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CHAPTER
05
5.1
follows :
INTRODUCTION
Bearing capacity is the maximum soil capacity to resist the load. There are two major type of failure, as
Shear Failure, the shear stress is exceed the soil shear strength. Terzaghi call this failure stability problem. Settlement Failure, the normal stress induced the soil to settle excessively. Terzaghi call this failure elasticity problem.
Due to the type of failure as above the geotechnical engineer must investigate both the shear resistance and settlement of the soil material. This investigation is called bearing capacity analysis.
The allowable bearing capacity used in the design must consider the minimum of : Limiting the foundation settlement. Limiting bearing capacity.
This chapter describes the basic concept of bearing capacity analysis based on the several method proposed by several geotechnical engineer. The bearing capacity is can be calculated based on the soil properties and also based on the in situ test result.
5.2
BEARING PRESSURE
5.2.1 GENERAL Bearing pressure is defined as the pressure at the interface between soil and the foundation. The pressure is the force per unit area along the bottom of the foundation. The type of bearing pressure beneath the foundation is depended to the rigidity of the foundation. The flexible foundation produce uniform bearing pressure and rigid foundation produce non-uniform pressure.
5.2.2
CENTRIC LOAD
q=
P A
[5.1]
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P A
5.2.3
ECCENTRIC LOAD
q=
P My A I
[5.2]
where : q P M A y I = bearing pressure = centric load = bending moment = contact area = distance from center of foundation to the measured point = moment inertia of the foundation about axis of bending
5.3
BEARING CAPACITY
5.3.1 GENERAL
5.3.2
Ultimate bearing capacity is computed by geotechnical analysis based on the soil properties or based on the in situ test.
qult
[5.3]
where : qult
5.3.3
Allowable bearing capacity is design bearing capacity permitted used in the design.
qa =
qult FS
[5.4]
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where : qa qult FS = allowable bearing capacity = ultimate bearing capacity = factor of safety
5.4
Several geotechnical engineers already proposed the bearing capacity formula suh as Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Brinch Hansen and Vesic and each formula has different assumption. During the usage of the bearing capacity formula we must know the basic assumption used when the formula is derived.
5.4.2 A.
The followings are the basic assumption used in the Terzaghi theory of bearing capacity, as follows : Depth of foundation Df B, B = width of foundation.
No sliding between foundation and the soil.
The soil material is homogeneous. The failure is govern by general shear failure.
No soil consolidation. Foundation is rigid compared to the soil.
B.
The bearing capacity of continuous footing when the general shear failure governs is :
) (
[5.5]
where : qult c
= ultimate bearing capacity = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil = equivalent surcharge = shape factor = bearing capacity factor
[5.6]
5-3
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a2 Nq = a cos2 45 + 2
Nc = Nq 1 cot
N =
tan K p 1 2 cos2
N =
a = e
0.75 tan 2
1 + 0.4 sin(4 )
2 Nq + 1 tan
Terzaghi never give clearly explanation how to obtain the passive pressure coefficient so the bottom formula can be used to calculate N.
The following table shows some value of bearing capacity factor from Terzaghi method.
TABLE 5.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34 35 40 45 48 50 Nq 5.7 7.3 9.6 12.9 17.7 25.1 37.2 52.6 57.8 95.7 172.3 258.3 347.5 BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR TERZAGHI Nc 1.0 1.6 2.7 4.4 7.4 12.7 22.5 36.5 41.4 81.3 173.3 287.9 415.1 N 0.0 0.5 1.2 2.5 5.0 9.7 19.7 36.0 42.4 100.4 297.5 780.1 1153.2
SHAPE FACTOR
5-4
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C.
The bearing capacity of continuous footing when the local shear failure governs is :
) (
[5.6]
where : qult c
q
= ultimate bearing capacity = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil = equivalent surcharge = shape factor = bearing capacity factor
SHAPE FACTOR
The bearing capacity factor with prime term is calculated using the following variable, as follows :
2 ' = tan1 tan 3
[5.7]
5.4.3 A.
Meyerhof propose the bearing capacity formula similar to the Terzaghi formula but with modification of
shape factor, depth factor and inclination factor.
) (
[5.8]
where : qult c
q
= ultimate bearing capacity = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil = equivalent surcharge = bearing capacity factor = shape factor = depth factor = inclination factor
5-5
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B.
Nq = e tan tan2 45 + 2
Nc = Nq 1 cot
N = Nq 1 tan(1.4 )
C.
Shape Factor
B sc = 1 + 0.2K p L
s q = 1 .0
B sq = 1 + 0.1K p L
s = 1 .0
B s = 1 + 0.1K p L
D.
Depth Factor
D dc = 1 + 0.2 K p B
dq = 1.0
D dq = 1 + 0.1 K p B
d = 1 .0
D d = 1 + 0 .1 K p B
E.
Inclination Factor
o ic = 1 o 90
o iq = 1 o 90
i = 0 .0
( > 0)
o i = 1 o
5.4.4
The location of ground water table will influence the bearing capacity of the soil.
There are three typical cases of the ground water table location, as follows : The location of water table is less than depth of foundation.
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The location of water table is in the range of depth of foundation and depth of foundation +
foundation width.
The location of water table is more than depth of foundation + foundation width.
If the water table is less than foundation depth the design unit weight for bearing capacity analysis is : Dw D ' = sat w
[5.9]
If the water table is in the range of foundation depth and foundation depth + foundation width the design unit weight for bearing capacity analysis is : D < Dw < D + B D D ' = w 1 w B
[5.10]
If the water table is more than foundation depth + foundation width the design unit weight for bearing capacity analysis is : Dw D + B
' =
[5.11]
5.5
The load acts in foundation is not just the vertical load, because of the eccentricity super structure load there will be moment act at the base of the foundation. Due to eccentric load we must modify some
variables to obtain the bearing pressure and bearing capacity beneath the foundation.
The most commonly method used is the effective area method. This method is firstly proposed by Meyerhof.
5.5.2
SINGLE ECCENTRIC
Single eccentric load is when the applied vertical load is eccentric in one direction.
ex =
My P
[5.12]
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The effective width of the foundation due to single eccentric load is : B' = B 2e x
L' = L
[5.13]
where : B L B L = effective foundation width = effective foundation length = actual foundation width = actual foundation length
FIGURE 5.1
If the moment acts at X axis Mx then effective width is calculated with the same method as above but with different direction.
The bearing pressure due to single eccentric load will assumed as uniform stress beneath the
effective area.
5-8
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q=
[5.14]
This bearing pressure then compared to the allowable bearing capacity that is calculated also using the effective width of the foundation.
5.5.3
DOUBLE ECCENTRIC
Double eccentric load is when the applied vertical load is eccentric in two directions.
ex =
ey =
My P
Mx P
[5.15]
where : ex ey Mx My P = eccentricity in X axis = eccentricity in Y axis = moment about X axis = moment about Y axis = vertical load
The effective width of the foundation due to single eccentric load is : B' = B 2e x L' = L 2e y where : B L B L = effective foundation width = effective foundation length = actual foundation width = actual foundation length
[5.16]
5-9
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FIGURE 5.2
The bearing pressure due to single eccentric load will assumed as uniform stress beneath the
effective area.
q=
[5.17]
5.6
The most practical of bearing capacity analysis is using the in situ test result. Based on the in situ test we can directly obtain the ultimate bearing capacity using a simple conversion formula rather than using complex formula as explained before.
5.6.2 A.
The SPT is commonly used to obtain the in situ ultimate bearing capacity.
B.
Meyerhofs Method
The allowable bearing capacity based on the SPT test according to Meyerhof is :
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TABLE 5.8 B F4
qa =
N Kd F1
qa =
N B + F3 K d F2 B
[5.18]
C.
Parrys Method
The allowable bearing capacity based on the SPT test according to Parry for cohesionless soil is : qa = 30N55
[5.19]
where : qa N55 = allowable bearing capacity = N SPT with 55% efficiency (kPa)
5.6.3 A.
The conversion of CPT test also available to obtains the allowable bearing capacity.
B.
Cohesionless Soil
The ultimate bearing capacity for cohesionless soil based on CPT test is :
TABLE 5.10 CPT BEARING CAPACITY COHESIONLESS SOIL STRIP SQUARE
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C.
Clay Soil
The ultimate bearing capacity for cohesionless soil based on CPT test is :
TABLE 5.11 CPT BEARING CAPACITY CLAY SOIL SQUARE
STRIP
qult = 2 + (0.28qc )
qult = 5 + (0.34qc )
5 - 12