Power System Protection S.A.

Soman Desirable Attributes

Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Power System Protection

S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Dependability A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is expected to trip. Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay will operate correctly. Dependability can be improved by increasing the sensitivity of the relaying scheme. %Dependability = No. of correct trippings 100 Total No. of desired trippings

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Sensitivity It is the ability of the relay to pick up even on smallest possible faults.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Security Security is a property used to characterize false trippings. A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is not expected to trip. It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not operate incorrectly. Security can be improved by improving selectivity of the relaying scheme. %Security = No. of correct trippings 100 Total No. of trippings

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Selectivity It is the ability to correctly locate and classify the fault. A relay should be able to discriminate whether the fault is in its jurisdiction or not. This jurisdiction of a relay is called zone of protection. Protection zones are classied into primary and backup zones.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Selectivity is usually provided by Time discrimination. Overcurrent and distance relays use this principle. Applying differential protection principle. In the case of differential protection, the CT location provides crisp demarcation of zone of protection.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attribute of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Reliability It is the ability to not to fail in its function. It can be achieved by redundancy. Redundancy in protection depends on the criticality of the apparatus. Reliability can be improved by providing backup protection. No. of correct trips 100 % Reliability = No. of desired trips + No. of incorrect trips Number of desired tripping can be greater than or equal to number of correct trippings.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Zone of Protection A relays zone of protection is a region which denes its jurisdiction. It is shown by demarcating the boundary. It is essential that primary zones of protection should always overlap so that no portion of the system ever remain unprotected.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Necessity of Speed in Relaying A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order to

Maximize safety

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Necessity of Speed in Relaying A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order to

Maximize safety Minimize equipment damage

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Necessity of Speed in Relaying A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order to

Maximize safety Minimize equipment damage Minimize system instability.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Necessity of Speed in Relaying A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order to

Maximize safety Minimize equipment damage Minimize system instability.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

The relay should quickly arrive at a decision and circuit breakers should be fast enough.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

For a single machine innite bus system,

2H d 2 = Pm Pe dt
2

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

For a single machine innite bus system,

2H d 2 = Pm Pe dt
2

Occurrence of fault reduces Pe to zero and increases.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

For a single machine innite bus system,

2H d 2 = Pm Pe dt
2

Occurrence of fault reduces Pe to zero and increases. At point D, Pe > Pm and the machine decelerates.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

For a single machine innite bus system,

2H d 2 = Pm Pe dt
2

Occurrence of fault reduces Pe to zero and increases. At point D, Pe > Pm and the machine decelerates. At point E, Pe = Pm .
d dt

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

= 0 and

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

For a single machine innite bus system,

2H d 2 = Pm Pe dt
2

Occurrence of fault reduces Pe to zero and increases. At point D, Pe > Pm and the machine decelerates. At point E, Pe = Pm .
d dt

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

= 0 and

Summary

As reduces, generator starts accelerating and the swing reverses.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

For a single machine innite bus system,

2H d 2 = Pm Pe dt
2

Occurrence of fault reduces Pe to zero and increases. At point D, Pe > Pm and the machine decelerates. At point E, Pe = Pm .
d dt

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

= 0 and

Summary

As reduces, generator starts accelerating and the swing reverses. Finally system stabilises at point O.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

As per equal area criteria, the post fault system reaches stable equilibrium if accelerating area is equal to the decelerating area. If a machine goes out-of-step with the rest of the system, it has to be islanded to a sub-system. As the fault clearing time increases, the stability margin reduces. The fault clearing time at which the stability margin reduces zero is known as critical clearing time.

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Desirable Attributes Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability Speed in Relaying Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict Summary

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict The consequences of quick tripping decisions are Nuisance tripping or tripping when there is no fault. Tripping for faults outside the relay jurisdiction. High-speed system tend to be less accurate because of lesser amount of information.

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Desirable Attributes
Dependability Security Selectivity Reliability

Summary Desirable Attributes of a Protection System

Dependability Security Sensitivity Selectivity Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying Speed Vs. Accuracy Conict

Summary

Speed Vs Accuracy Conict