Lecture 13: Ropes and Springs

FX = - kx < 0 x
Frequency 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Quiz
Histogram

0 2 4 6 8

x>0

Frequency

50

20

35

Average=58 Bin
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 1 Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 2

Tools: Ropes & Strings

Ropes & Strings can be used to pull from a distance. The Tension (T) in a rope is the magnitude of the force acting across a cross-section of the rope at that position. The force you would feel if you cut the rope and grabbed the ends. T An action-reaction pair.

Tools: Ropes & Strings...

Consider a horizontal segment of rope having mass m: Draw a free-body diagram (ignore gravity). m T1 a T2 x

Using Newtons 2nd law (in x direction): FNET = T2 - T1 = ma So if m = 0 (i.e. the rope is light) then T1 = T2

cut

T T
UIUC Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 3

95

65

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 4

Tools: Ropes & Strings...

An ideal (massless) rope has constant tension along the rope.

Rules of Ropes
An ideal massless rope has constant tension along the rope. The direction of the force provided by a rope is along the direction of the rope. T
T For ay = 0 , T = Tg T=0 T m T = mg T T

If a rope has mass, the tension can vary along the rope For example, a heavy rope hanging from the ceiling...

We will deal mostly with ideal massless ropes.

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 5

mg

Example For m = 0.050 kg , T = mg = 0.5 N

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 6

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Tools: Pegs & Pulleys

Used to change the direction of forces

Tools: Pegs & Pulleys

Example with a = 0

An ideal massless pulley or ideal smooth peg will change the direction of an applied force without altering the magnitude: F1 ideal peg or pulley | F1 | = | F2 |

Fs,w=

Fw,s=T=mg

T m T = mg

F2

mg

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 7

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 8

ICQ: Scale
A block of mass 1kg is hung from a rope attached to a scale. The scale is then attached to another block of mass 1kg. What will the scale read?

ICQ: Scale
A block of mass 1kg is hung from a rope attached to a scale. The scale is then attached to another block of mass 1kg. What will the scale read?

m=1kg

m=1kg

m=1kg

m=1kg

(a)

0 kg (0N)

(b) 1 kg (10N)

(c)

2 kg. (20N)

(a)

0 kg (0N)

(b) 1 kg (10N)

(c)

2 kg. (20N)

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 9

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 10

ICQ: Solution:
The scale reads the tension in the rope, which is T = 10N T T m T Consider right hand block m T T

Example Box and weight

A box of mass m1 is sliding on a frictionless surface, pulled by a hanging weight m2. Find the acceleration of the box.

F=0
T - mg = 0 T = mg = 10N m mg
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 11 Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 12

T = mg

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Example Box and weight

Draw a picture showing the forces on each mass FN T T m1g

Example Box and weight

Use 2nd Law.
FN T a1 m1g

y x

For m1 in the x direction

F
y

m1

= T = m1a1

T a2

For m2 in the y direction

m2g

F
x

m2

= m2a2 = T m2 g
m2g
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 14

T = m 2a2 + m 2 g

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 13

Solution. Box and Weight

m1a1 = T T = m2a 2 + m2 g
Now a1 = a 2 , so T = m1a 2 m1a 2 = m 2 a 2 + m 2 g
a1

y x a2

Solution Box and Weight

Putting in some numbers

For m1 = 0.5 kg m 2 = 0.05 kg a1 = ( 0.05 m2 m m )g = 9.8 2 = 0.9 2 0.55 m1 + m 2 s s m = 0.45 N s2

a 2 = (

m2 )g m1 + m 2

, a1 = (

m2 )g m1 + m 2
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 15

T = m1a1 = 0.5 kg 0.9

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 16

ICQ: Tension in a fishing line

A fish is being yanked upward out of the water using a fishing line that breaks when the tension reaches 180 N. The string snaps when the acceleration of the fish is observed to be is 12.2 m/s2. What is the mass of the fish?

ICQ: Tension in a fishing line

A fish is being yanked upward out of the water using a fishing line that breaks when the tension reaches 180 N. The string snaps when the acceleration of the fish is observed to be is 12.2 m/s2. What is the mass of the fish?

snap !

(a) 14.8 kg (b) 18.4 kg (c) 8.2 kg

snap !

(a) 14.8 kg (b) 18.4 kg (c) 8.2 kg

a = 12.2 m/s2

m=?

a = 12.2 m/s2

m=?

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 17

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 18

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Solution: Tension in a fishing line

Draw a Free Body Diagram!! Use Newtons 2nd law in the upward direction: FTOT = ma T - mg = ma T = ma + mg = m(g+a) mg T=180N a = 12.2 m/s2

Springs
With no forces applied a spring has a natural length. If you stretch or compress a spring it exerts a force Hookes Law: The force exerted by a spring is Hooke Law: proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or compressed from its relaxed position. FX = -k x Where x is the displacement from the relaxed position and k is the constant of proportionality. relaxed position

m=?

m=

T g +a

m =

(9 . 8 + 12 . 2 ) m

180 N

= 8 . 2 kg

FX = 0 x
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 20

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 19

Springs...
Hookes Law: The force exerted by a spring is Hooke proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or compressed from its relaxed position. FX = -k x Where x is the displacement from the relaxed position and k is the constant of proportionality. relaxed position FX = -kx > 0 x<0 x
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 21

Springs...
Hookes Law: The force exerted by a spring is Hooke proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or compressed from its relaxed position. FX = -k x Where x is the displacement from the relaxed position and k is the constant of proportionality. relaxed position FX = - kx < 0 x
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 22

x>0

ICQ: Springs
A spring with spring constant 40 N/m has a relaxed length of 1 m. When the spring is stretched so that it is 1.5 m long, what force is exerted on a block attached to the end of the spring? x=0 k x=1 M x=0 x = 1.5 M x=0 k x=1 M (a) -20 N Use Hookes law:

Solution
x=0 k x = 1.5 M (b) 60 N (c) -60 N

FX = -kx with x the displacement from equilibrium. (a) -20 N (b) 60 N (c) -60 N FX = - (40N/m) ( .5 m) FX = - 20 N
UIUC
Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 23 Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 24

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Scales:
Because the extension is linearly proportional to the force. Springs are useful to measure mass and weight. They can be calibrated to tell us the applied force. We should calibrate scales to read Newtons, but... Scales usually read weight in kg. But remember a mass of 1kg is only equivalent to a weight of 1kg at rest near the earths surface

Homework
Read Fishbane section 5.1
0 2 4 6 8

1 lb = 4.45 N

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 25

Physics 1301: Lecture 13, Pg 26

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