific tests necessary

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Klebsiella pneumonia : at risk klebsiella pneumoniae legionella pneumophila Legionnellosis : acquiring Legionnellosis : treatment Opportunistic Infections

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opportunistic: Psittacosis

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Chlamydia psittaciobligate intracellular Found in bird droppingsinfectious for months Fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, dry cough, often pneumonia

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opportunistic: Q Fever

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-ZoonoticCoxiella burnetiigrampositive, spore forming coccobacillus -resistant to heat, drying, common disinfectants -Rare in healthy adults -Common in immunocompromised individuals -Usually hospital and institutional acquired Spread from birds to humans Antibiotics Spores transmitted by inhalation

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opportunistic: Staphylococcal pneumonia

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Psittacosis : acquiring Psittacosis : treatment Pulmonary aspergillosis : transmission

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Pulmonary aspergillosis : treatment Q Fever : acquired

-antifungal drugs (sometimes via IV) -for allergic reactions bronchodilators -Globallyaffects sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, cats, birds, rodents, and ticks

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viral: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) viral: Viral pneumonia

-SARS coronavirus -Person-to-person transmission by respiratory droplets

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-Organism can be excreted in milk, urine, feces

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Q Fever : symptoms

Human infection by inhaling organism from contaminated barnyard dust, birth fluids, extracta of infected herd animals, bites from infected ticks. Fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, chest pain during breathing, shortness of breath, jaundice, clay colored stool Antibioticbest early in disease -Can be life threatening -High fever, headache, body aches, dry cough, followed by pneumonia -support with antipyretics, supplemental oxygen, additional ventilatory support Penicillin is treatment of choice -More strains of Staphylococcus become resistant to penicillin use of vancomycin may be required causes staphylococcal pneumonia -Common Cold -Influenza -Viral pneumonia -Hantavirus pulmonary -Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (90% are upper respiratory infections) 50% from virus, 50% from bacteria Fever, nonproductive cough, rhinitis, myalgia, headache Different viruses may cause different symptoms variety of viruses invade nasopharynx Most frequent human disease Lasts 3 to 5 days Caused by hantaviruses Deadly disease Adult respiratory stress syndrome Fatalities in 30% to 40% of cases

About half of all pneumonias are caused be viruses, including: influenza virus, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, chickenpox, measles, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus

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Q Fever : treatment SARS : symptoms SARS : treatment Staphylococcal pneumonia : treatment staphylococcus aureus Viral Infections

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viral infections rates Viral pneumonia : symptoms viral: common cold viral: Hantavirus pulmonary

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viral: Influenza

caused by orthomyxoviruses -very stable, survives well in environment -lyse epithelial cells, makes one more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections