Lecture 6 More Problems and 3D kinematics

a = const v = v0 + a t r = r0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t2

Review:
For motion under gravity (constant acceleration) we found:

ay = g v y = v0 y gt
y = y0 + v 0 y t
t

1 2 gt 2

v t

Alice v0

v0

Bill

2 v2 v0 y = 2g( y y0 )

a t

y=0

x
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 1 Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 2

ICQ 1D free fall

Alice and Bill are standing at the top of a cliff of height H. Both throw a ball with initial speed v0, Alice straight down and Bill straight up. The speed of the balls when they hit the ground are vA and vB respectively. Ignoring air resistance, which of the following is true: (a) vA < vB (b) vA = vB (c) vA > vB

ICQ 1D free fall

What is the speed of Bills ball as it passes back through height H? Since the motion up and back down is symmetric, intuition should tell you that v = -v0 We can prove that your intuition is correct:

v 2 v0 = 2a( y y0 )
2 v 2 v0 = 2(g)(H H ) = 0 2 v = v0

Alice v0 vA
UIUC

v0

Bill H

Bill v0

v = -v0 H

vB
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 3

This looks just like Bill threw the ball down with speed v0, so the speed at the bottom should be the same as Alices ball. Alice y=0
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 4

ICQ 1D free fall

We can also just use the equation directly:

Remember: How to solve problems

Read and understand the problem Give a "Physics Description" of the event, draw diagram Plan the Solution, write down the equations Solve the equations and plug in numbers Check and Evaluate same !! Watch your units ! Always check the units of your answer, and carry the units along with your numbers during the calculation. Understand the limits ! Many equations we use are special cases of more general laws. Understanding how they are derived will help you recognize their limitations (for example, constant acceleration).
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 6

v 2 v0 = 2a( y y0 )
Alice: Bill:
2 v 2 v0 = 2(g )(0 H )
2 v 2 v 0 = 2( g )(0 H )

Alice v0

v0

Bill

Of course it takes longer for Bills ball to reach the ground but its velocity is the same
y=0
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 5

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The Sprint missile

The Sprint missile, designed to destroy incoming ballistic missiles, can accelerate at 100 g. If an ICBM is detected at an altitude of 100 km moving straight down at a constant speed of 3 x 104 km/h and the Sprint missile is launched to intercept it, at what time and altitude will the interception take place? (Note: Neglect the acceleration due to gravity. ) Whats happening? 1D motion with constant acceln Set up the physical picture
4 They will intercept vICBM = -3x10 km/h aICBM=0 when xs=xICBM

The Sprint missile

The missile x S =
1 2 1 a s t + v 0 s t + x0 s = a s t 2 2 2 v0s=0,x0s=0
1 2

The ICBM x ICBM = H - v ICBM t + a ICBM t 2 They meet when

XICBM= H = 100km

x S = x ICBM

aICBM=0

Physics to use Position with constant acceleration x=1/2at2+vot+x0

t=0 as=100g
XS=0

Vs=0

1 2 a s t = H v ICBM t 2 1 2 a s t + v ICBM t H = 0 2

x
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 8

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 7

The Sprint missile

1 a s t 2 + v ICBM t H = 0 2

Remember

b b 2 4ac t= 2a

What to do if you have problems with the problems

Firstly look at the text and/or the lectures for a similar problem and try to do it the same way Secondly look at the solutions. They are on the class web. They show some of the steps in getting to the solutions, it will probably help to follow them If you still have a problem bring your workings to me or your TA and we will see where you are going wrong

a 2 v ICBM v ICBM 4 s H 2 t= as

Now put in the v ICBM = 3 10 4 km/h = 8.33 103 m/s numbers

a s = 100g = 981m/s H = 100km = 105 m
2

UNITS!

t=8.12 s

Height

x i = H-v ICBM t = 32 .4 km
x
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 10

Is it reasonable? Significant figures

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 9

ICQ: Acceleration
An object falling near the surface of the earth has a constant acceleration due to gravity of approximately 9.8 m/s2. This means that: a) The object falls 9.8m during the first second of its motion b) The object falls 9.8m during each second of its motion c) The speed of the object increases by 9.8m/s during each second of its motion d) The acceleration of the object increases by 9.8m/s2 during each second of its motion

ICQ: Acceleration
An object falling near the surface of the earth has a constant acceleration due to gravity of approximately 9.8 m/s2. This means that: a) The object falls 9.8m during the first second of its motion b) The object falls 9.8m during each second of its motion c) The speed of the object increases by 9.8m/s during each second of its motion d) The acceleration of the object increases by 9.8m/s2 during each second of its motion

v=v0+at
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 11

x=x0+v0t+1/2at2
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 12

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The two ball problem

Ball A is dropped from the top of a building at the same instant that ball B is thrown vertically upward from the ground. When the balls collide, they are moving in opposite directions, and the speed of A is twice the speed of B. At what fraction of the height of the building does the collision occur? Initial Conditions, define origin at the ground and x upwards: xA0 = H xB0 = 0 vA0 = 0 vB0 = vB0 H aA =aB= -g Physics: linear motion, constant acceleration Conditions at collision: xA = xB vA = -2vB

The two ball problem

At what fraction of the height of the building does the collision occur? Conditions when they collide at time t: xA = xB vA = -2vB Equations of motion: xA = H - ()gt 2 xB = vB0t - ()gt 2 Apply condition on x xA = xB H = vB0t

Ball Dropping

A
position

B
time

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 13

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 14

The two ball problem

Expressions for vA and vB vA = -gt vB = vB0 - gt Set -vA = 2vB and solve for t gt = 2 (vB0 - gt) t = 2vB0/3g Then, eliminate vB0 t = 2(H/t)/3g = 2H/(3gt) ()gt From our calculation of xA xA = H - ()gt 2 = H-H/3 = 2H/3
2

xA = H - ()gt 2 xB = vB0t - ()gt 2 H = vB0t v

vB vA

3-D Kinematics
The position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle in 3 dimensions can be expressed as vectors: r = xi+yj+zk v = vx i + vy j + v z k (i , j , k unit vectors) i a = ax i + ay j + az k We have already seen the 1-D kinematics equations:
x = x(t )

= H/3 Units? Is it reasonable?

v=

dx dt

a=

dv d 2 x = dt dt 2

They meet at 2/3 of the height of the building

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 15 Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 16

3-D Kinematics
In 3-D, the three components are independent, we simply apply the 1-D equations to each of the component equations.

3-D Kinematics
So for constant acceleration we can integrate to get: a = const v = v0 + a t r = r0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t2 (where a, v, v0, r, r0, are all vectors) Each component (x,y,z) also follows the same equations ax=const vx=v0x+axt x=x0+v0x+ axt2 ay=const vy=v0y+ayt y=y0+v0y+ ayt2 az=const vz=v0z+azt z=z0+v0z+azt2
Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 18

x = x(t )

y = y( t )

z = z( t )

vx =

dx dt

vy =
2

dy dt

vz =
2

dz dt d 2z dt
2

ax =

d2x dt

ay =

d2y dt

az =

Which can be combined into the vector equations: r = r(t)

UIUC Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 17

v = dr (t)/ dt

a=

d2r(t)/dt2
r

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2-D Kinematics
Most 3-D problems can be reduced to 2-D problems when the acceleration is constant: Choose y axis to be along direction of acceleration Choose x axis to be along the other direction of motion Example: Throwing a ball (neglecting wind, air Example resistance) Acceleration is constant (gravity) Choose y axis up: ay = -g Choose x axis along the ground in the direction of the throw

Simultaneous fall
Two balls are held at height h (2m) from the ground. Ball 1 is released from rest. Ball 2 is simultaneously ejected with velocity v2 to the right Which ball hits the ground first?

1 a x t 2 = x10 2 1 1 2 y1 = y10 + v1 y 0 t + a y t = h gt 2 2 2 1 x 2 = x 20 + v 2 x 0 t + a x t 2 = x 20 + v 2 t 2 1 y 2 = y 20 + v 2 y 0 t + a y t 2 = h 1 gt 2 2 2 x 1 = x 10 + v 1 x 0 t +
y1 = y2 , therefore they hit simultaneously It doesnt matter what h or v2 are!

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 19

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 20

Components of motion
x and y (and z) components of the motion are INDEPENDENT The two balls fall the same distance in y under the same acceleration (gravity) They take the same time to hit the floor It doesnt matter what happens in the x direction (providing it doesnt hit anything before it hits the floor and we can ignore the curvature of the earth) In any problem you can (and should) always resolve the motion along orthogonal axes (axes at 900) and write down independent equations in the x,y,z directions You can solve the equations independently Provides extra equations to solve for unknowns

Homework
Read Chapter 3 of Fishbane Do problems, Fishbane chapter 2 #5,9,19,3349, 62, 76 if you havent already done them.

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 21

Physics 1301: Lecture 6, Pg 22

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