History of development of CFD from point orient to Numerical Simulations with Parent Methods.

Kaleeswaran.B
Department of Aerospace engineering, UPES, Uttrakhand
kaleesmach@gmail.com

Abstract this paper reveals about the history of CFD from the starting years till the present scenario. The changes CFD had bought to the world are also discussed along with its applications in present and future industrial needs. Many methods like FEM, FDM were also explained in brief. Keywords CFD, FEM, FDM.

II. Historical applications of cfd: Early applications: 1.1960 - NASA, BOEING developed panel methods to design aircraft models, vorticity stream function analysis methodology. 2.1970 - metrological survey for turbulence[7] measurement of cyclones with large eddy simulation models, SIMPLE algorithm (a parabolic flow code) 3.1980- industrial applications in CFD like CAD, FEA were developed. Reference: http://www.cfd-online.com

I. INTRODUCTION CFD helps us to understand even sophisticated ideas like flow through veins, blood vessels etc.CFD helps in shorter numerical analysis of flows, which is an advantage over long time wind tunnel analysis.CFD helps to design models to understand various flow properties under various inaccessible conditions also.The basic equation of CFD solutions is Navier-Stokes equations which defines the character of singular phase fluid flow. Simplification of NS equation leads to Eulers equation which describes vorticity further simplification leads to full potential equation which determines vorticity and further simplification of it gives linearized potential equations. TABLE I: Historical development of CFD
s.no 1. YEAR 1928 DEVELOPMENTS Numerical solution method for PDE S was developed. Parabolic time marching method. Improvement of RITZ method. Explicit forward time difference method was developed. In viscid methods were developed. FEM was developed for engineering models. Artificial compressibility effect[2] Numerical solution method. Improvement of FEM for arbitrary [6] geometry. For fluid study FDM was developed. Relaxation methods. DNS method. Closed form of numerical solutions[1], analytical geometries.

III. Methodology used in CFD: 1. Geometry of the flow is first defined. 2. The volume occupied is then divided into discrete cells. 3. The physical modelling is then defined. 4. The boundary conditions are defined at last. 5. The simulation is the next process followed by postprocessor results. Discretization is defined as the process of splitting volumes into N number of cells. .

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1943 1950 1950-1960 1960 1968 1970 1970-1980 1970 1990 20 th century

IV .IMPORTANT METHODS IN CFD: IV.1.FDM (Finite Difference Method): Commonly used method in CFD analysis is FDM.In this method domain is specified or covered by grids [4].FDM uses finite differences approximation techniques for discretization.

2. Weak form of WR residual governing equation is applied and evaluates required integrals. 3. Combine all elements to form global discrete system. 4.Apply boundary conditions; solve global system of algebraic equations to obtain value at each node. FEM has the following solution methods; 1. Point collacation method, 2. Subdomain method. 3. Petrov-Galerkin method.

Fig 1: FDM 1 D equation. FDM has the following procedures; 1. Discretize the solution domain by a fine grid. 2. At each point finite difference equation is converted to algebraic equation. 3. Boundary conditions and interior points are coined. 4. Summation of all algebraic equations both interior and boundary conditions to obtain algebraic equations for unknown values. 5. Solve algebraic equations to get variables at each pointinterpolated values were used for post processing results. Governing equation is given by

4. Boundary element method. IV.3.FVM (Finite Volume Method) Approximate solution of integral form of conservation equations. The problem is divided into finite volumes.FVM involves use of approximate integral formula and interpolation nodes.FVM can use any type of grids .It can mesh even complex geometry. Widely used CFD package.

It steps following steps; 1. Discretize solution by a grid. Apply integral form to it. 2. Collect algebraic forms of it for all finite volumes. 3. Solve algebraic forms to obtain variables. This method uses Taylors series and polynomial fittings were used. Results obtained were summed up with truncation errors to get confined results. Types: Cell centred approximation. Face centred approximation.

IV.2.FEM (Finite Element Method) It depends purely on WR method .It is used in analysis of mainly solids and also applicable to fluids. It is much stable than FVM.The stationary points in FEM [5] are of differential forms of conservation equations.WR method transforms this differential form to integral form. Weighted residual form is; Figure 2: left- cell centred, right- face centred. IV.4.TURBULANCE MODELING: Where Ri is residual equation at element i, Q is conservation equation, Ve is volume of element,Wi is the weight factor. Steps included in FEM are as follows: 1. Discretize solution domain by a mesh and choose appropriate set of interpolation functions. LES: They are functional in between DNS and modeling approach. Large scale models were computed to give appropriate results. In this method small eddies were studied for solving the problem. It shows good results when compared to RANS.

RANS: Turbulence modeling involves 4 fluctuation variables like velocity(V),pressure(P),temperature(T),and density (). Flow variables at a given point can be represented as average of the above four fluctuating factors which is termed as Reynolds averaging also called as Reynolds decomposition.

Role of Numerical solutions in technology environment: Numerical analysis is an emerging subject in modern world. Its a combination of both analytical and experimental solutions. It helps to predict a problem that leads to product development. Its of less cost and finds good application in heat transfer problems and wind tunnel testing. Longitudinal vortices: Its a flow control method. It disrupts growth of boundary layer and enhances heat transfer. Main vortex system is used in winglet termed as horse shoe vortex. Petrov galerkin method: PG method for spatial discretization method and for high Reynolds number.

CONCLUSION

Obtaining RANS to continuity, momentum equations are given by;

CFD is a vast subject and its journey of complete emergence is also so vast. A few important dates of its important steps were given and few methods were explained. Acknowledgement: I gratefully acknowledge Dr.Ugur Guven coordinator CFD and Mr.Gurunath Valedi for inspiring us to make a paper presentation on CFD aspects.

A RANS model is divided into two approaches: 1. Boussinesq hypothesis. 2. Reynolds stress model. IV.5.NUMERICAL SIMULATION: Numerical method changes transport equation to algebraic equations. Numerical simulations are then converted to numerical simulation of space and time which is termed as descriptive form of solutions. Numerical solutions are mainly used in heat transfer problems. [3] History of Numerical solutions: Semi analytical methods were used as perturbation methods. Reduction method solves biharmonic and laplacian methods. CFL condition is used to convert PDE to numerical simulations.Lax and wendroff developed MCcormark solutions to solve second order FDM. IMPLICIT SCHEME was developed by Patankar and Spalding using SIMPLE algorithm which was later developed to SIMPLEC, SIMPLEX.

REFERENCES
[1] Van Dyke, M., Perturbation Methods in Fluid Mechanics, Academic Press (1964). [2] Von Mises, R., Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow, Academic Press (1958). [3] Patankar, S.V., and Spalding, D.B., Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 15, 1787-1806 (1972). [4] Thompson, J.F., Warsi, Z.U.A. and Mastin, C.W., Numerical Grid Generation (1985). [5] Taylor, C. and Hughes, T.G., Finite Element Programming of the Navier-Strokes Equations, Pineridge Press (1987). [6] Hess, J.L.; A.M.O. Smith (1967). "Calculation of Potential Flow about Arbitrary Bodies". Progress in Aeronautics Sciences. [7] Wilcox, David C. (2006). Turbulence Modeling for CFD (3 ed.). DCW Industries, Inc. [8] Anderson, John D. (1995). Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications. Science/Engineering/Math. McGraw-Hill Science.