OSI (ISO) International organization for standardization Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model(open

system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers 7.Application layer: The user uses application layer to send the data The protocols@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc. 6.Presentation layer: Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and presentIn different formats for securing reason. The services offered @This layer areCompression decompressionCoding decodingEncryption - decryption 5. Session layer: Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is doneBy the session layer.It 1. Establishes a session2. maintains it &3. Terminates it b/w the application 4. Transport layer: End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is doneBy the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcpor udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.Services:SequencingFlow ctrl, error detection & correctionTransport layer info + data is called segment 3. Netwrok layer : Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &destination address are attached to the data.Protocols @network layerRouted protocols routing protocolsEg: ip,ipx eg: rip,igrp,ospfRouted protocols: they always carry the data along with themRouting protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol tocarry the dataAt this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets. 2.Data link layer: It has two Sub layersa)MAC{Media access control } b) LLC {logical link control framing of data}Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.Here layer2 switches are used.Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packetsDLL info+ packets --> frames 1. physical layer: Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. hereFrames are converted to bits (1s & 0s).The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used atthis layer

Concept of Vlan 1. What is a VLAN? When is it used? Answer: A VLAN is a group of devices on the same broadcast domain, such as a logical subnet or segment. VLANs can span switch ports, switches within a switch block, or closets and buildings. VLANs group users and devices into common workgroups across geographical areas. VLANs help provide segmentation, security, and problem isolation. 2. When a VLAN is configured on a Catalyst switch port, in how much of the campus network will the VLAN number be unique and significant? Answer: The VLAN number will be significant in the local switch. If trunking is enabled, the VLAN number will be significant across the entire trunking domain. In other words, the VLAN will be transported to every switch that has a trunk link supporting that VLAN. 3. Name two types of VLANs in terms of spanning areas of the campus network. Answer: Local VLAN End-to-end VLAN 4. What switch commands configure Fast Ethernet port 4/11 for VLAN 2? Answer: interface fastethernet 4/11 switchport mode access switchport access vlan 2 5. Generally, what must be configured (both switch and end-user device) for a port-based VLAN? Answer: The switch port 6. What is the default VLAN on all ports of a Catalyst switch? Answer: VLAN 1 7. What is a trunk link? Answer: A trunk link is a connection between two switches that transports traffic from multiple VLANs. Each frame is identified with its source VLAN during its trip across the trunk link. 8. What methods of Ethernet VLAN frame identification can be used on a Catalyst switch trunk? Answer: 802.1Q ISL 9. What is the difference between the two trunking methods? How many bytes are added to trunked frames for VLAN identification in each method? Answer: ISL uses encapsulation and adds a 26-byte header and a 4-byte trailer.

802.1Q adds a 4-byte tag field within existing frames, without encapsulation. 10. What is the purpose of the Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)? Answer: DTP allows negotiation of a common trunking method between endpoints of a trunk link. 11. What commands are needed to configure a Catalyst switch trunk port Gigabit 3/1 to transport only VLANs 100, 200 through 205, and 300 using IEEE 802.1Q? (Assume that trunking is enabled and active on the port already. Also assume that the interface gigabit 3/1 command already has been entered.) Answer: switchport trunk allowed vlan 100, 200-205, 300 12. Two neighboring switch trunk ports are set to the auto mode with ISL trunking encapsulation mode. What will the resulting trunk mode become? Answer: Trunking will not be established. Both switches are in the passive auto state and are waiting to be asked to start the trunking mode. The link will remain an access link on both switches. 13. Complete the following command to configure the switch port to use DTP to actively ask the other end to become a trunk: switchport mode _________________ Answer: switchport mode dynamic desirable 14. Which command can set the native VLAN of a trunk port to VLAN 100 after the interface has been selected? Answer: switchport trunk native vlan 100 15. What command can configure a trunk port to stop sending and receiving DTP packets completely? Answer: switchport nonegotiate 16. What command can be used on a Catalyst switch to verify exactly what VLANs will be transported over trunk link gigabitethernet 4/4? Answer: show interface gigabitethernet 4/4 switchport or show interface gigabitethernet 4/4 switchport trunk 17. Suppose that a switch port is configured with the following commands. A PC with a nontrunking NIC card then is connected to that port. What, if any, traffic will the PC successfully send and receive? interface fastethernet 0/12 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport trunk native vlan 10 switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-1005

switchport mode trunk Answer: The PC expects only a single network connection, using a single VLAN. In other words, the PC can't participate in any form of trunking. Only untagged or unencapsulated frames will be understood. Recall that an 802.1Q trunk's native VLAN is the only VLAN that has untagged frames. Therefore, the PC will be capable of exchanging frames only on VLAN 10, the native VLAN.