JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI SELANGOR MAJLIS PENGETUA SEKOLAH MENENGAH (MPSM)

PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PRESTASI AKADEMIK

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 2012

PERATURAN PEMARKAHAN BIOLOGI KERTAS 2

ANSWER SCHEME

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 2012

1

Question 1

Ques 1(a)(i)

Criteria Able name structure Q Answer:

Marks 1

Q : Epithelial tissue 1(a)(ii ) Able to state on adaptation of Q Sample answer P1 : consists of many / a group of epithelial cells P2 : has cilia Any 1 1( b ) Able to state two functions of structure Q in the trachea. Sample answer: P1 : build the lining wall of the trachea P2 : Cilia to sweep dust P3 : Secrete mucus that traps dust particles Any 2 Able to state the cell organization of level 4 Answer : System Able to explain one function of trachea in respiratory system Sample answer :. P1: Allows oxygen intake / carbon dioxide elimination P2; during inhalation/exhalation P3 : as trachea does not collapse P4 : made up of rings of cartilage Any 2 Able to explain one adaptation of the lung. Sample answer: P1: has many alveoli P2 : increase total surface area P3 : efficiency of gases exchange P4 : surface moist P5: easy for respiratory gases to dissolve Any 2 1( e ) Able to explain one difference in structure of the lung in individual M and N
2

1 1

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

1( c )(i)

(c)(ii)

1( d )

1 1 1 1 1 3

Sample answer P1 : surface area of the lung in M is larger than N P2 : lung M has more smaller ( rounded ) structures/ alveolus /air sacs compare to N P3 : as( more ) alveolus/ (rounded) structures/air sacs in N have been damaged P4:by cigarette smoke in N P5: N alveolus shows symptom of emphysema P5 : decrease rate of gases exchange Any three Total 1 1 1 1 1

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Question 2 Num 2(a) (i)

Criteria Able to name ways of transport X and Y and give reasons Sample answer X : Active transport t/ Passive transport Reason : Transportation molecules is against concentration gradient //lower molecules to higher molecules concentration Y : Facilitated diffusion Reason : Transportation is following concentration gradient //higher molecules concentration to lower molecules concentration 1 1 1 1

Marks 4

2( a )( ii )

Able to state two differences between way of transport X and Y . Sample Answer

X Needs energy ATP Against concentration gradient

Y Does not need energy Follows concentration gradient

1 1 1

Occurs in living cells

Occurs in living and non living cell Any 2

2( b )

Able to explain how amino acids molecules are transported by Y Sample answer P1 : Concentration of amino acids molecules is higher in outside cell compare to inside cell P2 : amino acids molecules binds to the binding site of carrier protein P3 :carrier protein changes shape P4 :allow molecules to pass through to the other side of plasma membrane P5 : carrier proteins change back to its original shape Any 3 1 1 1 1 1

2( c )

Able to explain the effect of cyanide in the transport of minerals Sample answer P1 : Active transport cannot be carried out P2 : Active transport needs energy P3 : cyanide disrupts respiration P4 : no energy is produced P5 : less/no mineral intake Any 3 Total 1 1 1 1 1

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Question 3 Num

Criteria

Marks

3(a)

Able to name the type of cell division and stage M and N. Answer Type of cell division: Meiosis Stage M : Metaphase I Type of cell division : Mitosis Stage N : Metaphase Able to state the chromosomal behaviour of cell N. Sample Answer 1 1 1 1

3(b)

3(c)(i)

P1: the chromosome /sister chromatids line up at the metaphase 1 plate /equator P2: the spindle fibre holds on the chromosome at the centromere 1 Any 1 Able to name structure P. Answer Centriole 1

3(c)(ii) Able to explain what happen to the daughter cell formed if there is no structure P in the cell Sample answer P1: no spindle fibres formed P2 : chromosomes are not held at the centromere during metaphase P3: (sister) chromatids are not separated P4 ( sister ) chromatids not able to move to the opposite poles P5 : daughter cell with unequal number of chromosomes formed P5: may lead to genetic disorder disease//any suitable name of the genetic disorder disease Any 3 Able to explain the importance of process Q to an organism Sample answer P1: process P is crossing over// exchange of genetic material P2 : leads to variation P3 : better adaptation to the environment P4 : better chance of survival of the species P5 : better adaptation to the environment Any 3 Total 1 1 1 1 1

3(d)

3 1 1 1 1 1 12

Question 4 Num 4(a)

Criteria Able to identify organ R and S 5

Mark s 2

4(b)(i)

Answer: S : Stomach T : Pancreas Able to state the function of S/ stomach in the digestion process. Sample answer P1 : P2 : P3 : P4 : Gastric glands in S produced / secrete gastric juice Consists of pepsin / rennin / hydrochloric acid Pepsin hydrolyses protein to polypeptides Rennin coagulates soluble milk / caseinogens to casein. P5 : Hydrochloric acid provides an acidic medium// kill bacteria//stops the action of amylase Any 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1

4(b) (ii)

Able to state the effect of taking meal at irregular time. Sample answer: P1 ( Having meals at irregular times ) result in the absence of food in the stomach at certain period. P2 : gastric juice (secreted by gastric gland) act on (the epithelial lining of) the stomach wall P3 : result to gastric ulcer / gastritis// pain in the stomach Any 2 1 1 1

4(c)

Able to state the function of pancreas and effect of cancer of pancreas to the process of lipid digestion Sample answer P1: Cancer of pancreas prevents the pancreas from releasing the pancreatic juice into duodenum P2 : Lipase not secreated P3 : Lipids not hydrolysed by lipase P4 :to produce fatty acid and glycerol. Any 2 1 1 1 1

4(d)

Able to state two adaptations of vilii in absorption process. Sample answer P1 : Has dense network of blood capillaries / lacteal P2 : Has a very thin wall / one cell thick wall 6 1 1

P3 : Has moist surface P4 : Has large number of villus P5 : to increase the rate of absorption of nutrient. Any 2 4(e) Able to explain the how amino acids is assimilated by liver Sample answer: P1 : Excess amino acid will be transported to liver/R P2 : By deamination process P3 : Liver /R hydrolysed amino acid into glucose and urea. P4 : This will lower the concentration of amino acid in the blood P5: Liver /R synthesized plasma proteins// forms enzymes/hormones Any 2 Total

1 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1

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Question 5 No. 5(a) ( i )

Criteria Able to name species in zone R , S and T Answer Zone R : Avicenia / Sonneratia Zone S : Rhizophora 7 1 1

Mark 3

Zone T : Brugeira 5(a)( ii) Able to explain two adaptations of species in zone R to survive in the ecosystem. Sample answer P1 : Has (long)cable root P2 :To give support in muddy soil/ traps the mud/soil P3 : Has viviparity seed /seed germinate while still being attached to parent tree P4 : To float / avoid sink in sea water / stands upright in the mud P5 : Has pneumatophores / breathing roots P6 : To obtain oxygen during high tide P7 : Leaves have thick cuticle// sunken stomata P8 : Reduce transpiration/water loss Any 4 Able to explain the changes in the ecosystem that will happen to zone S after 10 years Sample answer P1 : Zone S has prop roots P2 : trapped mud/sediments P3 : hardened the soil P4 : increase the soil level P5 : soil more fertile P6 : condition no more favorable for species in zone S P7 : Species in zone T replace species in zone S 5(c) Any 3 Able to explain one importance of mangrove swamp to maintain biodiversity Sample answer P1 : Provides habitat to organisms P2 : Provides breeding places for organisms P3 : Avoid from extinction P4 : Balanced the carbon cycle P5 : Maintain a balanced ecosystem Any 2 Total Question 6 Num Criteria 6(a) Able to explain the adaptations of alveolus in gaseous exchange. Sample answer P1: the wall of alveolus is only one cell thick P2: enables rapid diffusion of gases 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 4

5(b)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

12 Marks 4

1 1

6( b )

P3: inner surface of each alveolus is lined with a layer of moist epithelial cells P4: enables respiratory gases to dissolve in the fluid before diffusing across alveolar wall P5: outer surface is covered by a dense network of blood capillaries P6 : which provides a large surface area for rapid diffusion of gases to and from the alveoli. Any 4 Able to explain inhalation process in human Sample answer

1 1 1 1

P1: the external intercostal muscles contract P2: internal intercostal muscles relax P3: rib cage move outwards / upwards P4: diaphragm contracts and flattens P5: volume of thoracic cavity increases P6: causing air pressure within alveoli to decrease P7: higher atmospheric pressure outside causes air to rush in Any 4 6( c ) ( i ) Able to explain the need for anaerobic respiration. Sample answer P1: oxygen in muscle cells is insufficient P2: causes oxygen debt P3: lactic acids accumulates in muscle cells P4: may lead to muscle cramp P5 : panting/deep breath P6 : to pay oxygen debt Any 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

6( c )( ii )

Able to state 5 differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration Sample answer P1: Oxidation of glucose is complete in aerobic respiration 9 1

but 6( d ) oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration P2: Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration but oxygen is not used in anaerobic respiration. P3: Large amount of energy (2898 kJ)is released during aerobic respiration but a small amount of energy (150 kJ in muscle cells, 210 kJ in yeast fermentation)is released during anaerobic respiration. P4: 38 molecules of ATP is released during aerobic respiration but 2 molecules of ATP is released during anaerobic respiration. P5: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria but anaerobic respiration occurs in in the cytoplasm only. P6: The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water and energy but the products of anaerobic respiration are ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy in yeasts /lactic acid and energy in muscle cells. 1 1

1 1 1

Any 5 Able to explain the regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide by his body. Sample answer P1: when the oxygen level in the blood is low P2: the carbon dioxide level increases due to cellular respiration P3: carbon dioxide reacts with water in blood to form carbonic acid P4: causing blood pH to drop P5: the peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated P6: and send nerve impulses to the respiratory centre P7: this stimulates the respiratory muscles to contract and relax faster P8: breathing and ventilation rates increase more oxygen inhaled and oxygen level in blood returns 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

to normal. Any 5

Question 7 Num 7(a)

Criteria

Marks 6

Able to explain how extracellular enzyme is produced and transported out of a cell. Sample Answer P1: Nucleus contain genetic information (of protein synthesis in) / DNA P2: Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis P3: the synthesized proteins in the ribosomes are transported through (the spaces between the) rough endoplasmic reticulum. P4: Proteins (depart from the rough endoplasmic reticulum) wrapped in transport vesicles. P5: The transport vesicles bud off from the sides of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. P6: The transport vesicles travel to Golgi apparatus. P7:Transport vesicles fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus P8: and empty their contents into (the membranous space of the) Golgi apparatus. P9: The proteins are processed, modified, and repackaged in the Golgi apparatus. P10: Secretory vesicles containing these protein/modified proteins/extracellular enzyme bud off from the Golgi apparatus membrane P11: and transported to the plasma membrane. P12: these vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane P13: Before releasing the protein/modified proteins outside the cell as enzymes. Any 6 Able to explain the mechanism of lock and key hypothesis. Sample Answer P1: Enzyme has active site P2: the active site has distinctive shape P3: enzyme highly specific P4: Substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme P5: to form enzyme substrate complex 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7(b)

4 1 1 1 1 1

P6: the enzyme catalyses the substrate to form product P7: the enzyme is now free to bind with another substrate Any 4

1 1

7(c)

Able to explain the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction. Sample Answer P1: At low temperature rate of enzyme reaction is slow P2: Rate of enzyme reaction is maximum at their optimum temperature P3: as temperature increase, the chances of substrate to bind to the active site of enzyme increase P4: for every 10 C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction increase P5: above the optimum temperature, any increase in temperature will no longer increase the rate of reaction P6:At temperature above 60 C, enzyme is denatured so the rate of enzyme reaction is zero. P7: bond that hold the enzyme molecules begin to break P8: alter the three dimensional shape of enzyme P9: substrate no longer fit into the active site of enzyme P10: the enzyme lose their activities Any 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7(d)

Able to explain the uses of enzyme technology in wine industry Sample Answer P1 : Zymase is use as a catalyst P2 : to convert glucose P3 : to ethanol P4 : a type of alchohol / wine P5 : during fermentation Any 4 Total 1 1 1 1 1

20

12

Question 8 Num 8(a)

Criteria

Marks 10

Able to explain the good and bad effects of spraying fertilizers on agriculture and River S. Sample Answer Good Impact P1: Crops grow healthy P2: Increase crop yield P3: Supplying minerals such nitrates and sulphates Any 2 Bad Impact P3 :nitrates/sulfates dissolved in rain water P4: washed away / leached into River S P5: river water rich in nitrates/sulphates P6: resulting in the rapid growth of algae on the surface of the river P7: eutrophication /algal bloom P8 : block/prevent sunlight to penetrate into the river water P9: alga used oxygen for decomposition / higher rate of decomposition P10: decrease the oxygen content (of the River S) P11 : increased BOD level of water P12: cause the death of aquatic organisms ( in the River S ) Any 8 Able to explain the bad effects of the presence of industries to of the environment and health of the residents in the town area Sample Answer P1: (Burning of coal and oil )in factories releases harmful gases /sulphur dioxide/ nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide/smoke/ dust /dirt. P2 : increase excess particles/pollutants to the environment P3 : leads to air pollution P4: sulphur dioxide/ nitrogen dioxide cause acid rain P5: which destroys buildings/ sculpture of stone /vehicles P6: acid rain reduces the pH of soil / water P7: causes death of organisms P8 : (excess) carbon dioxide cause Green House effect P9: increase temperature of the environment P10 : cause disease to the residents / difficulty in 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8(b)

10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

breathing/coughing/skin cancer /any suitable disease P11 : disaster / drought P12: Smoke/ dust / soot cause haze P13 :irritates the eyes/ sight difficulty Any 10 Total Question 9 No 9(a) Criteria Able to explain the mechanism of photosynthesis. Sample Answer: Light reaction P1: Light reaction occurs in the presence of light P2: Light reaction occurs in the grana in the chloroplast P3 :During light reaction chlorophyll captures light energy which excites the electron of the chlorophyll P4: The electron leaves the chlorophyll molecule P5 : Energy from the excited electron is used to form ATP P6: Light energy is also used to split water molecules into hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions/photolysis of water P7: The hydrogen ions combine with the electron to form hydrogen atoms P8 : The hydroxyl ions loses an electron to form a hydroxyl group P9 : The hydroxyl groups then combine to form water and oxygen Dark reaction P7 : Dark reaction occurs in the absence of light P8 : Dark reaction takes place in the stroma in the chloroplast P9 : Hydrogen atoms are used to fix carbon dioxide during reduction of carbon dioxide P10: Carbon dioxide is reduced into glucose and water P11 : The glucose undergoes condensation to form starch P12 : Starch is stored in chloroplast as starch grains Any 10 Able to explain the effect of the lacking of micronutrients and macronutrients in plants. Sample Answer: P1: Ferum is a micronutrient P2 : Lacking/deficiency of ferum cause yellowing of young leaves P3 : Copper is a micronutrient P3 : Lacking/deficiency of copper cause death of tips of young shoots and stunted growth P4 : Zinc is a micronutrient P5 : Lacking/deficiency of zinc cause stunted growth P6 : Boron is a micronutrient P7 : Lacking/deficiency of boron cause leaves become thick/curled 14

1 1 1 20 Mark 10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1

(b)

P8 : Nitrogen is a macronutrient P9 : Plant cannot synthesise chlorophyll/enzymes for photosynthesis P10 : Lacking/deficiency of nitrogen cause stunted growth/chlorosis/yellow leaf P11 : Phosphorus is a macronutrient P12 : Plant cannot synthesise ATP needed for photosynthesis P13 : Lacking/deficiency of phosphorus cause poor root growth P14 : Potassium is a macronutrient P15 : Plant cannot synthesise protein and cofactor of enzymes P16 : Lacking/deficiency of potassium cause yellow leaves Any 10 Total END OF MARK SCHEME

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20

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