On the Riemann Hypothesis

GERASIMOS PERGARIS
Department of Informatics
University of Piraeus
80 Karaoli and Dimitriou Street, 18534, Piraeus
GREECE
e-mail: gerasimos_pergaris@yahoo.gr


Abstract: A connection between a strictly monotonic function and the Riemann zeta
function has been established. The extended use of a computer mathematical tool
together along with human interaction led to the observation that the function:
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
i i i i
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ +
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
, x , y
can be connected to the Riemann hypothesis and is strictly monotonic. The motive
behind this brute force examination of a variety of functions related to the Riemanns
zeta was the belief that the difficulty in solving the famous hypothesis is the non
explicit character of the zeta function. The main idea was to examine a variety of
functions related to zeta, that can be translated to known functions, i.e. expressions of
the gamma function, so that their monotonicity could easily be proved. This is
possible for a variety of functions through the functional equation of the Riemann zeta
function. After the choice of the function has been made, a mathematical setting in the
sequel is proposed that leads to a proof of the statement.

Keywords: Riemann Hypothesis, Riemann Zeta Zeros, Riemann Zeta Function

1. Introduction
The Riemann zeta function is the function of the complex variable s , defined in the
half-plane ( ) Re s 1 > by the absolutely convergent series:

( )
s
n 1
1
s
n

=
=

, ( ) 1
and in the whole complex plane by analytic continuation. As shown by Riemann,
( ) s extends to as a meromorphic function with only a simple pole at s 1 = , with
residue 1, and satisfies the functional equation, [1], [7]:

( )
( )
( )
1 s / 2 s/ 2
s 1 s
s 1 s
2 2

| | | |
=
| |
\ \
, ( ) 2
or stated as , [3], [6]:

( ) ( ) ( )
s s 1
s
s 2 sin 1 s 1 s
2

| |
=
|
\
( ) 3
where ( ) s is the gamma function of the complex variable s it = + , defined for
0 > by the integral:
( )
t 1
0
e t dt

, ( ) 4
and in the whole complex plane by analytic continuation. It is well known, [4], that
( ) s extends to as a meromorphic function with simple poles at the non-positive
integers 0, 1, 2, , with residue at s n = , ( )
n
1 / n! , and satisfies the functional
equation , [4]:
( ) ( ) ( ) s s 1 s 1 = . ( ) 5
We recall that for all s with s 0, 1, 2, , we have, [6]:
( ) ( ) s s = ( ) 6
which follows easily from Gausss limit definition:
( )
( ) ( )
s
n
n!n
s lim
s s 1 s n

=
+ +
, ( ) 7
also that, [4]:

( )
( )
1 sin s
1 s
s
= ( ) 8
holds, with the function
( )
1
s
being entire with simple zeros at s 0, 1, 2, = .
We recall that for all s with s 1 , we have, [7]:
( ) ( ) s s = , ( ) 9
which follows easily from the analytic continuation to the whole complex plane
(Knopp, Hasse 1930):
( ) ( ) ( )
n
k s
1 s n 1
n 0 k 0
n
1 1
s 1 k 1
k 1 2 2

+
= =
| |
= +
|

\

, ( ) 10
with a simple pole at s 1 = .
We recall that the trivial zeros of the function are simple and occur at the negative
even integers, also that the non-trivial zeros of the function lie on the critical strip:
( ) 0 Re s 1 < < , ( ) 11
and are purely complex, initially proved, [3], by Riemann for the case ( ) 0 Re s 1
and then by Hadamard and de la Vallee Poussin for the case ( ) Re s 0,1 = .
We recall that the function : :
( ) ( ) ( )
s
2
1 s
s s s 1 s
2 2

| |
=
|
\
, ( ) 12
is entire, has the property: ( ) ( ) s 1 s = for all s, and can be expanded as the
infinite product:
( ) ( )

s
s 0 1

| |
=
|
\

, ( ) 13
where ranges over all solutions of the equation ( ) s 0 = , and ( ) log 0 log2 = ,
[3].
Combining equations ( ) 12 and ( ) 13 , canceling all poles of the function at the
negative integers by the trivial zeros of the function and canceling the pole of the
function at the point s 0 = by s , leads us to the observation that the zeros of the
function are exactly the non-trivial zeros of the function, [3], [4].
We recall a formula for the logarithmic derivative of the function , used for the
derivation of the well known von Mangoldts Formula, [3], that is:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
n 1
s 0 s s s
s s 1 s 2n s 2n 0

=

= + +
+

, ( ) 14
where the first summation is over all roots of the equation ( ) s 0 = , and
( )
( )
( )
0
log 2
0

= . The series

1
s

converges uniformly in any disc s K when

the terms , 1 are paired, so when K is fixed the series
( )

1 1 s
s s
| |
+ =
|

\

converges by an elementary theorem
[ ( )
n n n n
+ = +

when
n

,
n

both converge], [3]. The terms of

the sum over could be taken in the order of increasing Im , [3].
We recall the formula, [2]:

( )
( )
n 1
s 1 1 1

s s s n n

| |
=
|
+
\

, ( ) 15
for the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function, for { } s 0, 1, 2, ,
where 0.577216 is the Euler's or Euler-Mascheroni constant.
Remark 1: We shall refer to the functions and meaning their analytic
continuations to the whole complex plane as stated before, rather than their
definitions.
Proposition 1: If one of ( )
0
s ,
( )
0
s , ( )
0
1 s ,
( )
0
1 s is a non-trivial zero then
all are.
Proof: We have
0
s 1 . From ( ) 9 we have ( )
0
s 0 =
( )
0
s 0 = ,
( )
0
1 s 0 =
( )
0
1 s 0 =
( )
0
1 s 0 =
( )
0
1 s 0 = .
By ( ) 2 :
( ) 2
( )
0
1 s
0 2
0
1 s
1 s 0
2

| |
=
|
\

( )
0
0
1 s
1 s 0
2
| |
=
|
\
,
and by: ( ) 8
0
1 s
0
2
| |

|
\
we have: ( )
0
1 s 0 = .
By ( ) 2 : ( )
0
1 s 0 =
( ) 2

( )
0
s / 2 0
0
s
s
2

| |
|
\

( )
0
0
s
s 0
2
| |
=
|
\
,
and by: ( ) 8
0
s
0
2
| |

|
\
we have: ( )
0
1 s 0 = ,
so: ( )
0
s 0 = ( )
0
1 s 0 = and the proof follows.





( ) 0
s 0 =

( )
0
s 0 =
( )
0
s 0 =
( )
0
s 0 =
The sequel is divided into four parts:
Part A: Basic observations,
Part B: Statement of a conjecture,
Part C: Monotonicity proofs,
Part D: Proof of the conjectured.
2. Main Part

Part A
We restrict our attention to the fraction:
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.
If
1
x iy s
2
= , then:
1
x iy s
2
+ = ,
1
x iy 1 s
2
+ + = and
1
x iy 1 s
2
+ = ,

so the four s of the fraction vanish simultaneously.


Remark 3: Our area of interest is an arbitrary small punctured disc centered at the
point
0
s , with ( )
0
s 0 = being a non-trivial zero.
Proposition 2: Let
0 0
x , y ,
0
1 1
x
2 2
< < ,
0
y 0 and
0 0 0
1
s x iy
2
= with
( )
0
s 0 = . Let
2
h : be defined in an arbitrary small open disc U with radius
r 0 > , centered at the point ( )
2
0 0
x , y , not defined at the point ( )
0 0
x , y , with:
( )
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
h x, y
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.
Then:
( ) h x, y 0 > for every ( ) ( ) { }
0 0
x, y U x , y .
Proof: It is clear that
0
s gives a random non-trivial zero of the function .
Let
h
D ( ) { }
2
0 0
U x , y = , be the definition field of h .
We have:
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
= + + and
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
+ + = +
and by the property: ( ) ( ) s s = , we have:
2
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
| | | | | |
+ =
| | |
\ \ \
,
2
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
| | | | | |
+ + + = + +
| | |
\ \ \
.
By ( ) 3 one can see that the function:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
1 1
x iy x iy
s s
2 2
h x, y
1 1 1 s
1 s
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
= = =
| | | |

+ + +
| |
\ \
, for
1
s x iy
2
= ,
is the square of the modulus of the holomorphic function:
( )
s s 1
s
2 sin 1 s
2

| |

|
\
.
Since this function has no zeros for ( ) Im s 0 , the function ( ) h x, y is real analytic
in U as a function of two real variables. Also ( ) h x, y 0 > as the square of the
modulus of a non-vanishing function.
Proposition 3: Let g : be defined in ( )
0 0
y , y + , with 0 > and
arbitrary small, not defined at the point
0
y , with:
( )
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
g y
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
,
with
0
x ,
0
y being as in function h .
Then: ( ) g y 0 > for every
g
y D .
Proof: It is clear that:
( ) ( )
0
g y h x , y 0 = > , for all ( )
0 h
x , y D ,
and with
g
D being ( )
0 0
y , y + , except the point
0
y , with 0 > and arbitrary
small, we choose smaller than r and the proposition is proved.

Proposition 4: Let g : be defined at ( ) ( )
g 0 0 0 0
D y , y y , y + , ,
0
x ,
0
y as in proposition 3, with:
( )
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
g y
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.
Then:
( )
0
y y
lim g y

=

0 0
0 0 0 0
y y del ' Hospital y y
0 0 0 0
d 1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
dy 2 2 2 2
lim lim
1 1 d 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 dy 2 2

| | | | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \
= =
| | | | | | | | | |
+ + + + + +
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \

with ( )
0
y y
lim g y k

= , also k 0 > .
Proof: The functions:
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
,
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

are differentiable in the real variable y everywhere in ( )
0 0
y , y + as products of
differentiable functions. In addition,
0
0 0
y y
1 1
lim x iy x iy 0
2 2

| | | | | |
+ =
| | |
\ \ \
and
0
0 0
y y
1 1
lim x iy x iy 0
2 2

| | | | | |
+ + + =
| | |
\ \ \
. Therefore, we can use de l Hospital rule, if
the limit exists. From the functional equation of the function in the form:
( ) ( ) ( )
s s 1
s
s 2 sin 1 s 1 s
2

| |
=
|
\

for
1
s x iy
2
= , we have:

1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1
x iy
1 1 2
2 sin x iy x iy
1 2 2 2
x iy
2

| |

|
| | | | | |
\
= + +
| | |
| |
\ \ \
+ +
|
\
( ) 16
for
1
s x iy
2
= + , we have:

1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1
x iy
1 1 2
2 sin x iy x iy
1 2 2 2
x iy
2
+ +
| |
+
|
| | | | | |
\
= + +
| | |
| |
\ \ \
+
|
\
( ) 17
, by multiplication of ( ) 16 , ( ) 17 , we have:
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \


1 2x 1 2x
1 1 1 1
2 sin x iy sin x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2 2 2

| | | | | | | | | | | |
= + + + +
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \

( ) 18
and by the observation, that:
1 1
sin x iy sin x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ =
| | | |
\ \ \ \

1 1 1 1
cos x iy x iy cos x iy x iy
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \
= =

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

cos iy cos x
1 2
cosh y sin x
2 2
| |

|
\
= = ( ) 19
equation ( ) 18 becomes:

( ) 20
Setting
0
x x = and letting
g
y D , the right-hand side of ( ) 20 is a product of
differentiable functions of the real variable y for
1 1
x ,
2 2
| |

|
\
, { } y 0 ,
therefore continuous, hence the limit ( )
0
y y
lim g y

exists by equality. Differentiability of

the functions
1
x iy
2
| |
+ +
|
\
,
1
x iy
2
| |
+
|
\
in the real variable y comes from the
analyticity of these functions in the area
1 1
x ,
2 2
| |

|
\
, y .
So de l Hospitals rule is applicable, and for small enough, so that ( )
0 0
y , y +
has a distance from zero, we have:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2x 1 2x
2
0 0
0 0
2 0 , for x
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy 0 , for 0 y y , y
2 2 2
sin x 1 , for x
cosh y sin x 0 , for 0 y y , y
cosh y 1 , for y 0



>

| | | | | |
+ + + = + + > +
`
| | |
\ \ \





> +
`

>

) )

( ) ( ) ( )
2x 1 2x
1 1
2 x iy x iy cosh y sin x 0
2 2

| | | |
+ + + > >
| |
\ \

( )
0 0
, for 0 y y , y +
Setting
0
x x = and applying limits as
0
y y on both sides of equation ( ) 20 ,
we conclude that k 0 > and the proof follows.

Proposition 5: Let
0
x ,
0
y be as in proposition 4. Then:
0
0 0
0 0
y y
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim 1
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.



( ) ( ) ( )
2x 1 2x
1 1
x iy x iy
1 1 2 2
2 x iy x iy cosh y sin x
1 1 2 2
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | |
+
| |
| | | |
\ \
= + + +
| |
| | | |
\ \
+ + +
| |
\ \
Proof: We have:
0
0 0
0 0
y y
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \


0
0 0 0 0
0 0
y y
0 0 0 0
0 0
1 1 1 1
i x iy x iy i x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim
1 1 1 1
i x iy x iy i x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | | | |
+ + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \


0
0 0
0 0
y y
0 0
0 0
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \ \
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
0
0 0
0 0
y y
0 0
0 0
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2
lim
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \ \
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
=
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \


0
0
0 0
y y
0 0
0 0
y y
0 0
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2
lim
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2 k
1
1 1 k
x iy x iy
2 2
lim
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \ \
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
= = =
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.







Part B
We state the following conjecture:
Conjecture 1: Let
0
x ,
0
y be as in proposition 5. Then:
0
0 0 0 0
x x
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
lim i i i i 0
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2

| | | | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | | |
\ \ \ \
| + + =
| | | | | | | |
|
+ + + +
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \


We have:
From the functional equation of the function we have:
( ) ( ) ( )
s s 1
s
s 2 sin 1 s 1 s
2

| |
=
|
\
,
setting
1
s x iy
2
= , we have:
1 1
x iy x iy 1
2 2
1
x iy
1 1 1 2
x iy 2 sin 1 x iy x iy
2 2 2 2

| | | |

| |
| | | | | | | |
\
| = + +
| | | |
| \ \ \ \
|
\
,
setting
1
s x iy
2
= + , we have:
1 1
x iy x iy 1
2 2
1
x iy
1 1 1 2
x iy 2 sin 1 x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
+ +
| | | |
+
| |
| | | | | | | |
\
| + = + +
| | | |
| \ \ \ \
|
\
,
letting ( )
1 1
x iy x iy 1
2 2
1
x iy
1 2
a x, y 2 sin 1 x iy
2 2

| | | |

| |
| | | |
\
| =
| |
| \ \
|
\

and ( )
1 1
x iy x iy 1
2 2
1
x iy
1 2
b x, y 2 sin 1 x iy
2 2
+ +
| | | |
+
| |
| | | |
\
| = +
| |
| \ \
|
\
,
we have:

( )
1 1
x iy a x, y x iy
2 2
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ \
, ( ) 21

( )
1 1
x iy b x, y x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \
. ( ) 22
Differentiating equation ( ) 21 on the variable y and reformulating, we have:
( ) ( )
1 d 1 1
i x iy a x, y x iy ia x, y x iy
2 dy 2 2
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

( )
( )
d 1 1 1
a x, y x iy x iy x iy
dy 2 2 2
i ia x, y
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ \ \
= +
| | | | | |

| | |
\ \ \

( )
( )
( )
( )
d 1 1 1
a x, y x iy x iy x iy
dy 2 2 2
i ia x, y
1 1 1
x iy a x, y x iy a x, y x iy
2 2 2
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ \ \
= +
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) 21

( )
( )
d 1 1
a x, y x iy x iy
dy 2 2
i i
1 1 a x, y
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
= +
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \


( )
( )
d 1 1
a x, y x iy x iy
dy 2 2
i i
1 1 a x, y
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
. ( ) 23


Differentiating equation ( ) 22 on the variable y and reformulating, we have:
( ) ( )
1 d 1 1
i x iy b x, y x iy ib x, y x iy
2 dy 2 2
| | | | | |
+ = + +
| | |
\ \ \

( )
( )
d 1 1 1
b x, y x iy x iy x iy
dy 2 2 2
i ib x, y
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
=
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) 22

( )
( )
( )
( )
d 1 1 1
b x, y x iy x iy x iy
dy 2 2 2
i ib x, y
1 1 1
x iy b x, y x iy b x, y x iy
2 2 2
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
=
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \

( )
( )
d 1 1
b x, y x iy x iy
dy 2 2
i i
1 1 b x, y
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \


( )
( )
d 1 1
b x, y x iy x iy
dy 2 2
i i
1 1 b x, y
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
+ =
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
. ( ) 24
Adding equations ( ) 23 , ( ) 24 and reformulating, we have:
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
i i i i
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ + =
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \


( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
d d
a x, y b x, y
d dy dy
ln a x, y b x, y
a x, y b x, y dy
= + = , ( ) 25
and by replacing a and b in ( ) 25 , or by the observation that:
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
i i i i
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ + =
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

1 1
x iy x iy
d 2 2
ln
1 1 dy
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
and by equation ( ) 20 , we have:
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
i i i i
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ + =
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

( ) ( ) ( )
2x 1 2x
d 1 1
ln 2 x iy x iy cosh y sin x
dy 2 2

| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2x 1 2x
d d 1 1 d
ln 2 ln x iy x iy ln cosh y sin x
dy dy 2 2 dy

| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

( )
( ) ( )
1 1
x iy x iy
sinh y
2 2
i i
1 1 cosh y sin x
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |

\ \
= +
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \



( )
( ) ( )
1 1
x iy x iy
sinh y
2 2
i i
1 1 cosh y sin x
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |

\ \
= +
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
. ( ) 26

We set
0
y y = to equation ( ) 26 , and it suffices to show that the function:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
sinh y
2 2
J x i i
1 1 cosh y sin x
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |

\ \
= +
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
,
defined for
1 1
x ,
2 2
| |

|
\
, is:

1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
i i i i
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ + =
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
Strictly decreasing for
0
y 0 <
Identically equal to zero for
0
y 0 =
Strictly increasing for
0
y 0 >

, also has a zero at the point
0
x 0 = for every
0
y .

Part C
At this part, we present the monotonia of the function J .
By formula ( ) 15 we have:
( )
( )
n 1
s 1 1 1

s s s n n

| |
=
|
+
\

, for { } s 0, 1, 2,
We have:
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

n 1
0 0
1 1 1
i
1 1
n
x iy x iy n
2 2

=
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
+ + + + +
|
\ \

n 1
0 0
1 1 1
i
1 1
n
x iy x iy n
2 2

=
| | | |
| |

| |
| |
+ + +
|
\ \

n 1 n 1
0 0 0 0
i i 1 1 1 1
i i
1 1 1 1
n n
x iy x iy x iy n x iy n
2 2 2 2

= =
| | | |
| |
= + +
| |
| |
+ + + + + + + +
\ \


( )
0
2
2
n 0
0
8y
1 2x 2n 4y

=
=
+ + +

.
Remark 4: The last equality above is valid by an elementary theorem [3]:
[ ( )
n n n n
+ = +

when
n

,
n

both converge].
Differentiating in the variable x , we have:
( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
2 2
n 0 n 0
0 0
8y 8y d d
dx dx
1 2x 2n 4y 1 2x 2n 4y

= =
| |
= = |
|
+ + + + + +
\


( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
2 2
2 2
2 2
n 0 n 0
0 0
32 1 2x 2n y 32 1 2x 2n y
1 2x 2n 4y 1 2x 2n 4y

= =
| |
+ + + +
|
= =
|
| + + + + + +
\


Remark 5: Termwise differentiation above is valid due to the uniform convergence
of the last sum. It is well known , | | 3 , that a series can be differentiated termwise if
the result is uniformly convergent. For
1 1
x ,
2 2
| |

|
\
, n 0 > , we have:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0
0 2 2
2 2
2 2
0 0
32 1 2x 2n y 1 2x 2n
32 y
1 2x 2n 4y 1 2x 2n 4y
+ + + +

+ + + + + +

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
2
2
0
1 2x 2n 4y
1 1 1
32 y 32 y 32 y 8 y
4n n
1 2x 2n
1 2x 2n 4y
+ + +
=
+ +
+ + +
.
The series
0 2
n 1
1
8 y
n

converges to
2
0

8 y
6
independently of x , therefore the series
( )
( )
( )
0
2
2
2
n 1
0
32 1 2x 2n y
1 2x 2n 4y

=
+ +
+ + +

passes the Weierstrass M-test and hence converges

uniformly. The first term can be differentiated as a rational function of x .
We have:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0
2
0
0
sinh y cos x sinh y d
dx cosh y sin x
cosh y sin x

.
The sign of the last fraction follows the sign of its numerator and by the fact that
( ) cos x 0 for
1 1
x
2 2
, it follows the sign of ( )
0 0
y y
0
e e
sinh y
2

= , which is:
negative for
0
y 0 <
equal to zero for
0
y 0 =
positive for
0
y 0 >
The same are true for
( )
( )
( )
0
2
2
2
n 0
0
32 1 2x 2n y
1 2x 2n 4y

=
+ +
+ + +

. For
1 1
x ,
2 2
| |

|
\
we have:
1 2x 2n 0 + + > , so every term of the above sum follows the sign of
0
y .
Conclusively:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0
2 2
2
2
n 0
0
0
32 1 2x 2n y cos x sinh y
d
J x
dx
cosh y sin x
1 2x 2n 4y

=
+ +
= +

+ + +

is:
negative for
0
y 0 <
equal to zero for
0
y 0 =
positive for
0
y 0 >

so the function ( ) J x is:
strictly decreasing for
0
y 0 <
constant for
0
y 0 =
strictly increasing for
0
y 0 >

for
0
y 0 = we have:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
x x
sinh 0
2 2
J x i i 0
1 1 cosh 0 sin x
x x
2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |

\ \
= + =
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \

so the function ( ) J x is identically equal to zero for
0
y 0 = .
Lastly, for x 0 = , we have:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 2 2
2
n 0 n 0
0
0 2
0
sinh y 8y 1
J 0 2y
cosh y
1 2n 4y 2n 1
y
2

= =
| |
|
|
= + = +
|
+ + + | |
|
+
|
|
\ \


( )
0
tanh y +
and by the series of ( ) tanh z we conclude that:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
J 0 tanh y tanh y 0 = + = ,
that is, there is a zero for the function J at the point
0
x 0 = , for every
0
y .
Due to the fact that ( ) J x is a strictly monotonic function of x for
0
y 0 , we
conclude that ( ) J 0 is the only zero for the function in
1 1
x ,
2 2
| |

|
\
with
0
y 0 .

Part D
Recall formula ( ) 14 :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
n 1
s 0 s s s
s s 1 s 2n s 2n 0

=

= + +
+

.
Setting
1
s x iy
2
= , we have:
( )
( )
n 1
1
1 1 1
x iy
x iy x iy x iy
0
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 0
x iy 1 x iy x iy 2n x iy 2n
2 2 2 2

=
| |

|

\
= + +
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \ \


( ) 27
Setting
1
s x iy
2
= + , we have:
( )
( )
n 1
1
1 1 1
x iy
x iy x iy x iy
0
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 0
x iy 1 x iy x iy 2n x iy 2n
2 2 2 2

=
| |
+
+ + + |

\
= + +
| | | | | |
+ + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

.
( ) 28
Multiplying ( ) 27 by i , ( ) 28 by i and adding the results, we have:
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+ =
| | | |
+
| |
\ \

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
i i
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
| |
| |
+ +
|
|
| = +
|
| | | |
|
|
+ +
| | |
\
\ \ \



0 0
n 1 n 1
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i
1 1
2n x iy 2n 2n x iy 2n
2 2

= =
| |
+
|
| +
| | | |
|
+ +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) 29
For the first summand of ( ) 29 , we have:
( )
0 0
2
2
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
8y
2 2
i
1 1
1 2x 4y
x iy x iy
2 2
| |
+
|
=
|
+ +
|
+
\
.
For the first sum of the third summand of ( ) 29 , we have:
0
0
n 1 n 1 n 1
0 0 0
1
1
x iy 2n 2n
x iy
1 1 2
2
1 1 1 2n
x iy 2n 2n x iy 2n 2n x iy 2n
2 2 2

= = =
| |
| |
+
|
|
\
= = =
|
| | | |
|
+ + +
| |
\
\ \


n 1
0
1 1 1
1 1 2 n
x iy n
2 2

=
| |
|
| = =
| |
|
+
| |
\ \

n 1
0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 n
1 x iy 1 x iy n
2 2 2 2

=
| | | |
| |
| | =
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

and by equation ( ) 15 it follows that:
0
0
n 1
0 0
1 1
1
1 x iy
x iy
2 2 1
2

1 2 1 1
2n x iy 2n 1 x iy
2 2 2

=
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \
|
= +
| | | | | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

.
Analogously for the second sum, we have:
0
0
n 1
0 0
1 1
1
1 x iy
x iy
2 2 1
2

1 2 1 1
2n x iy 2n 1 x iy
2 2 2

=
| | | | | |
+ +
| | + |
\ \
|
= +
| | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

.

So, rewriting equation ( ) 29 , we have:
( )
0 0
0
2
2
0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
8y 2 2
i i
1 1
1 2x 4y
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+ =
| | | |
+ +
+
| |
\ \

0 0
0 0
i 1 1 i 1 1
1 x iy 1 x iy
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 x iy 1 x iy
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | | | |
+ + +
| | | | |
\ \ \ \
|
+
| | | | | | | | |
+ + +
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \
0 0

0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| |
+
|
|
| | | |
|
+
| | |
\ \ \


( )
0 0
0
2
2
0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
8y 2 2
i i
1 1
1 2x 4y
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+ =
| | | |
+ +
+
| |
\ \


0
2
0 0

y y
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
d 1 1
2 2
ln 1 x iy i
1 1 dy 2 2
x iy x iy
2 2
=
| |
+
|
| | | |
| +
| |
| | | |
| \ \
+
| | |
\ \ \


( ) 30
In order to apply the limit function
0
x x
lim

we first observe that the first two summands

of equation ( ) 30 converge to a point, say
1
k . This is due to the continuity of
these functions at a neighborhood of the point ( )
0 0
x , y , where
0 0
1
x iy 0
2
| |
=
|
\
.
For the third summand of ( ) 30 , roots , 1 is understood to be paired, so for the
first sum we have:
0

0
1
x iy
2
1
x iy
2

=
| |

|
\

0
j 0
j j 0 j j
1
x iy
2
(
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2

=

= +
| | | | | |

| | |
\ \ \

0
j j 0 j j
1
x iy
2
)
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2

+
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ \ \
( ) 31
where the pair
j j
1
x , y
2
| |

|
\
ranges over the real and imaginary parts respectively of
all non-trivial roots of the function, except of those that coincide with
j j
1
x , y
2
| |
+
|
\
.
This can easily be done by the constraint
j
y 0 > for all j 0 = , 1, 2 , .
Remark 6: The order of the summation over j in the last equation is just optical. The
fact that the variables
j
x ,
j
y coincide with
0
x ,
0
y at j 0 = is just for simplicity
reasons. The actual order of the series
j 0

follows the order of the series

for all
values of j sufficiently large, that is of increasing Im .

Reformulating ( ) 31 , we have:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 j j
0
2 2
2
j 0
0 j j j j
0
1
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
x iy
2
2
1
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy
x iy
2

=
| |
+ + +
|
\
=
| |
+ + + +

|
\


( ) 32
Analogously we have:
0

0
1
x iy
2
1
x iy
2
+
=
| |
+
|
\

0
j 0
j j 0 j j
1
x iy
2
(
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2

=
+
= +
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \

0
j j 0 j j
1
x iy
2
)
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
+
+
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \


( ) 33
where the pair
j j
1
x , y
2
| |

|
\
ranges over the real and imaginary parts respectively of
all non-trivial roots of the function except of those that coincide with
j j
1
x , y
2
| |
+
|
\
.
Reformulating ( ) 33 , we have:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 j j
0
2 2
2
j 0
j j 0 j j
0
1
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
x iy
2
2
1
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy
x iy
2

=
| |
+ +
+ |
\
=
| |

+
|
\


( ) 34
In order to prove the convergence of the third summand of ( ) 30 , we first note that
the critical term for both of the sums ( ) 32 and ( ) 34 occurs at j 0 = where the
denominator of the corresponding term vanishes for
0
x x = . However, when we apply
limit where
0
x x to their subtraction it turns out that this is a removable
singularity! We have:
0
0 0
x x

0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| |
+
|
| =
| | | |
|
+
| | |
\ \ \



( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2
0 0 j j
2 2
2 x x
j 0
0 j j j j
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
2
lim(
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy

=
| |
+ + +
|
\
=
+ + + +

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 j j
2 2
2
j 0
j j 0 j j
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
2
)
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy

=
| |
+ +
|
\

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2
0 0 j j
2 2
2 x x
j 0
0 j j j j
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
2
lim (
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy

=
| |
+ + +
|
\
=
+ + + +

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 j j
2 2
2
j j 0 j j
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
2
)
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy
| |
+ +
|
\

where the critical term occurs when j 0 = . For j 0 = we have:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
x x
0 0 0 0 0
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
2
lim(
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy

| |
+ + +
|
\

+ + + +


( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
1
x iy x iy 2 x iy
2
)
x iy x iy 1 4 x iy
| |
+ +
|
\
=



( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
2 2 2 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2 2 x x 2 4 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
4iy 1 8y 8 x 2x 4xx x 1 2x 1 x 4x 2 x y 2y
lim
x x 4y 16x 8x 1 4y 1 4y

+ + + + + + + + +
=
+ + + + + +

and it is clear that after multiplication by i the result is a number, say
2
k . So,
all of the terms of the last sum are finite and the proof of the convergence is
analogous to the proof of the convergence of the series

1
s

for all s .
As in [3], the infinite series

1
s

converges uniformly in any disc s K when the

terms and 1 are paired
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
s s 1

+
1 1
1 1 1 1
s s
2 2 2 2

| | | | | | | |
= + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \


2
2 2
1
2 s
1 2
const
2
1 1
s
2 2

| |

|
\
=
| | | |

| |
\ \
,
for all sufficiently large once is fixed and because
2

converges.
Fixing the imaginary part of s as well as setting ( )
1
Re s x
2
= ,
1 1
x
2 2
< < ,
wont affect the uniform convergence, therefore
0

0
1
x iy
2
1
x iy
2

| |

|
\

,
0

0
1
x iy
2
1
x iy
2
+
| |
+
|
\

both converge uniformly for

0
x x ,
hence
0 0

0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| |
+
|
|
| | | |
|
+
| | |
\ \ \

converges uniformly for every

0
x x . We have:
0 0

0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| |
+
|
| =
| | | |
|
+
| | |
\ \ \

pairing roots , 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
0 j
2 2 2 2 2
4 2 2 2
j 0
j 0 j j 0 j j j j j
iy x x A
x x y y x x y y 16x 8x 1 4y 1 4y

=
+ + + + + + + +

, where A is a polynomial in the variable x .
From the last expression we observe that the partial sums
N
j 0 =

of the series are

continuous functions of the variable x as rational functions whose denominator never
equals zero. Therefore by the uniform convergence the result of the infinite
summation is a continuous function of x .


Analogously we have:
0
0 0
x x
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \
| +
| | | |
|
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
.

Summarizing results so far from part D we have:
0
0 0
x x
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \
| +
| | | |
|
+
| | |
\ \ \
,
0
0 0
x x
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \
| +
| | | |
|
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
,
also we have from part A that:
0
0 0
0 0
y y
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim 1
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.

In order to prove the Conjecture 1 stated at Part B, it suffices to prove that:
0
0 0
0 0
x x
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim 1
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
.
This is the case because the limits of the numerator and denominator of the above
exist in and therefore by an elementary theorem:
[If
( )
( )
f x
lim 1
g x
= and ( ) limf x , ( ) limg x exist in { } \ 0 then ( ) ( ) ( )
lim f x g x 0 = ]
The conditions become even easier after the following theorem,
called The theorem on interchange of two limits [8], which in terms of generalized
sequences it is called Moores Theorem, [9].

Theorem 1: (The theorem on interchange of two limits) Let f : A B M be a
mapping into a complete metric space, where A and B are subsets of metric spaces
1
M and
2
M , respectively, and let
0
x A \ A ,
0
y B \ B . If
( ) i ( ) ( )
0
x x
lim f x, y y

= exists for each y B ;

( ) ii ( ) ( )
0
y y
lim f x, y x

= exists uniformly in x A ,
then the three limits
( )
0 0
x x y y
lim lim f x, y

, ( )
0 0
y y x x
lim lim f x, y

and
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
x,y x , y
lim f x, y

All exist and are equal.

Let:
( )
2
2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
d 1 1 1
ln x iy x iy x iy
dy 2 2 2
q x, y
1 1
d 1
x iy x iy
ln x iy
2 2
dy 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \ \
= = =
| | | |
| |
+ + +
| | + +
|
\ \
\
+
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

2
2
2
d 1
x iy
dy 2
d 1
x iy
dy 2
1
x iy
2
1
x iy
2
| |

|
\
| |
+ +
|
\
=
| |

|
\
| |
+ +
|
\

It can be seen from equation ( ) 20 that the denominator of the last expression is a real
analytic non-vanishing function, therefore the denominator does not affect the
existence of the double limit.
We state the following line of equalities:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
y y y y x x x x y y x x
1 lim q x , y lim lim q x, y lim lim q x, y lim q x, y

= = = = = .
The first and the last have been proved. Due to the continuity of the function
everywhere near the critical point, it is an easy task to prove the second and the
fourth.
In order to prove the third one has to prove that either:

( ) ( )
0
x x
lim q x, y y

= or ( ) ( )
0
y y
lim q x, y x

=
exist uniformly.
This should mean that the double limit at the critical point exists and then the
hypothesis would follow.

Remark 7: Another elegant way of proving that the double limit exists is by
observing that the first factor of:
( )
2
2 2
d 1
x iy
dy 2 1
q x, y
1 d 1
x iy x iy
2 dy 2
1
x iy
2
| |

|
\
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
| |
+ +
|
\

is a real analytic function as the reciprocal of a non-vanishing real analytic function
therefore our attention goes to the second factor. The second factor is the quotient of
two real analytic functions which vanish at the point ( )
0 0
x , y .
The functions
1
x iy
2
| |

|
\
,
1
x iy
2
| |
+ +
|
\
are complex analytic in the open disc
s r < with s x iy = + , so their real and imaginary parts are harmonic functions in that
disc. Then harmonic functions are real analytic and by the properties that the sum or
the product of real analytic functions is real analytic we conclude that the functions:
2
1
x iy
2
| |

|
\
,
2
1
x iy
2
| |
+ +
|
\

are real analytic in an open disc ( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
x x y y r + < as the sum of the squares
of two harmonic functions. Therefore their partial derivatives are also real analytic.
Furthermore the quotient
2
2
d 1
x iy
dy 2
d 1
x iy
dy 2
| |

|
\
| |
+ +
|
\
is a separate real analytic function in the
open disc. Fixing one of the variables enables a factorization of both numerator and
denominator. For example, fixing
0
x x = gives:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
m
0
0 0
2 n
0 0
0
d 1
x iy
y y f x , y dy 2
y y g x , y d 1
x iy
dy 2
| |

|

\
=

| |
+ +
|
\

where f , g are real analytic non-vanishing functions in the open disc and then m n =
follows from the fact that:
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
y y y y
0 0
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2
lim lim k
d 1 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 2

| | | |

| |
\ \
= =
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
\ \
, k 0
Fixing
0
y y = gives:
( )
0
0
x x
lim q x, y

=
0
0
0 0 0 0
x x
0 0 0
x x
0 0
0 0
1 1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2 2
lim i i i i
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
lim
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ +
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ \ \
= =
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
0
0
0 0
x x
0 0
1
x iy
2
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| |
|
|
| |
|
+
| |
\ \
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \
| +
| | | |
|
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \

, where both numerator and denominator of the last fraction are real numbers other
than zero. Then, after reformulating we have:
( )
0 0 0
2
0
0 2 2
x x x x x x
0 0
0
d 1
x iy
dy 2 1
lim q x, y lim lim
1 d 1
x iy x iy
2 dy 2
1
x iy
2

| |

|
\
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \
| |
+ +
|
\

and by division, the last limit is a real number other than zero.
Then, further techniques could be applied in order to prove that the separate real
analytic function ( ) q x, y is in fact real analytic in the joint sense.


The proof here follows a different way, it will be proved that:
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
x x y y
0 0
d 1 d 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 dy 2
lim lim
d 1 d 1
x iy x iy
dy 2 dy 2

| | | |

| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \

, where
0
x ,
0
y are as usual.

This is sufficient for the equality:
0
0 0
0 0
x x
0 0
0 0
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
lim 1
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2
i i
1 1
x iy x iy
2 2

| | | |
+
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ \
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
+
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

to hold, and therefore for the proof of the Conjecture 1.
We recall that the function:
2
2
1 1 1
x iy x iy x iy
2 2 2
1 1
1
x iy x iy
x iy
2 2
2
| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ \ \
=
| | | |
| |
+ + +
| | + +
|
\ \
\

is real analytic in the variables x , y.

Theorem 1: Let f , g :
2
be of squared modulus holomorphic type, [13], i.e.
( ) ( )
2
f x, y F x iy = + and ( ) ( )
2
g x, y G x iy = + where F, G are holomorphic in a disc
s K and let ( ) ( ) F s F s = , ( ) ( ) G s G s = , also ( ) ( ) F 0 G 0 0 = = . If the quotient
function
( )
( )
f x, y
g x, y
is analytic and non-vanishing at the origin, then the following
equality holds:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x 0 y 0 y 0
d d
f x, 0 f 0, y
f 0, y
dy dy
lim lim lim
d d
g 0, y
g x, 0 g 0, y
dy dy

= = .
Proof: Let
( ) ( )
( )
( )
{ }
x,y 0,0
f x, y
lim k \ 0
g x, y

= .
There exist real-analytic functions ( )
1
f x , ( )
1
g x, y , ( )
1
h y and ( )
2
f x , ( )
2
g x, y ,
( )
2
h y and non-negative numbers , , , not all zero, such that:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 1
f x, y x f x x y g x, y y h y = + + ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
g x, y x f x x y g x, y y h y = + +
and ( )
1
f 0 , ( )
1
g 0, 0 , ( )
1
h 0 , ( )
2
f 0 , ( )
2
g 0, 0 , ( )
2
h 0 exist in { } \ 0 . Indeed,
from the convergence of
( )

f x, 0
x
and
( )

g x, 0
x
we conclude that the series that
correspond to the functions
1
f ,
2
f converge at the origin.

From the convergence of
( )

f 0, y
y
and
( )

g 0, y
y
we conclude that the series that
correspond to the functions
1
h ,
2
h converge at the origin.

Then, from the convergence of:
( ) ( ) ( )

1 1

f x, y x f x y h y
x y

and
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2

g x, y x f x y h y
x y


we conclude that the series that correspond to the functions
1
g ,
2
g converge at the
origin.

We have:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 1

2 2 2
f x, y x f x x y g x, y y h y
g x, y x f x x y g x, y y h y
+ +
=
+ +

and

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2
d d d
f x, y x y g x, y x y g x, y y h y y h y
dy dy dy
d d d
g x, y x y g x, y x y g x, y y h y y h y
dy dy dy


+ + +
=
+ + +


We have:
( )
( )
( )
( )
x 0 y 0
f x, 0 f 0, y
lim lim
g x, 0 g 0, y

= so
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 2
f 0 h 0
k
g 0 h 0
= = .
We have:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1 1 1 1
1
y 0 y 0 y 0
1
2
2 2 2 2
d d d
f 0, y y h y y h y h y y h y
h 0
dy dy dy
lim lim lim k
d d d
h 0
g 0, y y h y y h y h y y h y
dy dy dy

+ +
= = = =
+ +
.
If > , we have:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2
d d d
f x, y x y g x, y x y g x, y h y y h y
dy dy dy
d d d
g x, y x y g x, y x y g x, y h y y h y
dy dy dy
+
+
+ + +
=
+ + +
,
and
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
x 0
2 2
d
f x, 0
h 0 h 0
dy
lim k
d
h 0 h 0
g x, 0
dy

= = = .
If = , we have:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2
d d d
f x, y x g x, y x y g x, y h y y h y
dy dy dy
d d d
g x, y x g x, y x y g x, y h y y h y
dy dy dy
+ + +
=
+ + +
,
and
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

1 1 1 1

x 0 x 0
2 2 2 2
d
f x, 0
x g x, 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
dy
lim lim k
d
x g x, 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
g x, 0
dy

+
= = = =
+


If < , we have:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2
d d d
f x, y x g x, y x y g x, y y h y y h y
dy dy dy
d d d
g x, y x g x, y x y g x, y y h y y h y
dy dy dy
+
+
+ + +
=
+ + +
,
and
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

1 1

x 0 x 0
2 2
d
f x, 0
x g x, 0 g 0, 0
dy
lim lim
d
x g x, 0 g 0, 0
g x, 0
dy

= = .
It suffices to show that
( )
( )
1
2
g 0, 0
k
g 0, 0
= .

Set

x t and

y t for real positive , , then:

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 1

2 2 2
f t , t t f t t g t , t t h t
g t , t t f t t g t , t t h t
+
+
+ +
=
+ +

If < and < then fix small enough, so that:
+ <
and small enough, so that:
+ < ,
then
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 1

2 2 2
f t , t t f t g t , t t h t
g t , t t f t g t , t t h t


+ +
=
+ +
, with 0 >
and 0 > , therefore
( )
( )
( )
( )

1

t 0
2
f t , t
g 0, 0
lim
g 0, 0 g t , t

= and from continuity of the

function
( )
( )
f x, y
g x, y
at the origin, we conclude that:
( )
( )
1
2
g 0, 0
k
g 0, 0
= .
It suffices to show that < .

We assume multiplicity m 0 > for the zero of the holomorphic functions ( ) F s , ( ) G s
at the point s 0 = , so ( ) ( )
m
1
F s s F s = and ( ) ( )
m
1
G s s G s = with
1
F ,
1
G holomorphic
and non-vanishing at the point s 0 = .

Set
( )
j
1 j
j 0
F s a s

and
( )
j
1 j
j 0
G s b s

with
0
a 0 and
0
b 0 .
Then, after the translation s x iy = + , a power series expansion about the point ( ) 0, 0
can be used to derive:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m
j j
2 2 2
j j 0
j 0 j 0
f x, y a x iy a x iy x y a

= + = + +

and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m
j j
2 2 2
j j 0
j 0 j 0
g x, y b x iy b x iy x y b

= + = + +


It can easily be verified that odd powers of y are absent from the expansions of the
functions f , g so for the multiplicity m, m 1 = is not the case, because then
would occur. For m 1 > we have 2m = = and 1 = = , therefore < .

Setting
( )
0 0
1
F s x iy s
2
| |
=
|
\
,
( )
0 0
1
G s x iy s
2
| |
= + + +
|
\
gives the desired result.



References:
[1] Bombieri E.: The Riemann Hypothesis, Official Problem Description.
[2] Chandrasrkharan, K: Lectures on The Riemann Zeta-Function, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Bombay, 1953.
[3] Edwards H. M.: Riemanns Zeta Function, Dover Publications Inc., Mineola,
New York, 1974.
[4] Stein, E. M., Shakarchi, R.: Princeton Lectures in Analysis II: Complex Analysis,
Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2003.
[5] Spiegel M. R., Lipschutz S., Schiller J., Spellman D.: Complex Variables(2
nd

edition), Schaums outlines, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2009
[6] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, web site, Riemann zeta function, Gamma
function, Uniform Convergence
[7] Wolfram MathWorld, web site, Riemann Zeta Function, Gamma Function
[8] Z. Kadelburg and M. M. Marjanovic, Interchanging two limits, The teaching of
mathematics, 2005, vol. XIII, 1, pp. 15-29
[9] Moore E. H., H. L. Smith, A general theory of limits, American Journal of
Mathematics, Vol. 44, No. 2, (Apr. 1922) pp. 102 -121
Further References:
[10] Steinlage R. C.: Nearly uniform convergence and interchange of limits,
Publications de lInstitute Mathematique, Nouvelle serie, tome 12 (26), 1971, pp.
115-129
[11] Cadavid C. A., Molina Sergio, Velez J. D.: Limits of quotients of real analytic
functions in two variables, 2010 Universidad Nacional de Colombia
[12] Saidak F., Zvengrowski P. D.: On the modulus of the Riemann zeta function in
the critical strip, Mathematica Slovaca, Vol. 53 (2003), No. 2, 145-172
[13] Christiane Kraus: Maximal convergence theorems for functions of squared
modulus holomorphic type in
2
and some applications, Journal of
Approximation theory 147 (2007) 47-66
[14] Aleksandar Ivic: The Riemann Zeta function: Theory and Applications, Courier
Dover Publications, book
[15] Karatsuba A.A., Voronin S. M.: The Riemann-Zeta function, De Gruyter
Expositions in Mathematics, book
[16] Krantz S. G., Parks H. R.: A primer of real analytic functions, Birkhauser
Advanced Texts, book
[17] Titchmarsh E. C., Heath-Brown D.R.: The theory of the Riemann-Zeta function,
Oxford Science publications, book