p part III Prof. Rune W. Time Department of Petroleum Engineering University of Stavanger Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger May 31st, 2011 O li d i h d l Outline and time schedule I : 8.30 9.15 Flow regimes and impact on phase slippage, fluid concentrations and pressure drop in pipelines pipelines II : 9.25 10.15 Hydrates, wax and asphaltenes III: 10.25 -11.00 Multiphase flow influence from int f c s c mp ssi n ff cts nd s interfaces, compression effects and waves Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 2 PART III Multiphase flow - Influence from interfaces Influence from interfaces, compression effects and waves Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 3 l Slug types Hydrodynamic slugging (Horizontal pipes) Terrain induced slugging (liquid accumulation and U-tube) Terrain induced slugging (liquid accumulation and U tube) Severe slugging (stronger version of terrain slugging) Severe slugging, or terrain induced slugging, may gg g, gg g, y occur at low flowrates when a downwards inclined or horizontal pipeline is connected to a vertical riser. It is characterised by periods of feed starvation It is characterised by periods of feed starvation for the receiving process, followed by periods of very high oil and production rates. 4 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Terrain induced slugging http://pipeliner.com.au/ news/super_cooper_sa t b i i ntos_cooper_basin_pi peline_network/012082 Gas Cond Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 5 Slug catcher facility - Melkya 6 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Severe slugging Figure 8 1: Typical severe slugging geometry Figure 8.1: Typical severe slugging geometry REF: Rune W. Time: Multiphase compendium http://www.ljll.math.upm p j p c.fr/gallery/files/coquel_ slugging-en.htm Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 7 Structural damages due to high flows Structural damage due Structural damage due to slug loading Flexible riser configurations may fatigue and fail IAF Das: The Characteristics and Forces due t Sl i 'S Sh d Ri PhD Th i may fatigue and fail with severe slugging to Slugs in an 'S Shaped Riser, PhD Thesis Cranfield 2003 8 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Mechanical loads on bends due to severe slugging B d Bend Flow Resultant force on bend: 2 FR 2 Av = 9 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Minimizing Severe slugging REF: Rune W. Time: Multiphase compendium Figure 8.3: Pressure drop in riser, choke and combined riser + choke, for fixed liquid flow rate. From Schmidt et al.,1985 Other solutions: - Riser gas lift ? .. .. 10 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Wave propagation in two-phase flow Surface waves: Stratified flow Interface friction Liquid transport Slug flow (see movie - later) g ( ) Concentration waves in bubbly systems (wave speed may influence cross correlation flowmeters) p y Pressure waves sound speed choked flow 11 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Stratified interface drag - I Interfacial drag in stratified flows: http://www.thermopedia.co m/video/2/stratified_wave Interfacial drag in stratified flows: For stratified flow in pipelines the interface is found to be smooth for water for gas velocities less than approximately 3 m/s. At this velocity small amplitude regular Jeffrey waves appear at the interface. Above about 5 m/s Kelvin-Helmholtz waves are generated. For velocities of about 10 m/s droplets are spewed from the crest of the waves waves. For liquids with a viscosity greater than 15 centipoise the interface is smooth for gas velocities less than 5 m/s and Kelvin-Hetmholtz waves are generated above this velocity. The appearance of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves is accompanied by a large increase in the interfacial stress both for water and for viscous liquids increase in the interfacial stress both for water and for viscous liquids. R. V. A. Oliemans (ed.), Computational fluid Dynamics for the Petrochemical Process Industry. Separated flow modelling and interfacial transport phenomena, THOMAS J. HANRATTY 12 ifi d i f d II Stratified interface drag - II Th h i ht f t tifi d fl i i li hl f th The wave heights for stratified flows in pipelines are roughly of the order of 0.5 to 5 mm so they protrude into the gas space an appreciable distance. The magnitude of the form drag should increase linearly with the wave height, Ah, and with the number of waves per unit length. A c rr l ti n b Andrits s b s d n m sur m nts f r 2 54 cm nd 9 53 A correlation by Andritsos based on measurements for 2.54 cm and 9.53 cm pipelines and for liquids with viscosities of 1-70 centipoise is: i i i 2 1 f h 1 18 , where f f U t A | | ~ = |
\ . Here f s is the friction factor for a smooth interface. 1 s G 2 f U |
\ . Example: Ah = 5mm, = 2cm f i / f s = 5.5 More than five times higher interfacial drag! 13 g g Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Hydrodynamic slugging Kadri Mudde, Oliemans, Bonizzi, Andreussi : Prediction of the transition from stratified to slug flow or roll-waves in gasliquid horizontal pipes, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 35 (2009) 1001 1010 1010 Kelvin-Helmholtz Video: K-H Ugs4p4 Uls 0p3 later2 instability Slug flow 14 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Interfaces - liquid accumulation, wall wetting, and corrosion Wet gas pipelines: Wet gas pipelines: CO2 and H2S may attack washed pipeline parts lacking inhibitor . H i d l t Transportability Hanging droplet Flattened droplet N b d D t d T f Li C i d W t C d ti R t i W t Flattened droplet Nyborg and Dugstad: Top of Line Corrosion and Water Condensation Rates in Wet Gas Pipelines, 2007: Water condensing in the top of a wet gas pipeline will form small droplets or a thin film on the t l f Th d d t b idl t t d ith i 15 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 steel surface. The condensed water can become rapidly supersaturated with corrosion products, resulting in increased pH and iron carbonate film formation. Pressure waves, choked flow - and process control challenge Case: The pipeline carries a dispersed bubble flow. Valve A is opened 1:100 (relative pipe). The flow does not change when valve B is p p g regulated. What is going on? Flow upstream A; Qmix = 15 L/s , Gas fraction 10%, pipeline D = 10cm Mixture velocity, Umix = 1.9 m/s Mixture velocity, Umix 1.9 m/s Valve opening (ratio area to pipe area): 1:100 Mix velocity in pipe restriction Flow velocity in valve A 190 m/s. With h hi h f ti thi l d t h k d ( i ) fl ! With such high gas fraction this leads to choked (sonic) flow ! Choked flow can give loss of conventional control. However, h l B i ffi i tl h k d l A it th h ki when valve B is sufficiently choked, valve A exits the choking condition, and B gets back control. 16 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Choked flow Choked flow ): Flow speed cannot exceed sound speed in the relevant fluid Chung, Park, and Lee: Sound speed criterion Sound speed criterion for two-phase critical flow, JournalofSoundand Vibration276(2004)1326 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 17 The challenge of calculating pressure drop in long traverses h d l h The pressure gradient varies along the pipe due to variation in pipe diameter, inclination and mixture density (pressure dependent) out P P dl out in P P P = + A Pressure at exit: in P out in Sum of pressure drop in all pipe segment Challenge in multiphase flow: The pressure profile depends on the pressure! Requires iterative numerical solver Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Requires iterative numerical solver. 18 Numerical simulators available Commercial simulators Commercial simulators Steady-state: PIPESIM (Schlumberger) PIPEFLOW (SPT Group) Dynamic , transient: HYSYS 1D (h // h / / h ) HYSYS, 1D (http://www.aspentech.com/core/aspen-hysys.aspx) TACITE, 1D (http://www.ann.jussieu.fr/ERTint/pdf/Tacite.pdf) OLGA, 1D (IFE 1908, Scandpower 89-92, WOLGA,SPT Group) LEDA 2D-3D (TotalFinaElf,Conoco and SINTEF) Well flow and drilling : Drillbench (IRIS) Quality assurance in using commercial packages: - Make sure to have simple inhouse models (semianalytical + numerical) for checking and comparisons (common sense), e.g. h i i d l l T i l d D kl d d f ! mechanistic models a la Taitel and Dukler - needed for transparency ! 19 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Taitel and D kl d l Dukler model Physics based y Liquid holdup Flow regime models e.g. slug (K-H): Pressure gradient 20 Model output Taitel and Dukler in-house program 1 0 5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 / D Y 0 X= 23.5829 h L /D = 0.87219 Liquid height for stratified flow case 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 h L / Y = 0 10 -2 10 0 10 2 10 4 0 0 X 80 100 o n Y = 0 2 U GS = 0.01 m/s U LS = 0.01 m/s 0 20 40 60 o g
D u k l e r
f u n k s j o X 2 = 556.152 X = 23.5829 hlt = 0.87219 u G = 0.13419 m/s u L = 0.010805 m/s Re G = 65.8739 Re L = 137.2857 Flow regime determination: Flow regime determination and pressure gradient -80 -60 -40 -20 R e s i d u a l
T a i t e l
o g - Stratified Smooth - Stratified Wavy FINAL REGIME: Stratified Wavy Pressure gradient: 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -100 80 h L /D 0.47121 (Pa/m] 21 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 QUIZ: A simple(st) case of two-phase flow Horizontal pipeline Equal inflow Q L = Q G Gas Liquid Stabilized interface ? 2 3 1 Liquid How to decide? 2 How to decide? Any guideline principles after all .. ? Previous slide showed a calculation with Stratified flow, and equal flowrates of gas and liquid : Liquid height = 0.87 . Pipe diameter - Liquid level rises! 22 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Flow assurance and multiphase flow at UIS p Staff members Malcolm Kelland (Hydrate LCI, production chemicals) Thor Martin Svarts (hydrate kinetics drag reducers natural Thor Martin Svarts (hydrate kinetics, drag reducers, natural gas) Aly Hamouda : Wax asphaltenes heavy oils IOR CO2 Aly Hamouda : Wax, asphaltenes, heavy oils, IOR, CO2 injection Rune W Time : Multiphase flow in pipelines CO2 Rune W. Time : Multiphase flow in pipelines, CO2 sequestration, multiphase metering and advanced flow instrumentation In addition several PhDs and postdocs 23 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Multiphase flow laboratory 24 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 Multiphase Projects at UIS - I PROJECTS d h f ili i UiS ( h // i ) PROJECTS and research facilities at UiS ( http://www.uis.no ) and IRIS Gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flows: Gas liquid and liquid liquid flows: - medium scale (20 m pipelines oil+air, 10 m water + air) - flow regime analysis of gas-liquid flows in horisontal pipes (oil-air) - terrain and severe slugging (with Iris) - transient flows and cavitation flows (with Flow Design Bureau and Univ of - transient flows and cavitation flows (with Flow Design Bureau and Univ. of Minneapolis) - drag reducers for oil-water production systems Drilling and well technology (with Iris) Drilling and well technology (with Iris) - underbalanced drilling and managed pressure drilling (with Iris and Petrobras) - down-hole metering systems (Aker Maritime, IPCsystem) Liquid particle flow Liquid particle flow - hole cleaning and cuttings transport (particle transport) in near horisontal pipes (10 m slightly flow loop - with Statoil) - erosion by particles in wells and production lines 25 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 M l i h P j UI II Multiphase Projects at UIS - II Multiphase flow metering techniques in our laboratory X ray multisensor (Financed by the Norwegian Research Council NRC) - X-ray multisensor (Financed by the Norwegian Research Council, NRC) - Capacitance and impedance techniques (tomography - with Texaco, and norwegian research institutes) - Ultrasonics for measurement of thin liquid layers in pipes (for Conoco Phillips) Ultrasonics for liquid particle slurries ( for Total) - Ultrasonics for liquid particle slurries ( for Total) - PIV and LDA (Dantecdynamics systems) - High speed video and PIV (Financed by NRC) Also Also - Microwave multiphase flowmeters (with MPM MultiPhase Meters) ( http://www.mpm.biz/Portals/39/Performance%20Oct%2005.pdf ) CFD simulation: Fluent Comsol Multiphysics CFD simulation: Fluent, Comsol Multiphysics In addition projects within combustion and gas-dynamics - CO2 capture in oxy-fuel processes (with IRIS, NRC, StatoilHydro and Shell) - CO2 adsorption dynamics in turbulent water based systems CO2 adsorption dynamics in turbulent water based systems 26 Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011 End 27